Impact of sugarcane trash on fertilizer requirements for São Paulo , Brazil

The area under mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting is expanding in Brazil, increasing the return of trash to the soil. The main questions regarding this management are: (i) after adopting unburned mechanical harvesting, how long will it take to observe decreases in fertilizer requirements, (ii) what will be the magnitude of this decrease and, (iii) the impact in the short run of removing trash for energy purposes in the nutrient cycling? This study aimed to build an N prediction model for long term assessment of the contribution of sugarcane crop residues to sugarcane nutrition and to evaluate the cycling of other nutrients derived from crop residues. Keeping crop residues over the soil will increase soil N stock and N recovery by sugarcane, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with recovery of approximately 40 kg ha–1 year–1 of N. Removing trash for energy production will decrease the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirement. Of the total nutrients in the trash, 75 % of the K2O (81 kg ha –1 year–1) and 50 % of the N (31 kg ha–1 year–1) are in the tops, indicating the importance of maintaining tops in the soil to sustain soil fertility. Because the input data employed in the simulations are representative of the conditions in Southeast Brazil, these results might not be definitive for situations not represented in the experiments used in the study, but the model produced is useful to forecast changes that occur in the soil under different trash management.


Introduction
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) trash consists of dry leaves, tops and variable amounts of cane stalks, varying from 10 to 20 t ha -1 of dry matter, presents high C to N ratio (80 to 110:1) and contains 30 to 80 kg ha -1 of N (Basanta et al., 2003;Fortes et al., 2012;Gava et al., 2003;Robertson and Thorburn, 2007a;Thorburn et al., 2005;Trivelin et al., 1995;Vitti et al., 2011).The high C/N ratio of trash results in significant N immobilization due to increased microbiological activity caused by energy input into the soil, leading to slow rates of N release in the short term (Meier et al., 2006).N recovery by sugarcane from crop residues was assessed using 15 N tracer techniques and was found to vary from 3 to 15 % (Basanta et al., 2003;Fortes et al., 2013;Gava et al., 2003;Ng Kee Kwong et al., 1987;Vitti et al., 2010;Vitti et al., 2011).
On a long-term approach, variations in trash-15 N recovery by sugarcane have been found.Fortes et al. (2013) obtained trash-15 N recovery accumulated in a 3-yr period varying from 17 % to 31 %, whereas Basanta et al. (2003) found 6 % after two seasons.Since most of the trash-derived N stays in the soil N pool (Meier et al., 2006;Fortes et al., 2013), the differences observed can be explained, at least in part, by variations on weather conditions favoring plant growth and uptake of trash-N mineralized.
In Australia, Robertson and Thorburn (2007a) found retention of 13 % of the C and 79 % of the N derived from the trash in the soil after six years.The authors also reported that mineralization of trash-N became gradually available to the crop, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with the supply of approximately 40 kg ha -1 year -1 of N. Trash can also supply other nutrients to the soil-plant ecosystem.Previous studies have indicated an intensive cycling of K from sugarcane crop residues (Fortes et al., 2012;Oliveira et al., 1999).The unknown is how much time is required for trash preservation to decrease fertilizer requirements and the magnitude of this decrease.
This study aimed to build a model with the available data related to N recovery by sugarcane from crop residues under Brazilian field conditions and provide a long-term assessment of the contribution of trash to nutrient availability for sugarcane over consecutive crops.

Part 1: Recovery of N from crop residues
Calculations were performed using previously published data on recovery of N from crop residues by sugarcane.The data used was from green cane fields (unburned and harvested mechanically).The crop cycles consisted of the plant crop and four ratoons.Therefore the total length of each crop cycle was six years.The trial field was established in Mar 2005 and the plant crop was harvested in Sept 2006 at the age of 18 months.Afterwards, the ratoons were harvested every 12 months, from 2007 to 2010.The second cycle started in 2011 and followed the sequence presented for the first cycle.In order to simulate the amount of trash-N produced in each crop cycle and the trash-N recovery by sugarcane, the following procedures were adopted:

Trash-N produced
N from previous crop residues (N-PCR): the amount of N incorporated into the soil after soil preparation prior to sugarcane planting every six years was assumed as 80 kg ha -1 of N (Franco et al., 2007).Such residues are derived from shoot and root system from the previous sugarcane cycle, as well as trash produced during the last sugarcane harvest and old trash from previous years of that same cycle (Franco et al., 2007).
N from post harvest trash (N-PHT): we considered a trash biomass production ratio of 10 t of dry matter (DM) of crop residue for each 100 t of stalks (fresh weight), based on Roberston and Thorburn (2007b).The simulated sugarcane yield was 150, 120, 98, 90 and 80 t ha -1 of stalks during plant crop to fourth ratoon, respectively.These values were arbitrarily chosen based on average yields of commercial sugarcane fields in the Central-South region of Brazil, under high input management system.The N concentration in the trash was considered 4 g kg -1 in a DM basis (Trivelin et al., 1995).
Table 1 shows the calculation procedures adopted for obtaining N-PCR and N-PHT over the crop cycles, as well as assuming 100, 70, 50, 30, and 10 % of trash maintenance over the soil.

Recovery of trash-N
Recovery of N from post harvest trash (RN-PHT) by sugarcane: in order to estimate the N recovery in the long term, we considered the published data using 15 N labeled trash (Table 2).Most researchers evaluated the recovery of trash-N in the 1 st year and a limited number of trials evaluated such recovery in the following years.Due to this limitation, we considered the average value of trash-N recovery (Table 2).The values were obtained considering the recovery of trash-N by the aboveground components of sugarcane.In order to consider the recovery by the whole sugarcane plant (aboveground and belowground parts), we considered that around 80 % the total N accumulated in sugarcane is found in aboveground components and 20 % in the root system (Trivelin et al., 2002), yielding a factor of 1.2.
The data presented on Table 2 were obtained from several authors who did not apply N fertilizer over the trash.Fortes et al. (2013) found recovery of trash-N accumulated over a three year period, of 16.9 % and 30.7 % in plots without N fertilizer and plots with 150 kg ha -1 N over the trash, respectively.Based on this result, we adopted a factor of 1.82 (30.7/16.9) to consider the effect of N fertilization in increasing the recovery of trash-N.Finally, estimation was performed to reduce the dependence of results obtained with a limited number of studies making use of periods of evaluation over two years.From the equations shown in Figure 1, the estimated values of recovery of trash-N (RN-PHT) after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were respectively 11.4, 7.4, 5.8, and 4.9 %.
Recovery of N from previous crop residues (RN-PCR): Fortes et al. (2013) studied the recovery of N from aboveground and belowground sugarcane residues by the subsequent sugarcane crop up to four years after residues were applied.Using the data of Fortes et al. (2013) and considering aboveground components account for 70 % of the total sugarcane residues and belowground  Franco et al. (2007).t1 to t5 refer to first through fifth crop cycle.N-PHT (kg ha -1 ) = yield • trash biomass production ratio • N content in trash • % of trash maintenance, in which yield refer to stalk production (in a fresh matter basis).trash biomass production ratio of 10 t trash per 100 t stalk (Robertson and Thorburn, 2007b).N content in trash of 4 g N kg trash (Trivelin et al., 1995).(Basanta et al., 2003). 2 (Gava et al., 2003).3 (Meier et al., 2006). 4 (Dourado-Neto et al., 2010).5 (Fortes et al., 2013 -plots  (roots and rhizomes) the remaining 30 % (Franco et al., 2007), the balanced RN-PCR yielded 10.8, 7.9, 2.3, and 4.9 % respectively by the first, second, third and fourth sugarcane crop.Applying the 1.2 factor to consider the recovery by the whole sugarcane plant, as well as the same estimation approach previously presented (Figure 1), RN-PCR by the first, second, third, fourth and fifth sugarcane crop were respectively 13.0, 7.2, 5.2, 4.0, and 3.4 %.Recovery of N from long term trash decomposition (RN-LTTD): the amount of residue-N produced in a six year cycle is far greater than the recovered by sugarcane in such period.This difference is the N that will feed the pool of soil organic N that, through slow mineralization, will form the long term trash decomposition (N-LTTD) fraction, which will be gradually available to the following crop cycle.In order to account for losses of the mineralized N from the system (i.e., leaching or denitrification), we assumed 2 % losses of N-LTTD for every 6 year period (based in results obtained by Gava et al., 2003 andby Faroni et al., 2003).
For all subsequent crop cycles, the same rates of recovery of residue-N were used (RN-PCR, RN-PHT, and RN-LTTD) as those during the first crop cycle.We modeled 15 consecutive crop cycles to simulate the processes occurring in a soil-sugarcane system over 90 years if 100 % of the crop residues produced were retained on the field.
We calculated RN-PCR, RN-PHT, and RN-LTTD for each year, harvest and crop cycle.Finally, calculations were also performed for cases in which 100 %, 70 %, 50 %, 30 % or 10 % of the trash produced were retained on the field, considering the interest to remove trash from field for energy purposes.

Part 2: Cycling of nutrients from trash components
Two field trials were set up in Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, to account for the release of nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients from trash and its role in sugarcane nutrition: • Site 1: 21 o 19'98'' S, 48 o 19'03 The sugarcane variety SP81-3250 was cultivated in both experimental fields.Further details regarding the experimental areas can be found in Franco et al. (2010) and Fortes et al. (2013).The experiments were designed using randomized blocks with four replicates.The original study involved the application of N doses at planting and at the ratoon cycles, and results are reported in Franco et al. (2010) and Fortes et al. (2013).This article emphasizes the release of nutrients from trash considering the interaction between the sites and harvest years.We evaluated the phytomass of the tops and leaves in all harvests in both trials.The nutrient concentrations in these parts of the plants were also analyzed, which allowed us to infer the stocks of nutrients in the shoot component.
The measurements were performed in 2-m sections of sugarcane rows in the middle of each plot.All of the cane present in these 2-m sections was collected, and the plants were separated into stalks (data not shown), dry leaves and tops.The number of plants in the sampled area was also recorded.After measuring the fresh phytomass (with a precision of ± 0.02 kg), the samples were crushed in a forage crusher, and a subsample of each component was packed in a plastic bag.The moisture content of the material was determined after drying at 65 ºC for 72 h.
Tillering (tillers ha -1 ) was measured by counting the number of tillers in three rows with a total combined length of 15 m in each plot.The dry phytomass of each part of the plant (kg ha -1 ) was obtained by multiplying the number of tillers (tillers ha -1 ) by the mass of each component (kg tiller -1 ).
The subsamples were grounded in a Wiley mill, and the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and B contents were determined as described by Malavolta et al. (1997).The nutrient stocks of the dry leaves and tops were determined with data of phytomass of each component (kg ha -1 ) and the concentration of nutrients (g kg -1 ).

Statistical analysis
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the interactions between the sites, crop cycle and parts of the plant.When the F test showed significance (p < 0.05), the means were compared using the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Recovery of N from crop residues
From the initial amount of N contained in previous crop residues (N-PCR, 80 kg ha -1 N), which were incorporated to the soil before the new cycle began, 25.6 kg ha -1 was recovered by sugarcane in a six year period (Table 3).The accumulated N from trash left after harvest within the current cycle (RN-PHT per cycle) accounted for 40 kg ha -1 N, yielding 65.5 kg ha -1 N recovered from sugarcane residues in the first cycle.In the second cycle, the RN-PCR and RN-PHT was assumed to be the same of those of the previous cycle, whereas RN-LTTD accounted for 62 kg ha -1 N, yielding a total of 127.5 kg ha -1 N. In the third and fifteenth cycle, the total N recovered from residues was respectively 168.8 and 250.7 kg ha -1 N (Table 3).
N-LTTD is the main long-term pool of N available to microorganisms, which will serve as source of N to the subsequent crop cycle (Table 3).Due to unavailable data in literature, we adopted the same recovery rate of PCR and LTTD.More studies are needed to evaluate the decomposition process of trash in the long term, as well as a sensitivity analysis indicating the impact of varying the values of important components of the model (yield, rate of trash production, N content on trash, etc) on the recovery of trash-N by sugarcane in the long term.
RN-PCR and RN-PHT did not vary between cycles (Table 3) because the model considers that sugarcane and thrash yields will be similar in each harvest of all cycles.This assumption may not always be true but was considered reasonable because the main factor affecting sugarcane yield in soils with standard management is probably the weather conditions.However, RN-LTTD increases with time (Table 3) because sugarcane plants only take up part of the N present in the residues preserved and, therefore, some residue N accumulates in the soil.
The N-LTTD can also be referred to as trash-N residual in soil, since it represents an N pool slowly available to sugarcane.N-LTTD increases from the beginning up to 40 years after implementing the green harvesting system, reaching an equilibrium around 580 kg ha -1 cycle -1 (Figure 2).This pool of N recycling in the soil system is also important for C sequestration in the soil organic matter.The total residue-N recovered by sugarcane includes RN-PCR, RN-PHT and RN-LTTD.Total N recovered also increases from time zero up to 40 years, reaching equilibrium at around 250 kg ha -1 cycle -1 .After 17 years, 170 kg ha -1 N cycle -1 will be available for the sugarcane plants to take up (70 % of maximum N recovered), and after 35 years the corresponding figure will reach 225 kg ha -1 N cycle -1 (Figure 2).Vallis et al. (1996) used the Century model to simulate the effect of trash retention on the net mineralization of N for Australian sugarcane field for 90 years.For sugarcane field fertilized with 100 kg ha -1 of N and managed with burning, the net mineralization remained con- First cycle -----------------------------------------------kg ha -1 -----------------------------------------------  stant on the order of 70 kg ha -1 year -1 of N. In contrast, for field managed without burning and trash retention, the net mineralization reached 200 kg ha -1 year -1 -a net difference of 130 kg ha -1 year -1 favorable to trash retention.Despite the use of different methods, our study also indicates a release of N from crop residues after implementing the green harvesting system.The long term impact of removing trash from sugarcane fields is shown in Figure 3.The Figure was prepared considering the total residue-N recovered in the whole crop cycle (Table 3) divided by the period of each crop cycle (6 years), yielding results in a kg ha -1 year -1 basis.Results provided by Figure 3 shows the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirements over the year.
Thirty years after implementing the green harvesting system, there is a potential reduction in N fertilization of 36, 28, 23, 19, and 14 kg ha -1 year -1 , respectively, for 100, 70, 50, 30, and 10 % of trash retention (Figure 3).After 45 years, the potential reduction increases to 40, 32, 26, 21, and 15 kg ha -1 year -1 to the same retention levels.The impact of removing trash from sugarcane fields has, therefore, a financial cost, since increasing trash removal from fields indicates the need to increase inputs of N fertilizer in order to maintain yield and sustainability.Robertson and Thorburn (2007a), under Australian conditions, determined that N mineralization of soils with trash retention gradually increases until equilibrium at 40 kg ha -1 year -1 of N; furthermore, 90 % equilibrium would be reached after 30 years.These results are similar to our findings.In our study, independently of the rate of trash removal from fields, equilibrium in terms of residue-N recovery will be reached beyond 40 years.
There is no expectation of a sizeable reduction of fertilizer-N inputs in the short term in areas in which the crop management shifted recently from the burned to the green harvesting system (Figure 3).In fact, imobilization of N from fertilizer is expected in the first years after adopting the green cane system due to the high amount of trash left on the soil, presenting a high C/N ratio (Meier et al., 2006).The time in wich rates of N fertilizer can start to be reduced will depend of several factor, including soil type, management history and climatic conditions, which impacts microbial transformations; therefore broader recommendations are not possible at this point.
The immobilization will continue until soil organic matter reaches a new equilibrium.Before that soil N being supplied to crops will gradually increase from negligible amounts soon after adoption of green cane management up to approximately 40 kg ha -1 N per year when the system equilibrates.Another complication is that the impact of trash retention on soil organic matter is specific for soil and climate (Thorburn et al., 2012).So, the size and extent of the immobilization phase at one site may be different from another.The main impact will occur in the long term.Accordingly to Dourado-Neto et al. ( 2010), although residue-N was not an important source of N to the crop in the first growing season, its contribution to soil organic matter maintenance was about twice that of fertilizer N. Therefore, the long-term effect of crop residues on providing mineral N to the crop may be greater than that of N-fertilizer (Dourado-Neto et al., 2010), indicating the importance of maintaining sugarcane trash over the soil under green harvesting systems.
The result of the present study may not be generalized to all sugarcane fields because the modeling was done with limited boundary conditions.We took fixed values for N content in plant parts, trash:cane ratio, N recovery from trash, yields and losses of mineralized N.Although the figures used are representative of large sugarcane areas in Southeast Brazil, variations are likely to be found under different soils and climates.For example, overestimation of recoverable N may occur in wetter climates, in which higher rates of losses of mineralized trash-N are expected (decreasing the recovery of trash-N); in colder areas the recovery rate of trash-N may be lower than the used in this study.Despite these limitations, this model allows the forecast of changes that occur in the soil with an important nutrient as different options of trash management are considered.

The cycling of nutrients from crop residues
During all crop cycles, dry leaves accounted for most dry phytomass production in the soil-plant system (Table 4).Over four years, on average, the phytomass input was 8.7 t ha -1 year -1 for dry leaves and 4.0 t ha -1 year -1 for tops, totaling 12.7 t ha -1 year -1 .The high input of post-harvest residues generated by green harvesting systems in sugarcane indicates the potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks over the years, as indicated by Galdos et al. (2009) under Brazilian field conditions.Removing trash from sugarcane fields for the pur-  pose of energy generation may, however, compromise the potential of sugarcane to increase SOC stocks.In this sense, Lou et al. (2011) reported a reduction in C sequestration in soil when corn residues were removed.
The removal of a portion of the residues for the purpose of energy generation is economically attractive in short-term.However, residue removal can compromise long-term nutrient cycling provided by crop residues to the soil-sugarcane system.To circumvent this problem, one option would be to remove the residue that has the lowest accumulation of nutrients.In this respect, the tops are the component that accumulates the greatest amounts of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O (Table 4).These nutrients are applied annually after the harvest in sugarcane fields (with the exception of P 2 O 5 , which is often applied only at planting) (van Raij et al., 1997), justifying the maintenance of tops in the field.
Over four years, the average amount of N and K 2 O accumulated in crop residues is approximately 57 kg ha -1 and 120 kg ha -1 , respectively.Of this, approximately 31 kg ha -1 of N and 85 kg ha -1 of K 2 O are accumulated in the tops, which represents a relatively sizeable proportion of the annual rates typically applied in ratoon areas -from 60 to 120 kg N ha -1 and from 90 to 150 kg K 2 O ha -1 (van Raij et al., 1997).However, as pointed out previously, only between 3 to 15 % of N contained in sugarcane trash is recovered by the sugarcane crop during the next cycle (Gava et al., 2003;Robertson and Thorburn, 2007a;Fortes et al., 2013).In contrast, K -because it is not a structural component of the plant cell wall and does not form organic compounds in the plant (Epstein and Bloom, 2006) -is readily released from plant tissue and can return to the soil and contribute to sugarcane nutrition in a very short-term.Oliveira et al. (1999) showed that the K content in sugarcane trash decreased by approximately 85 % in one agricultural year (from 85 to 10 kg ha -1 of K).The authors also observed high rates of release of Ca (56 %) and Mg (62 %) but not of N, P 2 O 5 and S, which are nutrients that are mostly components of organic compounds of plants.
In a long-term study of sugarcane crops, Fortes et al. (2012) observed the release of 92 % of K, 70 % of Mg, 65 % of S, 54 % of Ca, 31 % of N and 23 % of P contained in post-harvest residues (trash) after three years on the field.Considering that dry leaves have the greatest phytomass and contribute little to the nutrient supply of the soil (due to the low concentration of nutrients in this material -Table 4), this material may be a most suitable feedstock for energy purposes.Hassuani et al. (2005) reported that the heating value of dry leaves is slightly higher than that of tops and has less moisture.In addition, the high N, K, and Cl concentration in the tops may be a disadvantage for burning in boilers because of the release of polluting gases during combustion and greater ash residues (Hassuani et al., 2005).
Separating tops from dry leaves and keeping the tops on the field may also improve combustion and preserve the furnaces in case plant material is used to produce heat and electricity.Tops have a lower quality, as compared to the dry leaves, as feedstock for combustion in furnaces.The tops of sugarcane plants are high in K, chlorine, and other inorganic nutrients.High alkali content in the fuel causes the formation of partially fused deposits (slagging) on the furnaces and on convection  heat surfaces (fouling) during dry combustion, which is detrimental to the whole process (Jenkins et al., 1998;Hassuani et al., 2005;Suramaythangkoor and Li, 2012).High chlorine content in the burning material can also cause fouling and corrosion (Jenkins et al., 1998;Suramaythangkoor and Li, 2012).The advantage of removing the dry leaves and leaving the tops on the field become more evident when the data of Figure 4 is examined.Dry leaves represent the greater quantity of phytomass of these two parts of the plant (approximately 70 %) and can be easily removed from fields by means of turning off the extractor fan system of the harvester.This finding of our study indicates the advantages of removing specific parts of the trash from the field rather than the whole trash.Choosing the appropriate part of the plant for removal may have a more positive impact on maintaining soil fertility and adding C to the soil-plant system than simply removing a fixed amount of trash from sugarcane fields.
The tops have a greater percentage of nutrients (approximately 50 % of the N, 60 % of the P 2 O 5 and 75 % of the K 2 O) and can be maintained on the field by using the shredder topper of the harvester.These three nutrients are the most expensive to be applied in sugarcane fields.Ca and S, as well as most micronutrients, are not particularly mobile within the plant (Epstein and Bloom, 2006) and tend to concentrate in old tissues (e.g., dry leaves) with little translocation to new tissues (tops).Although Mg is generally thought to be mobile in the phloem (Epstein and Bloom, 2006), we observed a greater accumulation of this nutrient in the dry leaf.Although removing dry leaves from the field may deplete soil reserves of Ca, Mg and S, these nutrients can be easily replenished in the soil through inexpensive practices such as liming and gypsum application.Therefore, when sugarcane growers collect trash from an area without separating the dry leaves and tops, considerable amounts of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O will be removed from the field.To keep the long-term sustainability, there is a need to replace these nutrients in the soil, and thus, this replacement cost should be considered when analyzing the economic feasibility of trash removal for the purpose of energy production.

Conclusions
Maintaining crop residues over the soil will increase the long term recovery of residue derived N by sugarcane, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with a supply of 40 kg ha -1 year -1 of N. Removing trash for energy production will decrease the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirement promoted by crop residues.
Dry leaves present the higher biomass and the lower nutrient content compared to sugarcane tops, and should be the choice part if trash is to be collected from fields for energy purposes.Around 75 % of the K 2 O and 50 % of the N is accumulated in the tops, indicating the importance of maintaining tops in the soil to sustain soil fertility in the long term and decrease expenses with synthetic fertilizers.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Recovery of N from previous crop residues (PCR) and post harvest trash (PHT) by sugarcane over the years.The equations were used to calculate the recovery values adopted in the simulation.Original data of PHT from Table 1, using a correction factor of 1.82 and 1.2.PCR data from Fortes et al. (2013) using a correction factor of 1.2.See text for details.

Figure 2 -
Figure 2 -Residual trash-N in soil and trash-N recovered by sugarcane over a 90 years-period.Figures of residual soil N for individual cycles include trash N freshly added and N from trash of previous years.

Figure 3 -
Figure 3 -Recovery of N from residues (RN-LTTD + RN-PCR + RN-PHT) over the years considering retention of 100, 70, 50, 30, and 10 % of trash.The numbers above the curves represent the amounts of N fertilizer that can be reduced after 30 and 50 years of trash preservation.

Figure 4 -
Figure 4 -Distribution of dry matter phytomass and nutrients in sugarcane components (top or dry leaves).

Table 2
a 1

Table 3 -
Estimated recovery by sugarcane plants over several crop cycles of N derived from long term trash decomposition (RN-LTTD), previous crop residues (RN-PCR), and post harvest trash (RN-PHT) continuously preserved on the soil surface.A 100 % of trash maintenance on the soil was assumed.Only the first three cycles and the 15 th cycle are presented for succinctness; the 15 th cycle was chosen because it closes the 90-year period simulated.

Table 4 -
Amount of nutrients accumulated in sugarcane plant components that can be returned to the soil following mechanized harvesting over four consecutive years (cane planting and three successive ratoons).Data averaged from two field trials with the sugarcane variety SP81-3250.