New species of the harvestmen Hutamaia ( Laniatores : Gonyleptidae : Ampycinae ) and generic diagnosis

We add three new species to the formerly monotypic Amazonian Hutamaia, Hutamaia maceta sp. nov., Hutamaia plei sp. nov. and Hutamaia trompsonica sp. nov. and compare them with the type species, Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977. Hutamaia was known only from two localities: Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil (type locality of the type species), and Madre de Dios, Peru. Herein we record species from the following additional localities, all in Brazil: Coari, Codajás, Juruá, Jutaí, Manacapuru, Tefé (state of Amazonas) and Gurupá (state of Pará), indicating that the genus has a widespread distribution in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Hutamaia is newly diagnosed by having yellowish granules on dorsal scutum, armature of coxa IV of males, metatarsi with yellow rings, ventral plate of penis trapezoid with V-shaped cleft, bearing two pairs of longitudinal rows of setae, and glans without dorsal or ventral processes. The genus is likely closely related to Licornus Roewer, 1932, from which it differs by the shape of the ventral plate of the penis and lack of dorsal process of glans.

Repositories of specimens are as follows: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Amazonas, Brazil (INPA) and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ).We made the map using the software ArcGIS Desktop 10.
New diagnosis.Mesotergum divided into four areas, area I divided into left and right halves by longitudinal groove.Yellowish granules scattered on carapace and at least one row on each mesotergal area and free tergite.Mesotergum with paired armature in areas -inconspicuous in areas I and II, and inconspicuous or acuminate tubercles in area III.Lateral areas with at least one conspicuous row of flattened yellowish white tubercles each.Coxa IV of males with spiniform curved prolateral distal apophysis, posteriorly projected; much reduced in females.Metatarsi with yellow rings.Ventral plate of penis trapezoid, with V-shaped cleft.Without dorsal or ventral processes.Two pairs of longitudinal rows of setae on ventral plate, one more dorsal and other more ventral, dorsal row with at least five pairs of macrosetae.Tarsal counts: 4-6(2-3)/8(3)/6-7/6-7.
Remarks.KURY (2003) proposed the subfamily Ampycinae, composed of three species transferred from Pachylinae.He included Hutamaia in the Gonyleptidae as incertae sedis and also as member of the Ampycinae in the general list of species by region, and in the list of nomenclatorial changes.However, he did not include the genus in the specific section treating the Ampycinae genera and species.The problem as later pointed out by KURY & ALONSO-ZARAZAGA (2011), who formally transferred Hutamaia to Ampycinae.Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977 Fig. 37 Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977: 217 (MNRJ-HS 614, male holotype, examined).

Key to the species of Hutamaia
Type locality.BRAZIL, Amazonas: Humaitá (Igarapé Banheiro, left margin of Madeira River).
New diagnosis.Only area I of mesotergum divided by a longitudinal groove, areas II-IV entire.Area III with a paramedian pair of small tubercles.Free tergites I and II unarmed, free tergite III with apophysis stout on well-developed males (alpha males), reduced on beta males and females.Stigmatic area with 2 posterolateral blunt projections.Trochanter II with large curved retrolateral distal apophysis.Legs of males not elongate, tibia IV twice the length of patella IV, with rows of subequal granules.Ventral plate of penis pyriform, with two longitudinal rows of setae, one pair more dorsal and the other more ventral in the ventral plate.Dorsal row composed by five pairs of aligned macrosetae: three more distal and two more basal; and one smaller mesodorsal setae between those two groups.Ventral row composed by three pairs of distal setae.Glans complex quite long -much longer than ventral plate, stylus entirely above ventral plate (vp) border and bent over the ventral surface of the vp.Hutamaia maceta sp.nov.
Etymology.The word "maceta" is used by the local people of the Amazon basin to refer to extremely big things.Noun in apposition.
Hutamaia plei sp.nov.37 Type locality.BRAZIL, Amazonas: Jutaí (Restinga do Cevalho).Diagnosis.Only area I of mesotergum divided by a longitudinal groove, areas II-IV entire.Area III with paramedian pair of small tubercles.Free tergites I and II unarmed, free tergite III with median spiniform apophysis, with a pair of small tubercles on basis, and one pair of blunt paralateral apophysis on the free tergite.Stigmatic area unarmed.Trochanter IV with small retrolateral distal tubercle and one large spiniform ventroretrolateral distal apophysis.Femur IV with ventrobasal spiniform apophysis.Legs not elongate, tibia IV of males twice the size of patella IV, with rows of granules, ventral rows of acuminate tubercles.Ventral plate of penis, with basal portion narrow, widening towards the apex, and abruptly forming lateral lobes on medial portion.Insertion of ventral plate very basal in the truncus of the penis.Two pairs of lateral longitudinal rows of setae, one more dorsal and the other ventral in the ventral plate.Dorsal row composed by five aligned macrosetae: three pairs most distal straight, two pairs most basal straight and on the lateral lobes; and one small mesodorsal setae between those two groups.Ventral row composed by a distal group of two very small setae and a basal group of one macrosetae.Complex glans only slightly longer than vp.Distal half of stylus surpass distal border of ventral plate.Stylus slightly curved, pointing ventrally.Apex of stylus with small scales.
Etymology.Latinization of the English word "play", which is used by the Brazilian opilionologist Adriano B. Kury, our friend and former tutor, in reference to anything he perceives to be extremely good.The name is to honor him for erecting Ampycinae.Noun in apposition.

Figs 25-37
Type locality.BRAZIL, Pará: Gurupá (Furinho).Diagnosis.Areas I-IV divided, areas II-IV narrow, elevated ridges.Area III with row of tubercles subequally sized.Free tergites I-III with a median large apophysis, I acuminate, II blunt, conic, dorsally directed, III blunt and conic ventrally directed.Stigmatic area unarmed.Legs of males not elongate, tibia IV less than 3X the length of patella IV, with rows of tubercles, a ventral row of blunt tubercles on basal half, largest at the middle of row.Ventral plate of penis attenuated pyriform with two pairs of lateral longitudinal rows of setae, one pair more dorsal and the other more ventral in the ventral plate.Dorsal row composed by five pairs of aligned macrosetae: three pairs most distal strongly curved, two pairs most distal slightly curved; and one small mesodorsal setae between those two groups.Ventral row composed by four pairs of distal setae: the three most distal smaller and the most basal larger.Glans long, curved.Stylus does not surpass distal border of ventral plate, curved, pointing dorsalwards.
Description of male (holotype).Measurements: CL 2.0; CW 2.6, AL 3.2, AW 5.2.Pp.Tr: 0.5; Fe: 1.0; Pa: 0.7; Ti 0.8; Ta: 0.8; Cl: 0.5.Leg I. Tr: 0.6; Fe: 2.2; Pa: 0.8; Ti: 1.4; Mt: 2.6; Ta: 1.4.Leg II.Tr: 0.7; Fe: 4.0; Pa: 1.0; Ti: 2.9; Mt: 3.6; Ta: 3.0.Leg III.Tr: 0.7; Fe: 3.3; Pa: 0.9; Ti: 1.9; Mt: 2.7; Ta: 1.5.Leg IV.Tr: 0.6; Fe: 4.0; Pa: 1.3; Ti: 3.6; Mt: 5.0; Ta: 1.6.Dorsum (Figs 25,27,28,(29)(30): outline of dorsal scutum in dorsal view pyriform.Mesotergum divided into 4 not very well-marked areas, area II-IV as elevated ridges in posterior margin.Ocularium low, armed with a dorsal pair of small median tubercles and several small dispersed.Carapace with several small granules on anterior margin, lateral and behind the ocularium.Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with two rows of small yellowish white tubercles, the innermost extending from carapace to lateral of area III, outermost from carapace to posterior margin, tubercles larger lateral to areas II and III.Scutal area I with a posterior transver-sal row of 9 yellowish white granules and several additional dispersed; II-IV with 1 row of small yellowish white granules on elevated ridges; posterior margin with a row of small granules.Free tergite I with a row of small granules, the median larger and acuminate, II with a row of granules, bearing a median blunt and conic apophysis, dorsally directed, III with a row of small granules, with a median blunt and conic apophysis ventrally directed.Dorsal anal operculum with a pair of small rounded tubercles.Venter (Figs 26,28,30): stigmatic area unarmed.Free sternites each with a transverse row of granules.Ventral anal operculum with posterior row of tubercles, larger laterally.Chelicerae (Figs 25,26,29): neither swollen nor elongate, with wellmarked bulla with a little ectoproximal tubercle.Pedipalps (Figs 31,32): Coxa with a ventral setiferous tubercle.Trochanter with 1 ventral setiferous tubercle.Femur with 1 ventroproximal setiferous tubercle and a row of 2 very small ventroectal tubercles.Patella smooth and unarmed.Tibia: ectal (IIi/II) and mesal (IiIi/ IiiIi).Tarsus: ectal (IiIi); mesal (IiIi).Legs 29,30,33,34): legs of male not elongate.Coxa I with 2 dorsal tubercles; II with 1 anterior dorsal and two fused posterior tubercles, 1 small retrolateral distal tubercle; coxa IV, in dorsal view, surpassing dorsal scutum, with numerous yellowish granules and 1 large spiniform curved prolateral distal apophysis, posteriorly directed.Trochanters I-III with scattered granules; IV with some small tubercles in both sides and 1 prolateral distal apophysis.Femur I-III with several longitudinal rows of granules; femur IV curved in dorsal view, with several rows of tubercles, the two ventral rows with larger ones.Patella IV with scattered tubercles, ventrodistal ones acuminate.Tibia IV curved in lateral view, less than 3X the length of patella IV, incrassate sub basally, with rows of tubercles, the ventral composed of blunt tubercles on basal half, largest at the middle of row.Tarsal segmentation.6(3)/8(3)/7/7.Penis (Figs 35,36): ventral plate pyriform attenuated: long, with lateral margins subparallel, convex at base, tapering at distal part.Distal border with small V-shaped cleft.Two pairs of lateral longitudinal rows of setae, one pair more dorsal and the other more ventral in the ventral plate.Dorsal row composed by five aligned macrosetae (on the left half, the right half with six possibly due to teratologic multiplication on the distal group of macrosetae): three most distal strongly curved (on the left half, the right half with four), two pairs most distal slightly curved; and one small mesodorsal setae between those two groups.Ventral row composed by four pairs of distal setae: the three most distal smaller and the most basal larger.Glans long, curved.Stylus does not surpass distal border of ventral plate, curved, pointing dorsalwards.Color (in ethanol) : dorsal scutum dark brown, with reticulated carapace and lateral groove.Chelicerae reticulated of brown, pedipalps and trochanters I-III yellow; rest of the legs dark but tarsi yellow.All metatarsi with yellow rings.
Etymology."trompsonica" is a word made up by Adriano Kury to express all kinds of ordinary things.Following his usage as an adjective in Portuguese, latinization as follows: f. trompsonica, m. trompsonicus, n. trompsonicum.

DISCUSSION
Ampycinae comprises 13 genera and 28 species, including the three new species herein described.Its monophyly is supported by two morphological characters, the presence of a deep cleft on the distal margin of the ventral plate of the penis and a free tergite III armed with spine (KURY 2003).The monophyly of Ampycinae was also recovered by molecular analysis   (1977) described Hutamaia for Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977, which was only known from the type locality, Humaitá.KURY (2003) added a record from Madre de Dios, Peru.In this paper, we expand the distribution of the genus to the following localities in the Northern portion of Brazil: Coari, Codajás, Juruá, Jutaí, Manacapuru, Tefé (state of Amazonas) and Gurupá (state of Pará).This expanded distribution indicates that Hutamaia is widespread in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon.
The species included in Ampycinae, however, have never been subjected to taxonomic revisions.The diagnoses of most species and genera are inadequate according to current standards, being composed of characters that are mostly useless at the generic and suprageneric levels, as it is the case with Hutamaia.The Amazonian Hutamaia and the Andean Licornus species are morphologically very similar; there is not a combination of non-genital characters that may be used to support them as separate genera.On the other hand, the ventral plate of the penis of Licornus tama Villarreal & Kury, 2012 is much narrower than the ventral plate of Hutamaia species; in L. tama the penis also has a dorsal process that is not present in Hutamaia.These two characters could be used as main diagnostic characters to separate both groups; however, we do not know if they are present in the other two species included in Licornus.The male genitalia of the type species Licornus perfectus Roewer, 1932 is unknown and we have not examined males of Licornus atroluteus Roewer, 1959.
The two species of Licornus, L. perfectus and L. tama, are likely closely related and should remain in the same genus, whereas L. atroluteus seems not to share many characters with them.We suggest that L. tama and L. perfectus are much more similar to Hutamaia species than they are to the third species of Licornus.As suggested before by VILLARREAL & KURY (2012), Hutamaia and Licornus (excluding L. atroluteus) seem to be closely related to Glysterus and Nesopachylus, but a taxonomic revision is needed to better define the genera and test this hypothesis.
The four species of Hutamaia are similar, and the most constant somatic difference among them is size: H. maceta is about twice as long as the other species of the genus.Phenotypic similarity among species of the same genus, or even of the same family, is also common in other groups inhabiting the Amazon basin, e.g.species of the order Ricinulei (TOURINHO & AZEVEDO 2007, TOURINHO et al. 2010, SALVATIERRA et al. 2013) and other harvestmen (A.L.Tourinho, unpubl. data).However, species of Hutamaia can be separated by the following charac-ters: armature and aspect of mesotergal areas, armature of free tergites, armature of tibiae IV of males and their size relative to the patella IV, armature of femur IV of males, armature and shape of ventral plate of penis (H.plei has lateral lobes of ventral plate pronounced and ventral plate inserted very basal on the truncus in relation to the remaining species of the genus).