First report of Onion yellow dwarf virus and Allexivirus associated with noble garlic in Itajai Valley, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Epagri/Estação Experimental de Ituporanga, Estrada Geral Lageado Águas Negras, 453, CEP: 88400-000, Ituporanga-SC, Brazil. Embrapa Hortaliças, Rodovia BR-060, Km 09 (Brasília/Anápolis), Fazenda Tamanduá, CEP: 70275-970, Brasília-DF, Brazil. Autor para correspondência. Edivânio Rodrigues de Araújo (edivanioaraujo@epagri.sc.gov.br) Data de chegada: 04/04/2017. Aceito para publicação em: 04/11/2017. 10.1590/0100-5405/178028


First report of Onion yellow dwarf virus and Allexivirus associated with noble garlic in
Itajai Valley, Santa Catarina State, Brazil Edivânio Rodrigues de Araújo 1 ; Fábio Satoshi Higashikawa 1 ; Mirtes Freitas Lima 2 1 Epagri/Estação Experimental de Ituporanga, Estrada Geral Lageado Águas Negras, 453, CEP: 88400-000, Ituporanga-SC, Brazil. 2 Embrapa Hortaliças, Rodovia BR-060, Km 09 (Brasília/Anápolis), Fazenda Tamanduá, CEP: 70275-970, Brasília-DF, Brazil.Autor para correspondência.Edivânio Rodrigues de Araújo (edivanioaraujo@epagri.sc.gov.br)Data de chegada: 04/04/2017.Aceito para publicação em: 04/11/2017.10.1590/0100-5405/178028 Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most economically important Allium species in Brazil, which produced 130.4 thousand tons in 2016.The state of Santa Catarina (SC) contributed with approximately 20% of this production (4).In the country, planting of noble garlic started in SC in 1970.Nowadays, SC stands out as the second largest national garlic producer, after the state of Minas Gerais (4).Due to vegetative propagation, several virus species, including members of Potyvirus, Potyviridae (Leek yellow stripe virus -LYSV; Onion yellow dwarf virus -OYDV), Allexivirus, Alphaflexiviridae (Garlic mite-borne filamentous virus -GaMbFV; Garlic virus A -GarV-A; Garlic virus B -GarV-B; Garlic virus C -GarV-C; Garlic virus D -GarV-D) and Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae (Garlic common latent virus -GarCLV; Shallot latent virus -SLV) became a constraint on garlic production worldwide.In general, potyviruses have been most frequently detected (5).Potyviruses and carlaviruses are transmitted to garlic by aphids in a non-persistent manner, while mites transmit allexiviruses (9).However, vegetative propagation is the main mechanism that accounts for virus dissemination in garlic, perpetuating them over generations (7).Despite the relevance of SC to the national garlic production, few studies have dealt with the detection of virus in garlic fields in this state.In 1989, Garlic yellow streak virus (Potyvirus) was identified in 100% garlic seeds collected in SC (8).However, in 1994, analysis performed on 33 samples collected across different Brazilian states, including SC, indicated that garlic plants were infected by potyviruses and carlaviruses (2).It is noteworthy that there is no available information on viruses associated with garlic in the Itajai Valley region.Therefore, this study represents a contribution to the knowledge of virus occurrence in garlic fields in this region.
Plants of noble garlic, cultivars Ito and Quitéria, exhibiting yellow mosaic symptoms on the leaves, were observed in fields at Epagri/ Ituporanga Experimental Station, Itajai Valley, SC, Brazil, in 2016, 29 days after sowing (Figures 1A and 1B).Symptomatic plants were randomly sampled, and 27 leaf samples were collected from cv.Ito and 21 from cv.Quitéria.Samples were analyzed at the Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology of Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília, Brazil.Serological tests were performed using both antibodies against Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and common antibodies against allexiviruses (Garlic virus B -GarV-B, Garlic virus C -GarV-C and, Garlic virus D -GarV-D), by NCM-ELISA (Nitrocellulose Membrane-Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) (1).
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) was detected in 18.5% and 38% samples collected from cultivars Ito and Quitéria, respectively.Samples also tested positive against allexiviruses general antibodies, 3.7% for cv.Ito and 4.7% for cv.Quitéria.Only one sample collected from cv.Ito (3.7%) presented mixed infection (OYDV and allexiviruses).Iris yellow spot virus was not detected (Figure 2).
OYDV and allexiviruses (mostly Garlic virus C-GarV-C and Garlic mite-borne filamentous virus -GarMbFV) have already been reported to occur in garlic fields of four Brazilian regions, represented by the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul (3).Similarly, in another study on garlic viruses, OYDV (56% samples) and LYSV (55%) were the most frequent potyviruses detected, while GarV-A (29% samples) and GarV-D (28%) were predominant among allexiviruses in fields sampled from the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná and São Paulo (6).No garlic fields from the state of SC were included in those virus surveys.
The occurrence of garlic viruses in Itajai Valley region may be due to the planting of infected seeds, as well as to transmission by aphid or mite vectors in the field (10).Growers in Itajai Valley should be alert to the presence of OYDV, the main virus infecting garlic worldwide, since that region also has high concentration of onion production, another host for the virus (11).To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of allexiviruses associated with garlic in Santa Catarina State.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Symptomatic leaves of garlic (Allium sativum L.) plants exhibiting yellowing mosaic caused by viruses, 29 days after planting, collected at Epagri/Ituporanga Experimental Station, Itajai Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil.A -Symptoms on leaves of infected plants observed in the field.B -Symptomatic leaves collected from virus-infected plants for diagnosis.