Adaptación al español de una escala de empatía etnocultural

The aim of this study is to adapt the Ethnocultural Empathy Scale of Wang, et al. to Spanish. A process of translation and back-translation of the items was ...


INTRODUCTION
] In this context, the intercultural dialogue is of great value, 8 which demands furthering strategies that facilitate increased awareness of their own cultural bias, putting themselves in the users' place, and delivering people-centered care. 9This initial process means that these professionals are able to successfully empathize with people from distinct ethnic-cultural groups.:222-3 To respond to this challenge, cultural skills or competency training programs have targeted the health service professionals as part of continuing education programs that intend to respond to the population's demographic changes.4] The Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy 10 is an appropriate tool for this purpose.It is therefore our intention to contribute to this challenge by adapting it to Spanish.
6] Departing from an initial list of 71 items, the authors obtained a 31-item scale with appropriate psychometric properties.To get to know the internal structure, first, exploratory factorial analysis was applied, confirming its results through a confirmatory factorial analysis in a second sample.Following the process proposed by some authors 17 , the structure obtained based on item clusters comprises four first-order factors that are grouped in a single second-order factor.The four factors are called and interpreted as follows: (a) Empathetic Feelings and Expressions, centered on the emotional reactions an individual experiences when (s)he observes or learns about discriminatory experiences and emotions of people from different ethnic origins; (b) Having an Empathetic Perspective, related to the effort to understand the emotions and experiences of people from ethnic origins different from one's own, in view of their perspectives on the world; (c) Acceptance of Cultural Differences, linked to the understanding and acceptance of traditions and cultural customs of other ethnic groups (d) Empathetic Awareness, identified as the knowledge of discriminatory experiences people from other ethnic groups are submitted to in different social contexts (communication media, institutions, etc.).The same factorial structure was confirmed in the adaptation of the scale to Italian 18 and to Swedish. 19imilarly, its negative correlation with measures of prejudice and its importance to capture the gender differences in the empathetic reaction have been manifested. 10,18ased on this background, the objectives in this study are to adapt an ethnocultural empathy scale to Spanish, 10 to determine its psychometric properties and obtain evidence on its validity, related to its internal structure and the variables of subtle and blatant prejudice.

METHODS
The adaptation to Spanish and validation of a scale was chosen as the study design.The data were collected through a survey.
The research context included the Schools of Nursing at the Universities of Sevilla, Cádiz and Huelva, in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain).Based on a convenience sample, 441 Spanish students were selected in the first three subjects taught in the nursing program at the three participating universities.
To measure the research variables, the following tools were used: (a) register of sociodemo-graphic data, which collected information about the participants' age, sex, course and university; (b) Ethnocultural Empathy.The Spanish version of the Ethnocultural Empathy scale was used, adapted following the phases recommended in the literature. 20To guarantee the conceptual equivalence of the items, first, the direct and backtranslation of the original items in English was performed.Qualified translators were responsible for this process, after which Wang reviewed and approved the translation.The Spanish version of the scale is displayed in Attachment 1.The adapted scale includes 31 items that produce a total score, and four scales corresponding to the subscales Empathetic Feelings and Expressions, which consists of 15 items (3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,  16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30); "Having an Empathetic Perspective", 7 items (2, 4, 6, 19, 28, 29, 31); Acceptance of Cultural Differences, 5 items (1, 5, 8, 10, 27), and Empathetic Awareness, 4 items (7, 20, 24, 25).In the response format, the level of agreement with the items is measured on a fivepoint Likert scale (1= I strongly disagree to 5= I strongly agree).Negatively formulated items are scored backwards.(c) Blatant and Subtle Prejudice.Prejudice is a negative affective response that leads to the rejection of the individuals who do not belong to the endogroup.In this study, the Spanish version 21 of the scale of Subtle and Blatant Prejudice 22 was used, which consists of 20 items.Ten items correspond to the measuring of blatant prejudice, considered as a direct response of rejection and aggressiveness towards immigrants, and the remaining items to subtle prejudice, characterized as a cold, distant and indirect reaction, with a lesser manifestation of emotions or feelings towards immigrants.In both scales, the level of agreement with the items is measured on a five-point Likert scale (1= I strongly disagree to 5= I strongly agree).This scale was chosen to assess the external validity of the Ethnocultural Empathy scale.
The data were collected in April and May 2013.The students self-completed the scales after signing the informed consent form.This project received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Sevilla, under protocol PSI2011-2554.
Cases were analyzed in which all scale items had been answered, which means that no procedures were undertaken to calculate lost values.The statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 was used to estimate the reliability and to undertake the exploratory factorial analysis; for the confirmatory factorial analysis, the software EQS 6.0 was adopted.

RESULTS
Approximately 40.4% of the participants corresponded to the University of Sevilla, 29.9% to Huelva and 29.7% to Cádiz.81.6% of the sample was female.The ages ranged between 18 and 47 years (M=21.6years; SD=4.47).

Estimated reliability
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the full scale was 0.88.On the other hand, adopting the same procedure, the reliability estimated for the components Empathetic Feelings and Expressions, Having an Empathetic Perspective, Acceptance of Cultural Differences and Empathetic Awareness reached the following coefficients, respectively: 0.86, 0.53, 0.69 and 0.70.

Factorial structure
To undertake the analysis of the factorial structure by means of a confirmatory procedure, the steps described in the original article about the scale were followed. 10First, the sample was divided in two halves through a simple random sampling procedure.Both halves were equivalent in terms of the participants' sex (χ 2 correction (1; N=412) =0.265; p=0.607) and age (t (404; bilateral) =0.983; p=0.326).The fist sample (n=198) was used in the exploratory analysis and the second (n=214) in the confirmatory analysis.The exploratory analyses were used to constitute item clusters, which permitted reducing the number of indicators of each latent factor in the confirmatory analyses.The saturations of the items in their respective components and the items in each cluster are displayed in Table 1.After obtaining the item clusters, the fit of the data to two factorial models was tested: one with four interrelated first-order factors (Model A) and the other with one second-order factor that consisted of four first-order factors (Model B).In both cases, the maximum likelihood estimation was used.In Figures 1 and 2, the factorial structures of the models and the standardized estimated regression coefficients and results of the χ 2 test are shown.The fit coefficients of both models are displayed in Table 2. To discover the goodness of fit of both models, the χ 2 test and the χ 2 /gl index were interpreted.Both χ 2 tests are statistically significant, as well as the χ 2 /gl indices of both models, inferior to 3.0 23 .Also, the Normed-Fit-Index (NFI), Non-Normed-Fit-Index (NNFI), Goodness-of-Fit-Index (GFI), Incremental-Fit-Index (IFI) and Comparative-Fit-Index (CFI) were interpreted.The fit was considered appropriate if these indices were equal to or higher than 0.90. 24In both cases, only the NFI (sensitive to deviations from normality) was inferior to 0.90, while the remainder indicated the appropriate adjustment of both models.Therefore, the fit of both models can be considered appropriate.In addition, the Standardized Root Mean-Square (SRMR) was interpreted, which is considered appropriate when inferior to 0.08, as well as the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), appropriate when equal or inferior to 0.08. 24Like the rest of the indices, this interpretation provides favorable evidence on the adjustment of both models.

Table 1 -Saturations of the items in their respective first-order components and distribution in clusters. School of Nursing of Sevilla, Cádiz and Huelva, 2013
To compare both models, the contrast between the differences of both models' χ 2 coefficients was used.The results shows χ 2 (2, N=214)=8.391,with p=0.0151.Therefore, it can be considered that a statistically significant difference exists in the goodness-of-fit of both models. 25In addition, the difference between both comparativefit-indices (CFI) was analyzed, corresponding to 0.008, inferior to 0.01, which indicates that it cannot be affirmed that relevant differences exist in the goodness-of-fit of both models.Therefore, insufficient evidence was found to affirm that one model is more appropriate than the other to interpret the data obtained.
Finally, to collect evidence on the validity of the scale in relation to other variables, the correlation with blatant (α=.82) and subtle (α=.73) prejudice was calculated.Pearson's correlation between the weighted Ethnocultural Empathy scale and the participants' blatant and subtle loss corresponded to -0.588 (p<0.001) and -0.586 (p<0.001),respectively.

DISCUSSION
The objective in this study was to adapt the Ethnocultural Empathy scale 10 to Spanish and the assess its psychometric properties in a sample of nursing students from Andalusia.
9] Although the model with four interrelated components obtains better goodness-of-fit indices, insufficient evidence was found to affirm that this model is preferable to the model with one second-order factor consisting of four first-order factors.What the validity of the scale in relation to blatant and subtle prejudice is concerned, the results are in line with other authors, 18 who found a negative relation between these variables and ethnocultural empathy.
The appropriate psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the scale provide theoretical support for the original ethnocultural empathy construct and demonstrates its proper functioning in a distinct cultural context.In practice, the adaptation and validation of this scale to Spanish can be very useful in student education and health professional training.In the first place, this tool provides evidence of the extent to which the curricular training of health science students (nursing, medicine, psychology etc.) is considering the competences to appropriately treat the health problems of people from distinct cultures and ethnic origins.In the second place, the ability to measure the ethnocultural empathy of professionals in the health contexts serves to design the cultural competency training and to prove its effectiveness.
According to some cultural competency models, 9,25 having ethnocultural empathy does not mean being effective in interventions involving users, but is the first and fundamental step to achieve this.It has been observed that, on some occasions, the professionals are unaware of their prejudice towards people from other cultures, with negative consequences for the establishment of the therapeutic relationship. 4The ability to change an attitude of blatant or subtle rejection to an empathetic attitude towards these people is a fundamental requisite to stimulate the knowledge and understanding about the influence of culture on the manifestation of health problems.Similarly, it is also the route to achieve greater equity in health.Finally, although the validation involved nursing students, this scale can also be applied to students from other health science areas, as well as to primary and specialized care professionals working in multicultural contexts.
Among the study limitations, it is important to mention that, as these measures were selfinformed, the social desirability bias cannot be ignored.Nevertheless, the participants' anonymity can guarantee the veracity of the answers.On the other hand, most students were women, which is common in research involving nurses or nursing students, as the profession is eminently female.Examining the factorial structure in heterogeneous samples would provide empirical evidence on the role of gender in empathetic responses and would strengthen previous findings. 10,19

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the ethnocultural empathy scale are appropriate and represent a first step towards its use in the care, teaching and research context.In concrete terms, it can be useful as an initial measure of current and future health professionals' cultural competency acquisition process, with a view to determining the need to undertake specific ethnocultural competency training programs and assessing the evolution of the training process.

Figure 1 -Figure 2 -
Figure 1 -Factorial structure of Model A