Profile of Hiperdia patients in the municipality of Barra Bonita, Sao Paulo state

Perfil de pacientes do Hiperdia de Barra Bonita - SP

Abstract

Introduction:

The "Hiperdia System" sets goals and guidelines to expand prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. Knowing the epidemiological characteristics of the population is important to strengthen public health programs.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to describe the sociodemographic profile, risk factors and complications of hypertensive, diabetic and hypertensive diabetic people registered in the HiperDia system of the Ministry of Health of the Basic Health Units (Unidades Básicas de Saúde - UBS) in Barra Bonita, São Paulo State.

Methods:

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which used 113 medical records of diabetic and hypertensive patients as a data source for information about gender, age, race, education, marital status, body mass index (BMI), family history, smoking, sedentarism, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney disease, amputation and diabetic foot. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results:

As a result, the epidemiological profile of patients registered in the HiperDia system was characterized by: a mean age of 57.3 years; 61.9% women, 82.1% Caucasians, 66.4% with education level up to incomplete primary education, 48.5% lived with partners and children, 19.5% were smokers, 51.4% were sedentary, 44.3% were overweight and obese and 69% had a diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes.

Conclusion:

The results were relevant allowing professionals and health managers to institute preventive programs to intervene in the risk factors involved in the genesis and complications of hypertension and diabetes.

Keywords:
Diabetes Mellitus; Hypertension; Epidemiology; Risk Factors; Complications

Resumo

Introdução:

O Sistema Hiperdia estabelece metas e diretrizes para ampliar ações de prevenção, diagnóstico, tratamento e controle do Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensão Arterial. Conhecer as características epidemiológicas da população é importante para fortalecer programas de saúde pública.

Objetivo:

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o perfil sociodemográfico, fatores de risco e complicações dos hipertensos, diabéticos e hipertensos diabéticos cadastrados no sistema HiperDia do Ministério da Saúde das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Barra Bonita, São Paulo.

Métodos:

Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, utilizando como fonte de dados 113 prontuários dos diabéticos e hipertensos, dos quais foram coletadas informações sobre: sexo, idade, cor da pele, escolaridade, situação conjugal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), antecedentes familiares, tabagismo, sedentarismo, infarto agudo do miocárdio, AVE, doença renal, pé diabético e amputação. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva.

Resultados:

Como resultados notou-se que o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes cadastrados no Sistema HiperDia foi caracterizado por: média de idade de 57,3 anos, 61,9% de mulheres, 82,1% de indivíduos da raça branca; 66,4% com escolaridade até o fundamental incompleto e 48,5% convivia com companheiros e filhos; 19,5% tabagistas; 51,4% sedentários e 44,3% sobrepesos e obesos e 69% apresentavam diagnóstico de hipertensão e diabetes.

Conclusão:

Os resultados se mostraram relevantes no sentido de permitir que os profissionais e gestores em saúde possam instituir programas preventivos visando intervir nos fatores de risco envolvidos com a gênese e complicações da HAS e do DM.

Palavras-chave:
Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensão; Epidemiologia; Fatores de Risco; Complicações

Introduction

The chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent one of the biggest changes in world public health in the last decades1, becoming the main priority in the health area in Brazil. In 2007, about 72% of the deaths were attributed to these diseases2. Among the NCDs, the systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and the diabetes mellitus (DM) are considered the main risk factors for the development of heart diseases, such as the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the stroke (EVA), besides the chronic kidney disease1^,3.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2010, the estimate in adults of the prevalence of DM was of 6.4%, corresponding to 285 million people. Data of the TI Department of the Unified Health System4, referring to the year 2012, point to a vertiginous increase in adults (above the age of 35 years), with a prevalence of 11.7% of diabetic people in Brazil. In accordance with data of the International Diabetes Federation5, Brazil is in the fourth position among the countries with a bigger prevalence of DM, presenting 13.4 million people with the disease.

The SAH is present in 69% of the patients with AMI, 77% of the stroke (EVA), 74% in chronic heart failure (CHF) and 60% with peripheral artery disease1. Studies on the SAH in Brazilian cities in last the 20 years pointed to a prevalence above 30% of the population, among these cities we find São Jose do Rio Preto (SP) and Nobres (MT). Considering MAP values ≥ 140/90 mmHg, studies found prevalence above 50% in the age group from 60 to 69 years and 75% above 70 years old6^,7.

Intending to minimize this situation, a Reorganization Plan of SAH and DM Care, called HiperDia, was created in Brazil, in 2002. Its function is to monitor patients taken care of and registered in the Family Health Strategy (FHS), part of the Unified Health System (SUS), and to raise information for the distribution of medicine among these patients8. This system also sets goals and guidelines to expand actions of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control of several risk factors of these pathologies9.

Personal and familiar history, smoking, obesity and sedentarism are also considered risk factors of SAH and DM10^,11. On the other hand, the modification in the life style, such as an appropriate diet, weight control, restriction to smoking, alcohol consumption and the regular practice of physical exercises contribute to the control of these diseases` risk factors12.

Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the sociodemographic profile, the risk factors and the complications of the hypertensive, diabetic and hypertensive diabetic registered in the HiperDia system of the Ministry of Health of the Basic Health Units (UBS) of the municipality of Barra Bonita, São Paulo.

Methods

It is a descriptive cross-sectional study, using data of the medical records of the diabetic and hypertensive patients, users of the Hiperdia in the UBS of the municipality of Barra Bonita, São Paulo State (Brazil). The Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Sagrado Coração approved this study (n.870.011 on 10/29/14).

The subjects were diabetic and hypertensive users, registered in the HiperDia system of the five UBS of the municipality (Vila Habitacional, Health Center, Cohab, Dream Ours and Vila Correa). We analyzed medical records of the HiperDia regarding the period from January to June 2013. The medical records that were incomplete or had wrong data were excluded.

The data collection instrument was a pre-coded questionnaire, elaborated from the registration form of the HiperDia system, following the stratifications and classifications of the form. The independent variables included in the analysis were: gender (male, female); age (20 to 35, 36 to 59 and 60 years or more); skin color, classified in accordance with the patient`s perception (Caucasian, black, yellow, brown); education (illiterate, primary school incomplete, primary school complete, secondary school incomplete, secondary school complete and higher education complete); marital status (with a partner, without a partner, lives alone); body mass index (BMI), according to the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO, 1995) in normal weight (BMI ≥ 18.5kg/m2 and < 25kg/m2), overweight (BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 and < 30kg/m2) and obesity (IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2); measure of the abdominal circumference (102 cm and 88 cm considered as superior limits of AC in the male and female, respectively in accordance with the Brazilian Society of Diabetes, 2007); presence of hypertension, diabetes, family history, smoking (the information in the registration form of the HiperDia comprises data on smoking only at the moment of the registration, it doesn´t consider previous smoking), sedentarism, acute myocardium infarction, another heart disease, EVA, kidney disease, diabetic foot and amputation for diabetes, categorized as yes and not.

With the totality of the data collected, we carried out the codification of the instruments and the construction of the database on the Microsoft Office Excel, version 2013. After that, we carried out the stratification and categorization of the variables collected. For the analysis of the data, a descriptive statistics was used, and the values were expressed in absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%).

Results

We obtained information of the database of the HiperDia System, centralized in the City Health Department of the municipality of Barra Bonita. In this database, there were 3.456 patients registered; however, they were not updated and had incomplete data. Therefore, we studied 113 patients who were registered in the System based on the data of the first semester of 2013.

The mean age was 57.3 ± 14.6 years, and eighty-two individuals (72.6%) presented an age equal or superior to 50 years old. The individuals were distributed according to the diagnosis and the data found in table 1.

It is possible to observe the predominance of female, Caucasian individuals, with education up to the elementary school incomplete and living with partners and children. Eighteen individuals were of the black race or medium brown and between these 83.3% presented diagnosis of HAS and 66.6% DM diagnosis.

Table 1
Distribution of the individuals according to the diagnosis

• Note: SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; SAH/DM: systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

All users took anti-hypertensive medicine, with mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 108 ± 44 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 69 ± 27 mm Hg, and, regarding the value of capillary glycaemia, 69% presented a value out of normality.

Among them, eight individuals (10.3%) did not have a diagnosis of DM, but only SAH. The others are diabetic, which suggests they are not controlled since the glycaemia levels are high13.

The patients' mean weight was 76.6 ± 16.6 kg, the mean height was 1.62 ± 9.2 m and the mean BMI was 29.8 ± 6.2 kg/m² in women and 28.4 ± 5.1 kg/m² in men. Regarding the abdominal circumference measure (AC), 95.7% of the women and 72.1% of the men presented AC above normal. The AC mean was 102 ± 14 cm in women and 101 ± 12 cm in men.

The risk factors and the complications presented by users, according to the diagnosis, are on Table 2. It is possible to observe that most patients did not present Family history nor complications, 19.5% are smokers, 51.4% sedentary and 44.3% are overweight and obese.

Table 2
Risk factors and complications of individuals according to the diagnosis

• Note: SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; SAH/DM: systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus; IAM: acute myocardium infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; EVA: stroke.

Discussion

We studied 113 users, who were registered in 2013 in the HiperDia System of the municipality of Barra Bonita, State of São Paulo, representing 0.55% of the adult population of the municipality, in accordance with the data of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics14. Regarding the amount of patients registered, the number of users included in the study was small, since the forms of the other patients were not completely filled. The studies of Oliveira and Jardim et Leal also showed a high number of forms missing basic information for the evaluation of the health condition of the diabetic and hypertensive 15^,16.

From the total of the users analyzed, 81.4% presented a diagnosis of SAH and 59.3% of both SAH and DM. In the same direction, Lima et al.17 noticed that, in their study 69.2% were hypertensive and 26.1% were diabetic hypertensive. It is known that the individual, who presents one of the pathologies mentioned, has a greater probability of developing the other one1. As the SAH is associated with a higher degree of insulin resistance and the antihypertensive medicine can aggravate this condition, the hypertensive becomes more susceptible to develop diabetes18.

A total of 72.6% of the analyzed individuals presented an age equal or superior to 50 years old. It is known that there is a directly proportional relation between the age and the development of chronic-degenerative diseases: the higher the age, the greater the possibility of developing cardiovascular complications19.

In the present study, it is possible to observe a predominance of the female gender (62%). Corroborating with the results, Miranzi et al.20 affirmed that this can be associated with the biggest amount of women in the world population. Zaitune et al.21 reported women can have a greater probability of developing SAH and/or DM as they normally present a better perception of the diseases due to self-care and for searching more medical assistance than men.

Out of the total of individuals, 93 were Caucasians. Eighteen individuals were black or and, among these, 83.3% presented a diagnosis of SAH and 66.6% presented a diagnosis of DM. Ferreira and Ferreira8 explain this high prevalence of pathologies among the black and brown individuals is due to ethical or socioeconomical factors presented by this population.

Studies show the level of education of the patients of the HiperDia can be in its majority considered low, and suggest the social inequality in the presence of chronic conditions. To know the level of education of these individuals may contribute to the planning of educational activities for the patient´s and their families` integral care22^,23^,24. We proved the findings of the studies as, in our study, we found 44.3% of the patients with an incomplete basic education.

Regarding the familiar situation, 94.7% of the patients lived with other people, which corroborates with the study of Ferreira and Ferreira8, in which 90% of the individuals did not live alone. It is known that there is a narrow association of the treatment success with the familiar support, and that, in the case of the diabetic patients, the family collaborates with a better glycemic control25.

The BMI of women and men characterized overweight. The excess of body mass is a predisposing factor for the SAH, and can be responsible for between 20 and 30% of the cases. It is known that 75% of men and 65% of women present SAH directly associated with overweight and obesity26. Obesity is commonly associated with DM2. The reduction of weight with a hypo caloric diet increases the tolerance to glucose and sensitivity to insulin, and the practice of regular exercises increases the action of the insulin27.

According to the criteria of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension26, 95.7% of women and 72.1% of men of the present study presented an inadequate AC and, consequently, an increased cardiovascular risk. Studies were developed and the evidences of an association of the abdominal obesity with a bigger prevalence of morbidities are being confirmed. The android fat distribution, which is a characteristic of central or abdominal obesity, has been more strongly associated with the bigger prevalence of DM, cardiovascular diseases and SAH28^,29^,30.

The risk factors that determine and/or influence the development of the SAH and the DM are innumerable. Some are inherent to the individual (age, gender and race) and others are related to the life style (smoking, sedentarism, obesity). In accordance with the literature, the family histories are considered relevant factors for the development of such diseases. Freitas and Sherer31 affirmed the family history is a risk factor that cannot be medicated and, therefore, its fast recognition is essential for the analysis of individuals in relation to cardiovascular risks. In the present study, 41.6% of the patients presented a family history of SAH and/or DM.

According to the data of the National Institute of Cancer, smoking is considered the main preventable cause of death, and it duplicates the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases; 30% of the cases are attributed to the number of cigarettes smoked per day32. Studies show a greater variation and elevation of the arterial pressure in the hypertensive smokers compared to the nonsmokers33. In our studied population, 19.4% were smokers. Miranzi et al.20 observed similar results, they observed that 19.4% of the hypertensive were smokers, among who, 66.7% were women. Other Brazilian studies also presented similar results34^,35.

Currently, the population presents very bad life habits (inadequate feeding, obesity and sedentarism), which favors the high incidence and prevalence of DM and SAH36^,37. Moreira et al.38 claim that the overweight and the sedentarism are constantly found in studies on cardiovascular risk factors, since they are consequences of a consumerist society, in which feeding occurs in a fast and practical way and the daily activities demand minimums efforts to be executed. In our study, it was observed that 51.3% of the patients are sedentary and 44.3% present overweight or obesity. The lack of physical activity is estimated to be annually responsible for 10% to 16% of the DM cases and 22% of the ischemic illnesses39.

The presence of complications in these patients can be associated with the lack of control of the SAH and of the DM regarding the EVA (11.5%), the kidney disease (13.3%) and, particularly, the AMI (11.5%). This makes us reflect about the association of the cares of the Family Health Units´ team and the PSF that will have to be intensified during the monitoring of these patients. Freire et al.40 assessed 17 individuals with DM2 of the PSF from Presidente Prudente (SP) and reported the patients need more information and programs to prevent DM complications, predisposing alterations to amputations and other complications. Ferreira and Ferreira8 observed in their study that the AMI (81.3%), the EVA (8%) and the kidney disease (9.9%) are the complications that are more often observed in patients with DM2. In 2004, Toscano36 observed that 33% of the diagnosis of chronic kidney failure in Americans was attributed primarily to the DM, in which half were due to DM2.

In our study, one of the complications, the diabetic foot, was present in 7.1% of the patients who presented SAH and DM. According to Vieira-Santos et al.41, the diabetic foot represented 9% of a sample of 1,374 diabetic people cared for in the Family Health Units of the municipality of Recife/PE, Brazil. In their study, Nunes et al.42 observed that 55% of the diabetic hospitalized in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, with ulcerated feet, evolved into some type of amputation of the lower limbs, and 59% of them represented female individuals with an age of 61 years old.

The analysis of the data of the HiperDia of the municipality of Barra Bonita/SP showed that, when the patients arrived at the Basic Health Units (UBS), they already presented associated complications and a likely unsatisfactory metabolic control. Therefore, a bigger attention of the health professionals in relation to preventive measures is necessary.

It is important to highlight that the data collected in the HiperDia System cannot be controlled by the researcher, since they are filled by the employees of the UBS, with eventual typing mistakes, imperfections in the system that difficult the exportation of data and the lack of information. Moreover, when the covering of the HiperDia System is analyzed, it is verified that the municipality has presented difficulties in standardizing the ideal estimate of DM prevalence because many patients` registration is outdated or they do not look for the public service. Therefore, we suggest the development of future studies that approach, in a deeper way, the possible reasons that can justify such facts.

Conclusion

The epidemiologic profile of the patients registered in the HiperDia System of the municipality of Barra Bonita/SP was characterized by: A mean age of 57.3 years, a predominance of the female gender, Caucasians; a low level of education; 19.5% smokers; most sedentary and 44.3% overweight and obese. More than the half of the patients presented a concomitant diagnosis of SAH and DM.

Epidemiological studies must be stimulated as they show the importance of establishing public health programs that aim to fortify changes in the life style, fighting the risk factors involved with the genesis and complications of the SAH and the DM. Thus, this type of study allows the physiotherapist to identify and follow problems that need a continuous attention and, after that, propose promotional, preventive, healing and rehabilitating actions, that is, a performance to an integral health, in contrast to the traditional and medicalized method, which is fragmented, hospital-centered and based on the social exclusion.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Sérgio, Director of the Health Department, who authorized this study; Kátia Camila Altrin, who collaborated with the data collection; and Márcia Cardoso, who explained the functioning of the HiperDia system.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  02 June 2015
• Accepted
  19 Nov 2015