Abstract
The balanced supply of nitrogen to fruit trees leads to higher fruit quality and reduced incidence of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate anthracnose intensity and the physical and chemical characteristics of ‘Prata Anã’ banana under different nitrogen doses. Regarding anthracnose intensity, N doses of 150, 200, 250, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 were used. The Area Under the Incidence Progress (AUIPC) and Severity Curves (AUSPC) were evaluated. The physical and chemical characteristics were: fruit and pulp mass; soluble solids; starch; total, reducing and non-reducing sugars; coloration and nutrient concentration in peel, evaluated every three days for 15 days. Plants fertilized with N doses of 200, 250 and 400 kg.ha-1 had lower AUIPC values and the application of 250 kg.ha-1 reduced AUSPC in fruits inoculated with C. musae. N, P and K increased in banana peel, fruit and pulp mass, soluble solids, starch, total sugars, reducing sugars, with increasing N doses. There was no difference in the contents of micronutrients in fruit peel. N dose of 600 kg.ha-1 reduced the shelf life of fruits and provided higher sugar content and higher disease severity.
Index terms
Nitrogen fertilization; Colletotrichum musae; Musa spp; postharvest pathology
Resumo
O fornecimento equilibrado de nitrogênio para as fruteiras propicia maior qualidade dos frutos e redução de doenças. O objetivo foi avaliar a intensidade de antracnose e as características físicas e químicas em banana- ‘Prata-anã’ sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio. Na intensidade de antracnose, foram utilizados 150; 200; 250; 400 e 600 kg.ha-1 de N. Avaliaram-se a Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Incidência (AACPI) e a Severidade (AACPS). As características físicas e químicas foram: massa do fruto e polpa; sólidos solúveis; amido; açúcares totais, redutores e não redutores; coloração e concentração de nutrientes na casca, avaliadas a cada três dias, por 15 dias. Plantas adubadas com 200; 250 e 400 kg.ha-1 de N apresentaram menores valores de AACPI, e a aplicação de 250 kg.ha-1 reduziu a AACPS em frutos inoculados com C. musae. Obteve-se aumento de N, P e K na casca da banana, na massa do fruto e da polpa, sólidos solúveis, amido, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, com o aumento das doses de N. Não houve diferença nos teores de micronutrientes na casca dos frutos. A dose de 600 kg.ha-1 reduziu a vida de prateleira dos frutos e proporcionou maior teor de açúcar e maior severidade de doença.
Termos para indexação
Adubação nitrogenada; Colletotrichum musae; Musa spp.; patologia pós-colheita
Introduction
Banana anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum musae (Berck.; Curt.) Von Arx, is the most important post-harvest disease (MAQBOOl et al., 2010 MAQBOOL, M.; ALI, A.; RAMACHANDRAN, S.; SMITH, D.R.; ALDERSON, P.G. Control of postharvest anthracnose of banana using a new edible composite coating. Crop Protection, Edmonton, v.29, n.10, p.1136–1141, 2010. ; ALEMU, 2014 ALEMU, K. Importance and pathogen spectrum of crown rot of banana in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, New York, v.4, n.233, p.106–111, 2014. ), causing losses of up to 80% when fruits are not treated (BILL et al., 2014 BILL, M.; SIVAKUMAR, D.; KORSTEN, L.; THOMPSON, A.K. The efficacy of combined application of edible coatings and thyme oil in inducing resistance components in avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) against anthracnose during post-harvest storage. Crop Protection, Famhan, v.64, p.159–167, 2014. ). Fruit maturation leads to high anthracnose incidence (SIVAKUMAR and BAUTISTABAÑOS, 2014 SIVAKUMAR, D.; BAUTISTA-BAÑOS, S. A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Protection, Farnham, v.64, p. 27–37, 2014. ) and rapid deterioration (AHMED and PALTA, 2016 AHMED, Z.F.R.; PALTA, J.P. Postharvest dip treatment with natural lysophospholopid plus soy lecithin extended the shelf life of banana fruit. Postharvest Biology Technology, Amsterdam, v.113, n.1, p.58–65, 2016. ; CHEN et al., 2017 CHEN, Y.; LIAO, Y.; LAN, Y.; WU, H.; YANAGIDA, F. Diversity of lactic acid bactéria associated with banana fruit in Taiwan. Current Microbiology, New York, v.74, n.4, p.484–490, 2017. ). C. musae infection occurs in the field in the early stage of fruit development and the fungus remains quiescent until maturation (SIVAKUMAR and BAUTISTA-BAÑOS, 2014 SIVAKUMAR, D.; BAUTISTA-BAÑOS, S. A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Protection, Farnham, v.64, p. 27–37, 2014. ; DE COSTA and ERABADUPITIYA, 2005 DE COSTA, D.M.; ERABADUPITIYA, H.R.U.T.An integrated method to control postharvest diseases of banana using a member of the Burkholderiacepacia complex. Postharvest Biology and Technology, Amsterdam, v.3, n.1, p. 31–39 2005. ). Thus, losses occur to traders and consumers, who discard spoiled fruits.
Control measures that prevent infection and anthracnose development play an important role in extending shelf life during fruit storage (MAQBOOL et al., 2010 MAQBOOL, M.; ALI, A.; RAMACHANDRAN, S.; SMITH, D.R.; ALDERSON, P.G. Control of postharvest anthracnose of banana using a new edible composite coating. Crop Protection, Edmonton, v.29, n.10, p.1136–1141, 2010. ). Thus, post-harvest disease control begins with care in cultivation fields, harvesting and transportation.
Among the various management methods that can be implemented in the field, chemical control (VILAPLANA et al., 2018 VILAPLANA, R., PAZMIÑO, L.; VALENCIA-CHAMORRO, S. Control of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum musae, on postharvest organic banana by thyme oil. . Postharvest Biology and Technology, Amsterdam,v.138, n.1, p.56-63, 2018. ) and cultural control (FERNANDES et al., 2019 FERNANDES, M.B. ; MIZOBUTSI, E.H. ; RODRIGUES, M.L.M. ; RIBEIRO, R.C.F. ; MIZOBUTSI, G. P. ; PINHO, D.B. Bagging time of ‘Prata Anã’ banana regarding anthracnose control. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.41, n.1, p.e066, 2019. ; VENTURA et al., 2012 VENTURA, J.A.; COSTA, H.; ZAMBOLIM, L. Efeito da nutrição mineral no manejo de doença em Pós-colheita. In: Nutrição no manejo de doenças de plantas. Viçosa, MG: GEAFIP, 2012. p. 116-136. ) stand out. Among cultural management methods to control diseases, soil fertility is one of the most important factors. Balanced N supply to fruit trees provides higher fruit quality, longer shelf life and reduced disease intensity. Balanced nutrition is essential to increase plant resistance to diseases.
The nutritional status of plants is reflected in defense mechanisms against fungal diseases (MARSCHNER, 2012 MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3.ed. London: Elsevier, 2012. 672p. ; WALTERS and BINGHAM, 2007 WALTERS, D.R.; BINGHAM, I.J. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens: implications for plant disease control. Annals of Applied Biology, Oxford, v.151, n.3, p.307-324, 2007. ). Adequate nitrogen levels are required for disease resistance, but excess or deficiency may promote increased severity (BALLY et al., 2009 BALLY, I.S.E.; HOFMAN, P.J.; IRVING, D.E., COATES, L.M.; DANN, E.K. The effects of nitrogen on postharvest disease in mango (Mangifera indica L. 'Keitt'). Acta Horticulturae, The Hague, v.820, p.365-370, 2009. ; WALTER et al., 2008 WALTERS, D.R.; BINGHAM, I.J. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens: implications for plant disease control. Annals of Applied Biology, Oxford, v.151, n.3, p.307-324, 2007. ; NAM et al., 2006 NAM, M.H.; JEONG, S.K.; LEE, Y.S.; CHOI, J.M.; KIM, H.G. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose. Plant Pathology, Oxford, v.55, p. 246-249, 2006. ; NGUYEN et al., 2004 NGUYEN, H.; HOFMAN, P.; HOLMES, R.; BALLY, I.; STUBBINGS, B.; MCCONCHI, R. Effect of nitrogen on the skin colour and other quality attributes of ripe ‘Kensington Pride’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science e Biotechnology, Kent, v.79, n.2, p. 204–21, 2004. ). When N supply is high, the synthesis of secondary metabolites through the shikimic acid pathway is compromised, reducing the production of phenolic (fungistatic) compounds. N also increases the concentration of amino acids and amides in the apoplast, which apparently have greater influence than sugars on germination and development of conidia, thus favoring the development of fungal diseases. In contrast, nutritional deficiency leads to the accumulation of low molecular weight organic substances that reduce plant resistance to diseases (MARSCHNER, 2012 MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3.ed. London: Elsevier, 2012. 672p. ).
For banana crop, there are no studies in Brazil that relate nitrogen nutrition to anthracnose intensity.
Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate anthracnose intensity and the physical and chemical characteristics of ‘Prata Anã’ banana obtained from plants fertilized with different nitrogen doses.
Material and methods
The experiment was carried out in a ten-month-old ‘Prata anã’ banana orchard located in Janaúba, MG, Brazil, (Latitude -15 ° 48 ‘09’ ‘Longitude -43 ° 18’ 32 ‘’ Altitude 533 m a.s.l.; average annual temperature of 27.5 ºC and predominant tropical dry Aw type climate according to the Köppen classification). Plants were arranged in 3 x 2m spacing, single row and irrigated by micro sprinkler. Each plot consisted of nine plants, using the two central plants, with internal and external borders. Each family was conducted with three plants (mother, daughter and granddaughter), evaluating fruits of the mother plant in the first production year.
Initially, soil samples were collected for soil fertility characterization and liming and nutrient recommendation. In this sense, 150 kg ha-1 of dolomitic limestone were applied to the surface of the experimental area and then incorporated with the aid of a hoe in the 0-10 cm deep soil layer. Reference N, P2O5, K2O doses corresponding to fertilization performed for banana trees in northern Minas Gerais corresponded to 250, 45, 700 kg ha-1 year, respectively. N and K doses were applied on 06/16/2016 and 07/16/2016 and phosphorus (P) was applied on 06/16/2016. All applications were performed before inflorescence on the soil surface in the form of semicircle within 30 to 40 cm from the pseudostem, always in front of the mother plant and followed by irrigation. N, P, K sources used were ammonium sulfate, simple superphosphate and potassium chloride. Micronutrients were applied at a dose of 50 g clump-1 of commercial product FTE-BR 12®, in a single dose and also before inflorescence. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments in each block (150; 200; 250; 400 and 600 kg ha-1 N) and four replicates. Phosphorus and potassium contents were kept constant, 45 kg ha-1 and 700 kg ha-1, respectively.
Anthracnose intensity evaluation To evaluate anthracnose intensity in fruits, the hands of each plot were harvested with peel color 2 according to the Von Loesecke maturity scale (PBMH and PIF, 2006 PBMH e PIF - Programa Brasileiro para a Modernização da Horticultura e Produção Integrada de Frutas. Normas de classificação de banana. São Paulo: CEAGESP, 2006. (Documentos, 29). ). Subsequently, central bunches were selected, for greater fruit uniformity during ripening.
In the laboratory, bunches were subdivided into bouquets with three fruits, washed with water, neutral soap and left under the bench for drying. Subsequently, they were atomized with a 2.5x106 conidia mL-1 suspension of C. musae, obtained from colonies grown in BDA (Potato, dextrose, agar) for seven days. After inoculation, bouquets were placed in expanded polystyrene trays and placed in chamber with 90% relative humidity for 24 hours. Then, they were taken to a climate chamber at 25 + 1 ° C and relative humidity of 90 + 5%. The design was completely randomized in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of five doses and five evaluation periods (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). The experimental unit consisted of a bouquet of three fruits with four replicates, totaling 100 units.
Fruit evaluations were performed every three days for a period of 12 days and the Area Under the Incidence Progress Curve (AUIPC) and the Area Under the Severity Progress Curve (AUSPC) were calculated using the equation of Shaner and Finney (1977) SHANER, G.; FINNEY, R.E. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in Knox wheat. Phytopathology,Saint Paul, v.67, n.8, p. 1051-1056, 1977. . The incidence was obtained by the number of fruits affected by repetition, which values were expressed as a percentage by treatment. Fruit anthracnose severity was evaluated using a diagrammatic scale developed by Moraes et al. (2008) MORAES, W. S.; ZAMBOLIM, L.; LIMA, J. D. Quimioterapia de banana ‘Prata Anã’ no controle de podridões pós-colheita. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, v.75, n. 1, p.79-84, 2008. .
Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of fruits.
To evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics, fruits of each plot were selected, washed and dried, immersed in imazalil fungicide solution for five minutes, placed in expanded polystyrene trays and kept in refrigerated chamber at 14 ± 1 ° C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity.
The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 6 factorial scheme, consisting of five treatments (150, 200, 250, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 of N), six evaluation periods (0, 3, 6, 9 , 12 and 15 days) and four replicates containing a bouquet of three fruits per replicate. The evaluated variables were: fruit and pulp mass; soluble solids (CARVALHO et al., 1990 CARVALHO, C.R.L.; MANTOVANI, D.M.B.; CARVALHO, P.R.N.; MORAES, R.M.M. Análises químicas de alimentos. Campinas: ITAL, 1990. 121p. ); starch (NELSON, 1944 NELSON, N.A fotometric adaptation of Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, v.153, n.2, p.375-380, 1944. ); total sugars (DISCHE, 1962 DISCHE, Z. General color reactions. In: WHISTLER, R. L.; WOLFRAN, M. L. Carbohydrate chemistry. New York: Academic Press, 1962. p. 477-512 ); reducing and non-reducing sugars (NELSON, 1944 NELSON, N.A fotometric adaptation of Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, v.153, n.2, p.375-380, 1944. ). The post-harvest shelf life was evaluated by observing the number of days elapsed for the occurrence of the first color changes from green to intense yellow. Macro and micronutrient analysis of the peel of ten fruits of each plot that were initially dried in forced air circulation at 65 ° C until constant weight was also performed. The dried peel was ground, sieved in 0.42 mm sieves (40 meshes) and sent to the Laboratory of Soils of the Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Company-EPAMIG for quantification of nutrient content in plant tissue.
Data obtained in the study were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. For AUIPC and AUSPC, Tukey test at 5% probability was used to compare dose effect, using the SAS software (SAS Institute, 2000 SAS Institute. SAS/STAT user’sguide. (Version8). Cary, 2000. ).
Results and discussion
There was no adjustment of regression models, so that AUIPC and AUSPC averages of ‘Prata Anã’ banana anthracnose were compared by the Tukey test (p <0.05).
Higher AUIPC values of anthracnose caused by C. musae were observed in fruits of plants fertilized with the lowest (150 kg ha-1 N) and highest nitrogen doses (600 kg ha-1 N). The increase in AUIPC compared to the reference dose (250 kg ha-1 N) was 28.75 and 29.9%, respectively. The lowest AUIPC values were obtained in plants fertilized at N doses of 200, 250 and 400 kg ha-1 and not significantly different from each other (Table 1).
According to Marschner (2012) MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3.ed. London: Elsevier, 2012. 672p. , high nitrogen doses decrease the production of phenolic compounds and increase the concentration of amino acids on the leaf surface, which influences conidial germination and germ tube development.
The resistance of immature fruits to post-harvest diseases is associated with the presence of phenolic compounds in the peel (BARKAI-GOLAN, 2001 BARKAI-GOLAN, R. Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: development and control. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. 480 p ).Green banana peel has high tannin concentration (MAINA et al. 2012 MAINA, H. M.; HEIDI, E.S.; SHAGAL, M.H. Analytical screening of nutritional and non-essential components in unripe and ripe fruits of banana (Musa sapientum). International Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, Brooklyn, v.1, n.3, p.20-25, 2012. ; ESPINOSA and SANTACRUZ, 2017 ESPINOSA, A.; SANTA CRUZ, S. Phenolic compounds from the peel of Musa cavendish, Musa acuminata and Musa cavandanaish. Revista Politécnica, São Paulo, v.38, n.2, p. 69-74, 2017. ) and is responsible for pathogen quiescence (JEFFRIES et al., 1990 JEFFRIES, P; DODD, J.C; JEGER, M.J; PLUMBLEY, R.A. Biology and control of Colletotrichum species on tropical fruit crops. Plant Pathology, Oxford, v.39, n.3, p. 343-366, 1990. ) and can directly act on pathogens (DROBY et al., 1986 DROBY, S.; PRUSKY, D.; JACOBY, B.; GOLDMAN, A. Presence of antifungal compounds in the peel of mango fruits and their relation to latent infections of Alternaria alternata. Physiological and Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, v.29, n.2, p.173-183, 1986. ; BARKAI-GOLAN, 2001 BARKAI-GOLAN, R. Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: development and control. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. 480 p ).
Bally et al. (2009) BALLY, I.S.E.; HOFMAN, P.J.; IRVING, D.E., COATES, L.M.; DANN, E.K. The effects of nitrogen on postharvest disease in mango (Mangifera indica L. 'Keitt'). Acta Horticulturae, The Hague, v.820, p.365-370, 2009. used different nitrogen doses in mango and observed that high doses mainly applied during flowering provided greater anthracnose severity in fruits.
According to the authors, the probable cause may be related to reduction of antifungal compound resorcinol. According to Droby et al. (1986) DROBY, S.; PRUSKY, D.; JACOBY, B.; GOLDMAN, A. Presence of antifungal compounds in the peel of mango fruits and their relation to latent infections of Alternaria alternata. Physiological and Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, v.29, n.2, p.173-183, 1986. , resorcinol present in the peel of green mango fruits inhibits the development of Alternaria alternata.
Plants fertilized at dose of 250 kg ha-1 showed reduction of 63.93% of AUSPC when compared to dose of 150 kg ha-1 (Table 1). When fertilized with N doses of 200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1, no significant differences were observed, but higher AUSPC values compared to dose of 250 kg ha-1 were observed, indicating that excessive or insufficient N doses lead to higher AUSPC values in fruits.
Plants fertilized with N dose of 150 kg ha-1 presented lower nitrogen content in ‘Prata Anã’ banana peel (Figure 5).
The lowest nitrogen dose used provided higher anthracnose severity in fruits (Table 1).
N deficiency slows plant growth, makes them susceptibility to pathogens and influences the formation of various compounds important for plant growth and development.
Thus, when N deficiency occurs, plants may not express their productive potential (CRUZ et al., 2006 CRUZ, J.L.; PELACANI, C.R.; ARAÚJO, W.L.Efeito do nitrato e amônio sobre o crescimento e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio em mandioca. Bragantia,Campinas, v.65, n.3, p.467-475, 2006. ) and also the synthesis of fruit defense compounds (VENTURA et al., 2012 VENTURA, J.A.; COSTA, H.; ZAMBOLIM, L. Efeito da nutrição mineral no manejo de doença em Pós-colheita. In: Nutrição no manejo de doenças de plantas. Viçosa, MG: GEAFIP, 2012. p. 116-136. ).
Fruit and pulp mass were influenced by N doses, linearly responding to increasing doses. N dose of 600 kg ha -1 provided fruits with approximately 240g. Similar results were observed for pulp mass, with increase of approximately 140 g of fruit weight at the highest dose, 600 kg ha-1 (Figure 1).
According to Coelho et al. (2003) COELHO, E.L.; FONTES, P.C.R.; FINGER, F.L.; CARDOSO, A.A. Qualidade do fruto de melão rendilhado em função de doses de nitrogênio. Bragantia, Campinas, v.62, n.2, p.173-178, 2003. , when there is an increase of N doses, there are increases in the average mass and fruit size. This increase is due to the influence of nitrogen on the processes involving growth and development, with a direct effect on the source-drain relations, altering the distribution of assimilates between vegetative and reproductive plant parts (MARSCHNER, 2012 MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3.ed. London: Elsevier, 2012. 672p. ).
Soluble solids content increased from 5 to 25 ° Brix with increasing N doses and storage period (Figure 2). These results allow us inferring that the highest N doses (250, 400 and 600 kg ha-1) promoted an increase in soluble solids content.
Soluble solids of 'Prata anã' banana fertilized with different N doses and stored for 15 days.
The increase in soluble solids content in banana occurs because fruit has high starch content when green, so as it ripens, starch is converted into sugars to be used for fruit respiration (PIMENTEL et al., 2010 PIMENTEL, R.M.A.; GUIMARÃES, F.N.; SANTOS, V.M.; RESENDE, J.C.F. Qualidade pós-colheita dos genótipos de banana PA42-44 e ‘Prata Anã’ cultivados no norte de Minas Gerais. Revista Brasileira Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.32, n.2, p. 407-413, 2010. ).
Regarding variables starch and non-reducing sugars, there was a significant interaction between factors doses and storage days. As there was no adjustment of linear regression models for doses within days and days within doses, the results were presented as means of 5% Tukey tests (Table 2 and 3).
Higher starch percentage averages were found in green fruits in the first days of storage. Starch degradation occurred gradually during the storage period, reaching low levels on the last day. N doses of 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 provided on average 8% starch at the beginning of fruit storage and 4% on the last day of storage. N doses of 400 and 600 kg ha-1 presented average of 11% at the beginning of fruit storage and 2% at the end of storage (Table 2).
During the ripening process of climacteric fruits, starch degradation is one of the most striking characteristics, because as starch is hydrolysed, there is an increase in the total soluble sugar content (MOTA et al., 1997 MOTA, R.V.; LAJOLO, F.M.; CORDENUNSI, B.R. Composição em carboidratos de alguns cultivares de banana (Musa spp.) durante o amadurecimento. Ciências Tecnologia de Alimento, Campinas, v.17, n.2, p.94-97, 1997. ).
The increase in total sugar content was gradual over the storage days and N doses, concomitantly with the evolution of soluble solids content and decrease of starch content. On the fifteenth day of storage, N doses of 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 presented total sugar content of 20%, while N doses of 400 and 600 kg ha-1 presented total sugar content of 25% (Figure 3).
Analysis of total sugars of 'Prata anã' banana fertilized with different N doses and stored for 15 days.
The results obtained for reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) behaved similarly to those obtained for total sugars, and values increased with increasing N doses (Figure 4). N doses of 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 presented contents of 10%, and N doses of 400 and 600 kg ha-1 provided reducing sugar contents of 15%. The banana-related characteristics that explain the increase in total sugar levels are the high starch levels found in green fruits and their consequent degradation during ripening and conversion into simple sugars (VILAS BOAS et al., 2001 VILAS BOAS, E. V. B.; ALVES, R. E.; FILGUEIRAS, H. A. C.; MENEZES, J. B. Características da fruta: banana pós-colheita. Brasília: EMBRAPA, 2001. p.15-19. (Série Frutas do Brasil, 16). ).
Analysis of reducing sugars on 'Prata anã' banana fertilized with different N doses and stored for 15 days.
There was an increase in non-reducing sugar content in ‘Prata anã’ banana as fruits ripened (Table 3). On the first day of evaluation, fruits presented an average of 0.45% of non-reducing sugars in all tested doses. From the twelfth day, these levels increased to 8% and remained constant until the fifteenth day of storage. The low concentration of non-reducing sugars found in green fruits is mainly due to their low sucrose content, which is synthesized with fruit ripening (OLIVEIRA JUNIOR et al., 2003 OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, E.N.; SANTOS, C.D.; ABREU, C.M.P.; CORRÊA, A.D.; SANTOS, J.Z.L. Análise nutricional da fruta-de-lobo (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil.) durante o amadurecimento. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 27, n. 4, p. 846-851, 2003. ).
The increase in N doses provided increases in soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars. As a consequence, there was an increase in the incidence percentage and anthracnose severity in bananas. High N doses favored the disease as a consequence of the higher conversion of starch into soluble sugars and greater accumulation of amino acids on the leaf surface, thus favoring the development of fungal diseases (MARSCHNER, 2012 MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3.ed. London: Elsevier, 2012. 672p. ; GANESHAMURTHY et al., 2011 GANESHAMURTHY, N.; SATISHA, G.; PRAKASH PATIL, P. Potassium nutrition on yield and quality of fruit crops with special emphasis on banana and grapes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, v.24, n.1, p. 29-38, 2011. ).
In apple, Sitterly and Shay (1960) SITTERLY, W. R.; SHAY, J. R. Physiological factors affecting the onset of susceptibility of apple fruit to rotting by fungus pathogens. Phytopathology, Saint Paul, v.50, n.1, p.91-93, 1960. observed that the artificial increase in the level of soluble sugars increased rot caused by Botryosphaeria ribis. Green fruits do not provide nutrients necessary for pathogen development, but during ripening, the conversion from insoluble to soluble carbohydrates favors the establishment of the pathogen in fruit tissues (BARKAIGOLAN, 2001 BARKAI-GOLAN, R. Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: development and control. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. 480 p ).
Treatment with N dose of 600 kg ha-1 was the one that showed the fastest development of peel color, from green to intense yellow, reaching the coloration in six days of storage (Table 4). N doses of 150 and 400 kg ha -1 delayed the onset of ripening by approximately 10 days. Higher N doses increase crop yield, but shorten post-harvest shelf life (GANESHAMURTHY et al. 2011 GANESHAMURTHY, N.; SATISHA, G.; PRAKASH PATIL, P. Potassium nutrition on yield and quality of fruit crops with special emphasis on banana and grapes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, v.24, n.1, p. 29-38, 2011. ). According to Dadzie and Orchard (1997) DADZIE, B.K.; ORCHARD, J.E. Routine post-harvest screening of banana/plantain hybrids: criteria and methods. Montpellier: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains, 1997. p.63 (Technical Guidelines 2). , fertilizer application intensifies banana ripening due to increased respiratory rate and ethylene production.
N, P and K contents in banana peel increased with increasing N doses (Figure 5), and did not influence S, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na contents. The higher N, P and K content found in banana peel was attributed to higher N availability and synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilization on P and K absorption. Plant nutrient absorption process is specific and selective, and there is some competition among them, which may have a synergistic or antagonistic effect (PRADO, 2008 PRADO, R.M. Nutrição de plantas. São Paulo: Unesp, 2008. 408p. ).
Similarly, synergistic interaction between P and N occurs, whose effect on crop production, at appropriate doses, is better than when applied separately (SILVA and TREVISAM, 2015 SILVA, L.S.; TREVISAM, A.R. Interações iônicas e seus efeitos na nutrição de plantas. Informações Agronômicas, Piracicaba, n.149, p.10-16, 2015. ).
Conclusions
‘Prata Anã’ plants fertilized with N doses of 150 and 600 kg ha-1 presented higher anthracnose incidence and severity.
As N doses increase, there is an increase in fruit mass, pulp mass, soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars and starch in ‘Prata Anã’ banana.
N dose of 600 kg ha-1 reduces the post-harvest shelf life of ‘Prata Anã’ banana.
Acknowledgments
To the Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation (FAPEMIG) and CAPES for the indispensable financial support.
- AHMED, Z.F.R.; PALTA, J.P. Postharvest dip treatment with natural lysophospholopid plus soy lecithin extended the shelf life of banana fruit. Postharvest Biology Technology, Amsterdam, v.113, n.1, p.58–65, 2016.
- ALEMU, K. Importance and pathogen spectrum of crown rot of banana in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, New York, v.4, n.233, p.106–111, 2014.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
03 Oct 2019 -
Date of issue
2019
History
-
Received
17 Mar 2019 -
Accepted
22 July 2019