Food environment of fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program

Ambiente alimentar de frutas y verduras en el territorio del Programa Academia de la Salud

Abstract

This study provides a spatial analysis of distribution and access to commercial fruit and vegetable establishments within the territory of a representative sample of public fitness facilities known as the Health Academy Program (HAP) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study evaluated commercial food establishments within a buffer area based on a radius of 1,600 meters around each of 18 randomly selected fitness facilities. Quality of access to fruits and vegetables was assessed by the Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI), consisting of the variables availability, variety, and advertising of fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed foods. The analysis was based on calculation of the Kernel intensity estimator, nearest neighbor method, and Ripley K-function. Of the 336 food establishments, 61.3% were green grocers and open-air markets, with a median HFSI of 11 (5 to 16). In only 17% of the territories, the majority of the “hot area” establishments displayed better access to healthy foods, and only three areas showed a clustering pattern. The study showed limited access to commercial establishments supplying healthy fruits and vegetables within the territory of the public fitness program.

Commerce; Food; Spatial Analysis; Urban Health

Resumen

Analizamos espacialmente la distribución y el acceso a tiendas de frutas y verduras en el territorio de una muestra representativa de lugares donde se realiza el Programa Academia de la Salud (PAS por sus siglas en portugués) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Evaluamos los establecimientos que aparecen en zonas acotadas con un radio de 1.600 metros, con respecto a 18 zonas procedentes de muestras al azar. La calidad de acceso a frutas y hortalizas se evaluó mediante el Índice de Acceso a los Establecimientos de Alimentación (IAA), integrado por variables de disponibilidad, variedad, anuncios de frutas y hortalizas, así como alimentos ultraprocesados. Se usó en este análisis el estimador de intensidad Kernel, el barrio más cercano y la función K de Ripley. De los 336 establecimientos encuestados, un 61,3% eran tiendas y mercados al aire libre, con una media de 11 IAA (5-16). Tan sólo en un 17% del territorio analizado la mayoría de los establecimientos estaban situados en la zona más significativa, donde había un mejor acceso a alimentos sanos, e incluso tres áreas mostraron un patrón de aglomeración. Verificamos, asimismo, un acceso limitado a los establecimientos comerciales que ofrecen frutas y verduras en otras áreas del HAP, sobre todo en cuanto a la calidad.

Comercio; Alimentos; Análisis Espacial; Salud Urbana

Resumo

Analisar espacialmente a distribuição e o acesso a estabelecimentos comerciais de frutas e hortaliças no território de uma amostra representativa de polos do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Avaliaram-se estabelecimentos contidos dentro de buffers com raios de 1.600 metros a partir de 18 polos amostrados aleatoriamente. A qualidade do acesso às frutas e hortaliças foi avaliada pelo Índice de Acesso a Alimentos em Estabelecimentos (HFSI), composto por variáveis de disponibilidade, variedade e propaganda de frutas e hortaliças e alimentos ultraprocessados. A análise constou do cálculo do estimador de intensidade kernel, método do vizinho mais próximo e função K de Ripley. Dos 336 estabelecimentos, 61,3% eram sacolões e feiras-livres, com mediana de HFSI 11 (5 a 16). Em apenas 17% dos territórios analisados, a maioria dos estabelecimentos da área quente apresentava melhor acesso a alimentos saudáveis, sendo que apenas três áreas apresentaram padrão de aglomeração. Verificou-se acesso limitado a estabelecimentos comerciais que ofertam frutas e hortaliças com qualidade no território do PAS.

Comércio; Alimentos; Análise Espacial; Saúde Urbana

Introduction

Food environment is defined as the territory in which people live and work and that impacts their nutritional health ¹. The territory consists of areas with spaces for interpersonal and person-environment interrelations ². Territory is not merely a physical place, but a locus for health promotion, where subjects act collectively to improve their living and health conditions ³.

Health promotion thus features intersectoral and community participation, its principal locus is Primary Health Care, which is the focus of the current study and an important scenario for promoting healthy eating. Adequate and healthy eating requires strengthening the intersectoral basis of equipment and policies within the territory, considering the food environment with a view towards universal access, as recommended in Brazil by the National Policies on Food and Nutrition and Food and Nutritional Security ⁴.

Studies have used different methods to measure the food environment. The macro level includes variables like number, type, location, and distance to food establishments, while the micro level encompasses quality, price, promotion, availability, and variety of the food products ⁵.

The type of establishment and food product characteristics such as availability, quality, and price have a particularly strong influence on individual food purchases ⁶,⁷,⁸. Supermarkets, green grocery stores, and open-air markets tend to supply more healthy foods than mixed markets and convenience stores, thereby directly impacting consumers’ choices ⁹.

A suggestion for mapping the food environment ¹ has been to monitor the offer of healthy versus unhealthy foods in the retail food sector, including type, availability, and access to points-of-sale for foods. Such monitoring should identify opportunities for healthy eating, based on the existence of (and proximity to) stores with fresh and healthy food products, such as those supplying fruits and vegetables ⁷,¹⁰.

The current study aimed to analyze spatial distribution and access to commercial fruit and vegetable establishments within the territory of a public fitness equipment program called the “Health Academy Program” or HAP in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This program was chosen to define the territory because Primary Care is a key component of the Brazilian Unified National Health System, which recommends intersectoral collaboration and community participation in dealing with the social determinants of health. The program’s action should thus involve the development of individual skills, reinforcement of collective interventions, and the creation of favorable environments for healthy eating ¹¹. Information on the HAP territory would thus allow mapping the need for implementing and reinforcing public food and nutrition policies that favor a healthy food environment, such as public policies aiming the improvement of food offer. Such information would also help strengthen activities in food and nutritional education combined with this public fitness program, aimed at promoting healthy eating through information on access to (and quality of) fresh foods like fruits and vegetables ¹².

Methods

This was an exploratory ecological study on the spatial distribution of establishments that sell fruits and vegetables in the HAP territory in Belo Horizonte, capital of Minas Gerais State, with a population of 2,375,151 in 2010 (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Censo Demográfico 2010. http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br, accessed on 10/Feb/2014). The city is divided into nine administrative districts.

The study selected a representative sample of the HAP units, stratified by the city’s administrative districts. A total of 18 units were selected, or two per administrative district (Figure 1). The sampling process considered 42 eligible public fitness units out of the 50 installed in the city in 2012. Six units located in areas with low health vulnerability were excluded due to the small number of units with this characteristics and the fact that there was no matching unit in the same district to include in the sample. Two other units were excluded due to intense health eating promotion activities previously to the current survey.

Figure 1
Distribution of selected units from the Health Academy Program (HAP). Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2013.

The study’s database included establishments that sold fruits and vegetables, obtained from the registry of the Municipal Joint Taxation Secretariat (SMAA), with two databases, plus open-air produce markets and food establishments that were found spontaneously but were not registered in the above-mentioned databases. The first database was obtained in December 2012 and includes wholesale and retail fruit and vegetable businesses. The second includes retail merchandise establishments in general and was obtained in April 2013, based on the food sub-class in the National Classification of Economic Activities. Both databases were previously georeferenced. Open-air produce markets were located from the website of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Government (http://www.pbh.gov.br).

Starting from the geographic position of the HAP units, we constructed “buffers” with a radius of 1,600 meters (or 1 mile). All establishments selling fruits and vegetables and located within each respective radius were considered potential study participants.

The analysis excluded the areas of influence of units that contained fewer than 10 commercial establishments, due to their instability.

The study questionnaire was based on the Auditing Tool for Markets/Supermarkets/Grocery Stores from the ESAO study (São Paulo Survey on the Obesogenic Environment), prepared and tested by Duran et al. ⁹, with all the variables collected according to the questionnaire’s manual.

Data were collected at the macro and micro levels. Macro data refer to the location and type of commercial establishments. Micro level data included access to the establishments and the time since they opened for business.

Access was measured by the Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI) currently selling food for home consumption. The index varies from 1 to 16 and consists of the availability, variety, and advertising of healthy items (fruits and vegetables) versus ultra-processed items (sweetened beverages, corn chips, and cream-filled chocolate cookies). Our analysis only included establishments that agreed to participate in the study and that authorized the data collection.

The collected data were used to construct point maps based on the buffers, in order to visualize the types of establishments and the respective HFSI values in each HAP territory. This article presents the representative maps and their distinct characteristics.

To analyze the spatial distribution of commercial fruit and vegetable establishments in the target territories, we used the Kernel estimator, aimed at identifying the existence of spatial clustering in the units. This estimator is an interpolator, allowing estimation of the event’s intensity in the entire area. A two-dimensional function of the events is adjusted for this purpose, producing a surface whose value is proportional to the intensity of samples per area unit ¹³. For this method, we adopted a cell size of 6.4, which was obtained by dividing the radius of the unit’s area of influence (1,600 meters) by 250. Meanwhile, the bandwidth or radius of influence, which defines the neighborhood of the point to be interpolated and controls the smoothing of the resulting surface, was set at 1,600 meters, corresponding to the same value used for the radius.

To analyze the distribution pattern of the commercial establishments in the HAP territory and thus determine the establishments that displayed a random versus non-random pattern, we used the nearest neighbor method and Ripley’s K-univariate function. The nearest neighbor method estimates the distribution of the cumulative distribution function based on the distance between events in a target region and can be used as a formal method to statistically compare the distribution of observed versus expected events, under the hypothesis of complete spatial randomness. Ripley’s K-function represents the spatial dependency of the process and is derived from the spatial correlation structure. Spatial dependency is measured by estimating the relationship between pairs of events in space, corresponding to an approximation of the calculation of covariance between the random variables ¹³. Thus, the radius (h) used to calculate k (h) was 160 meters, and the analyses were performed up to a distance of 1,600 meters, corresponding to the HAP territory. Confidence envelopes were created using 999 random simulations.

Directional distribution ellipse was used to demonstrate the spatial trend of the commercial establishments. This ellipse is a measure of variation or dispersal, with a central point as the base, taking into consideration the magnitude or weight of the locations ¹⁴.

Data were tabulated in Access 2010 (Microsoft Corp.) and georeferenced and analyzed with Arcview version 10.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., http://www.esri.com/software/arcview/).

The study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Federal University in Minas Gerais and the Belo Horizonte Municipal Health Secretariat. The data were collected after receiving informed consent from the persons in charge of the commercial establishments.

Results

All 318 establishments belonging to the first database and the 13 open-air markets were eligible to participate in the study. As for the second database, of the total of 880 establishments, 385 were excluded because they did not sell fruits and vegetables (as verified by telephone contact) and 72 because they appeared twice in the database. Besides these commercial establishments, we added those found spontaneously in the HAP territory and not registered at (or georeferenced by) the municipal government.

A total of 754 establishments were visited, registered in the database and on the website of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Government. Of this total, 46.3% (n = 349) did not exist, one was not an open-air market, and 172 were establishments (23%) that did not sell fruits and vegetables. Of the total 233 eligible establishments, 20,6% (n = 48) refused to allow the data collection. In addition to this preliminary survey, we spontaneously found another 127 establishments (not listed in the municipal registry), of which 11% (n = 14) refused to participate in the study. We thus collected data from 298 establishments, of which 173 (60.5%) belonged to the database of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Government. We finally worked with a total de 336 establishments, since 38 belonged to territories of two different HAP units and had thus been allocated in both areas.

The majority of the establishments we visited were green grocery stores and open-air markets (61.3%), followed by grocery stores and large chain supermarkets (20.5%), and local markets (17.6%). Median time since opening for business was 10 years, varying from 1 month to 52 years.

As for access, median HFSI was 11, varying from 5 to 16. In two HAP territories (Norte 1 and Norte 2), there were no establishments in the last tertile of HFSI, corresponding to the best access to healthy foods. Of the 18 study areas, seven (39%) showed median HFSI in the first tertile ≤ 10), for establishments with the best and worst access to healthy foods, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1
Description of commercial fruit and vegetable establishments in the territories of Health Academy Program (HAP). Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2013.

Region	HAP	Establishments (n)	Access			Spatial distribution *	p-value
			Median	Minimum	Maximum
Barreiro	1	10	10	5	15	Randomness	< 0.001
	2	10	13	6	15	Randomness	0.01
Centro-Sul	1	48	11	6	16	Clustering	0.006
	2	12	11	5	14	Randomness	< 0.001
Leste	1	33	11	6	16	Clustering	0.008
	2	31	11	6	16	Clustering	0.01
Nordeste	1	17	9	6	15	Randomness	0.12
	2	16	9	6	14	Randomness	0.49
Noroeste	1	18	11	6	15	Randomness	0.04
	2	10	11.5	6	14	Randomness	0.03
Norte	1	11	8	5	13	Randomness	0.33
	2	09	6	5	13	**	**
Oeste	1	17	13	7	15	Randomness	0.06
	2	22	10	5	14	Randomness	0.65
Pampulha	1	10	12	6	15	Randomness	0.005
	2	15	10	6	14	Randomness	0.57
Venda Nova	1	31	12	5	16	Randomness	0.19
	2	16	11	6	16	Randomness	0.67
Total	-	336	-	-	-	-

• * Nearest neighbor method and K-Ripley function;
• ** Area of influence excluded from the spatial analysis.

Commercial establishments with better access to healthy foods and located in the region with the highest density of establishments (“hot area”), identified by Kernel estimator analysis, were only the majority in 17% (n = 3) of the units (HAP: Oeste 1, Barreiro 2, Centro-Sul 1) (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 3, nearly half of the units (44%, n = 8) mostly had establishments with worse HFSI (HAP: Centro-Sul 2, Leste 1 and 2, Norte 1, Nordeste 2, Oeste 2, Pampulha 2, and Barreiro 1). Two areas (HAP: Pampulha 2 and Norte 1) had zero establishments with satisfactory HFSI (Figure 3).

Figure 2
Spatial distribution of commercial establishments selling fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program (HAP)-Oeste 1. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2013.

Figure 3
Spatial distribution of commercial establishments selling fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program (HAP)-Pampulha 2. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2013.

Of the 17 HAP territories, three units (HAP: Centro-Sul 1, Leste 1 and 2) showed clustering in the spatial distribution of establishments (Table 1 and Figure 4).

Figure 4
Spatial distribution of commercial establishments selling fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program (HAP)-Centro-Sul 1. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2013.

Only six HAP units (Leste 2, Barreiro 1, Centro-Sul 1, Leste 1, Nordeste 1, and Venda Nova 1) were located in the “hot area”, i.e., they contained a higher concentration of fruit and vegetable establishments around them, based on kernel density analysis. As for the unit’s location in relation to the ellipse of the establishments’ directional distribution, 11 units (Centro-Sul 1, Leste 1 and 2, Nordeste 1 and 2, Noroeste 1, Norte 1, Oeste 1 and 2, Venda Nova 1 and 2) were inside the ellipse, showing approximation to the establishments’ directional trend (Figures 2 and 4).

Only three territories (HAP: Leste 1, Oeste 1, Venda Nova 1) contained establishments that were spatially distributed throughout the territory (Figure 2). Nine areas (HAP: Barreiro 1, Leste 1 and 2, Noroeste 1 and 2, Norte 1 and 2, Pampulha 1, Venda Nova 2) were cut across by the city limits, and another nine (HAP: Barreiro 1 and 2, Centro-Sul 2, Leste 2, Noroeste 1 and 2, Norte 1, Pampulha 1 and 2) had large uninhabited spaces such as wooded parks and a university campus (Figure 3).

Discussion

The majority of the establishments contained in the HAP territories were classified as green grocery stores and open-air markets, but only two areas had establishments featuring better access to healthy foods. The HAP units were generally not located in regions with greater density of commercial establishments, and only one-sixth of the hot areas had establishments with better access to fruits and vegetables, i.e., with greater availability and variety of these foods rather than ultra-processed products.

Green grocery stores, open-air markets, and supermarkets, were the establishments most frequently found in the HAP territories. These establishments show greater availability, variety, and quality of produce supplied at lower cost, thus favoring access to fruits and vegetables ⁹,¹²,¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁷,¹⁸,¹⁹.

Studies show that ease of access to fruit and vegetable establishments and greater availability of healthy foods are associated in turn with greater household availability ²⁰ and increased consumption of such foods ⁶,⁷,²¹,²². A study of data from the U.S. Food Stamp Program showed that easy access was associated with the consumption of one or more portions of fruits per day ⁶. A study of African-American women in Detroit showed that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with food shopping in green grocery stores and supermarkets ⁷. An ecological study of adults in São Paulo, Brazil, found that areas with greater concentration of green grocery stores and open-air markets showed higher rates of consumption of these healthy foods ²³.

Despite the predominance of green grocery stores and open-air markets in the HAP territory, there was also a high offer of ultra-processed products such as sweetened beverages (49%) and corn chips and cream-filled chocolate cookies (39%). The latter suggests easy access to these products, with higher exposure to unhealthy eating habits ²¹,²⁴, which can jeopardize the population’s nutrition and health ²⁵. This exposure to unhealthy foods was corroborated by analysis of the index of access to food establishments: only 33% (n = 111) of the establishments showed higher scores, represented by greater availability and variety of healthy products.

The results suggest that residents had limited access to commercial fruit and vegetable establishments with adequate availability and variety in the HAP territory. The HAP is a key component of primary health care and health promotion, but since the fitness units are located in areas that are poorly equipped to foster healthy food choices, it may yield unsatisfactory results in terms of food and nutritional education ¹². However, identification of areas with limited access to fruits and vegetables (as in the current study) can allow defining these areas as priority targets for public policies to supply healthy foods, integrating different types of equipment and policies, aimed at intersectoral collaboration for healthy eating environments and greater effectiveness of activities in food and nutritional education. In addition, mapping commercial fruit and vegetable establishments in the HAP territory, as done in this study, can orient food and nutritional education activities in the units, since the main barriers to acquiring fruits and vegetables are access and quality. Such mapping can also foster community participation in building a healthy food environment.

Half of HAP units were located in areas bordering on other municipalities or in large uninhabited areas, which raises the discussion on health equity by analyzing geographic access. The location of these health promotion services in areas with large uninhabited stretches may not be strategically effective for use by the population, since key determinants in the use of health services are distance to and availability and accessibility of health care ²⁶. There is no official rule on the places where the HAP units are supposed to be installed. Ruling n. 2,684/2013²⁷ by the Brazilian Ministry of Health only provides that these public fitness facilities should be installed in preexisting public spaces, preferably public squares, corners, and similar sites, providing free access to the population within the catchment areas of Basic Health Units (BHU), the reference services for primary care in Brazil. Although all the units of HAP studied here were located within catchment areas of BHU, a large share of the HAP units were located in large uninhabited areas. This highlights the importance of installing such facilities in well-inhabited areas where plenty of people circulate, in order to provide timely and easy access to other health-friendly equipment in the same territory, such as establishments selling fruits and vegetables.

As for the food stores’ spatial distribution, the clustering pattern in three HAP territories is explained by the fact that these areas displayed heavy circulation of people (as recommended in Ruling n. 2,684/2013²⁷) and thus more commercial food establishments, plus a large municipal produce market in one territory. Municipal markets are characterized by diversified, broad, and affordable commerce, attracting other commercial establishments around them. These centers tend to favor competitiveness, where variety, convenience, quality, and price are important and distinctive attributes ²⁸. However, urbanization and population growth tend to fuel a demand for more municipal markets, and their expansion is seen as an alternative to promote access to fruits and vegetables ²⁹.

In addition to the importance of healthy commercial food establishments and the expansion of new municipal markets, an equally important factor is the adequate registration of these establishments in a database. The study’s results show that many of the registered establishments do not exist in fact, while other establishments are not registered in the municipal database. Such findings suggest the need for changes in data monitoring and updating, by encouraging regularization of commercial establishments with the Municipal Government, given the relevance of such data for formulating public policies and conducting robust scientific studies.

The study’s limitations include the lack of identification of all the commercial establishments in the territories of some HAP units, due to their location near other municipalities that lack georeferenced data, preventing knowledge on the entire food environment in the territory of these units. Another limitation was the use of a buffer in determining the territory of the public fitness facilities and the acknowledgment of borders that may not correspond to these limits. Thus, the territory and access may be lesser or greater as a function of how these arbitrary limits are determined. However, the authors used a similar radius to that reported elsewhere in the literature ¹⁵,³⁰,³¹.

Ecological studies, like the current one, are essential, since they correlate the territory or context with access to healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables ²¹. In addition, few studies have attempted to understand primary aspects of the food environment, such as quality, availability, and variety of foods, especially fruits and vegetables. Such knowledge can contribute to building a system for monitoring the food environment.

Conclusion

Within the territories of the HAP units, most of the commercial establishments were classified as green grocery stores and open-air markets, but there was limited access to establishments with adequate availability and variety of fruits and vegetables. The study suggests that public policies aiming to increase the offer of healthy foods should prioritize the territory in which these public fitness equipment units are located, especially in areas with limited access to these products. The ultimate goal is to promote intersectoral collaboration and healthier eating.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Division of Tax Registries of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Joint Taxation Secretariat and the Department of Primary Health Care of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Health Secretariat.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov 2015

History

• Received
  19 Feb 2014
• Reviewed
  04 Aug 2014
• Accepted
  03 Oct 2014