Comparison of cardiotoxicity between N-methyl-glucamine and miltefosine in the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis^☆☆

Dear Editor,

N-Methyl glucamine (NMG) is the first therapeutic option for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), but it has many adverse effects, with one of the most serious and feared complications being sudden death, caused by cardiac electrophysiological alterations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) associated to the QT-interval prolongation corrected by the Bazett’s formula (QTc).^1–3

The toxicity of antimonials, the occurrence of disease relapses and resistance to these drugs have stimulated the search for other drugs or more effective therapeutic regimens for the treatment of ACL.⁴ This has resulted in the development of miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine), which has shown to be effective against several species of Leishmania and other protozoa.^5,6 The drug acts by activating the programmed cell death mechanism, inhibiting the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, important for cell membrane synthesis and integrity.⁵

This drug has a teratogenic potential, which requires birth control during treatment and up to two months after its completion.⁴

A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from ECG records of patients treated for ACL (20 mg SbV/kg/day for 20 days for cutaneous leishmaniasis and 30 days for mucosal leishmaniasis or miltefosine (1.3 to 2 mg/kg/day - two capsules a day - for 28 days), followed by a weekly ECG in the Dermatology Service between 2008 and 2013.

The inclusion criteria were: patients treated for ACL, aged between 18 and 85 years and the exclusion criteria were: pregnant women, patients with chronic kidney or liver disease, severe heart disease or other diseases, or receiving drugs that could interfere with the ECG. The patients were not taking any other medications at the time and had not been treated for ACL in the past 6 months.

The included patients were divided into two groups: 1 - treated with NMG; 2 - treated with Miltefosine (M).

The relative risk and the percentage of alterations in the EGC during treatment (heart rhythm and rate, P-wave, QRS complex, RR interval, presence or absence of arrhythmias, and QTc interval) were compared in the groups. For the heart rate, the range between 60 bpm and 100 bpm was considered normal, and the limit of 440 milliseconds for QTc for both sexes (Table 1).⁷

Table 1
Relative risks comparing patients treated with NMG and M.

	Bradycardia		QTC >440		Arrhythmiasa
	RR (95% IC)	p	RR (95% IC)	p	RR (95% IC)	p
Day 7
NMG	1.14 (0.31-4.23)	0.87	0.25 (0.07-0.94)	0.04	0.85 (0.08-8.74)	0.87
M	1		1		1
Day 14
NMG	0.53 (0.07-3.66)	0.58	6.58 (0.41-105.36)	0.18	1.93 (0.10-37.44)	0.66
M	1		1		1
Day 21
NMG	1.94 (0.12-31.74)	0.64	7.22 (0.45-115.33)	0.16	2.94 (0.16-55.31)	0.47
M	1		1		1
Day 28
NMG	0.36 (0.03-4.54)	0.53	0.54 (0.04-7.25)	0.70	0.13 (0.006-2.86)	0.20
M	1		1		1

• CI, Confidence Interval; RR, Relative Risk.
• ^a
  Arrhythmias found: isolated ventricular extrasystoles.

The variables were expressed as frequency and the comparison between the groups was done using the Chi-squared test, or Fisher’s exact test when more than 20% of the cells showed an expected frequency < 5. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. A multivariate model was employed and the relative risk with a 95% confidence interval was calculated to analyze the intensity of the association between each independent variable and the proportion of adverse effects.

The medical records of 111 patients were analyzed and the epidemiological and electrocardiographic data of 53 individuals were recovered, of which 38 were treated with NMG and 15 with M.

The mean age in the NMG group was 48.4 ± 16.29 years, while in the M group it was 58.4 ± 9.16 years, showing a difference between the groups (p = 0.033). In the NMG group, 23 individuals (60.5%) and in the M group, 7 individuals (46.7) were males (p = 0.37).

On the seventh day of treatment (D7), 11.4% of the members of the NMG group and 33.3% of the M group had QT-interval prolongation. On the fourteenth day (D14), 26.6% of the NMG group had QT-interval prolongation, but none in the M group had it. The trend continued on the twenty-first day (D21), as 35.3% of the NMG group had an altered QTc, while there were no changes in group M. As for the heart rate, 28.9% of patients in the NMG group and 26.6 % of the M group had bradycardia during treatment.

Before treatment, 16 (21%) of the patients in the NMG group and 37.5% of the M group had bradycardia (RR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.17 to 1.99); (p = 0.44). The QTc was altered in 13.51% of the NMG group and 6.66% of the M group (RR = 2.02, 95% CI 0.26 to 15.93; p = 0.5495).

The only significant difference between the groups was demonstrated on the seventh day of treatment when patients treated with M more frequently showed QTc >440 (RR = 0.25; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.94); p = 0.04 (Table 1).

Previous studies have already shown that miltefosine can increase the QT interval during treatment when compared to basal values.⁸ The QT-interval prolongation (QT ≥ 440 ms), which translates into a marked increase in the action potential leading to inhomogeneity of the ventricular electrical matrix, favors the occurrence of reentry phenomena, in addition to favoring early diastolic depolarization and “triggered” activity. This QT-interval prolongation is associated with Torsades de pointes, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, which can exhibit degeneration into ventricular fibrillation, configuring the arrhythmic mechanism of sudden death.^3,9

Contrary to the expectations, a greater proportion of patients who used miltefosine had QTc > 440 ms on the seventh day of treatment, but this difference was not maintained in the second and third weeks.

Aging is a factor related to electrocardiographic alterations and the patients in group M had a higher mean age.¹⁰ However, on the other hand, these alterations were already present in the pre-treatment period, which leads us to believe that age did not play a determining role in the alterations. Another limitation is the performance of multiple tests, which can increase the rate of type 1 errors.¹¹

Considering the result that suggests M cardiotoxicity in the context of the current trend in the treatment of ACL with the association of potentially cardiotoxic drugs (antimonials, amphotericin), this finding should be better studied in regimens with drug combinations. This seems to be the first study that demonstrated the presence of ECG alterations caused by M ​​over the course of treatment.⁴ These findings, however, have an exploratory characteristic and deserve to be confirmed by studies with a larger number of patients.

• ☆☆
  Study conducted at the Hospital Universitário de Brasília and Laboratory of Dermatomycology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
• ^{Financial support}
  Financial support from the Brazilian Society of Dermatology(Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia, SBD) through Funaderme and from the Research Support Foundation of the Distrito Federal(Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal - FAP-DF), number 0193.001447 / 2016.

Acknowledgments

To Sofia Salles Martins, Camille Bresolin Pompeu for the operational support.

References

• ¹
  Ministério da Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana atualizada. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2017.
• ²
  Antezana G, Zeballos R, Mendoza C, Lyevre P, Valda L, Cardenas F, et al. Electrocardiographic alterations during treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:31-3.
• ³
  Sampaio RNR, Martins Netto E, Faria EA, Sampaio JHD, Freitas LCF, Marsden PD. Sudden death caused by glucantine. An Bras Dermatol. 1988;63:35-7.
• ⁴
  Soto J, Soto P. Miltefosine: oral treatment of leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:177-85.
• ⁵
  Sundar S, Olliaro PL. Miltefosine in the treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical evidence for informed clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3:733-40.
• ⁶
  Chrusciak Talhari A, Dietze R, Chrusciak Talhari C, Silva RM, Yamashita EPG, Penna GO, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial to access efficacy and safety of miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Manaus, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:255-60.
• ⁷
  Levine E, Rosero SZ, Budzikowski AS, Moss AJ, Zareba W, Daubert JP. Congenital long QT syndrome: considerations for primary care physicians. Clevel Clin J Med. 2008;75:591-600.
• ⁸
  Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Engel J, Sindermann H, Fischer C, et al. Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1739-46.
• ⁹
  Oliveira NA, Andréa EM, Maciel WA, Siqueira LR, Atié J, Cosenza R. O Eletrocardiograma e a Síndrome de QT Longo. Rev SOCER J. 2004;3:177-82.
• ¹⁰
  Khane RS, Surdi AD, Bhatkar RS. Changes in ECG pattern with advancing age. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;22:97-101.
• ¹¹
  Motulsky H. Intuitive biostatistics: a nonmathematical guide to statistical thinking. 4th ed. USA: Oxford University Press; 2018.

Fechas de Publicación

• Publicación en esta colección
  02 Ago 2021
• Fecha del número
  May-Jun 2021

Histórico

• Recibido
  29 Nov 2020
• Acepto
  26 Feb 2021