Abstract
Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (NHPR), located in MG, was surveyed for insect galls monthly from October, 2015 to May, 2020. The local vegetation was examined. Dried branches of the host plants were prepared and identified by a botanical taxonomist. Galls were photographed, removed from the plants and taken to the laboratory. By rearing and gall dissection, inducing-insects and other dwellers were obtained. A total of 63 gall morphotypes were found on 48 plant species of 22 families. Fabaceae and Asteraceae harbored the greatest gall richness. Twelve host plants are endemic to Brazil, one in vulnerable and one near threatened. Most galls were induced on leaves, brown and green were the most frequent gall colors, and globoid was the most common gall shape. The majority were glabrous, one-chambered and induced by Cecidomyiidae. These results reinforce Brazilian patterns of gall morphology. The highest richness of galls on Fabaceae and Asteraceae, and on trees and shrubs adds evidence in favor of the plant richness and architectural complexity hypotheses. New plant-gall inducer associations were provided. The role of gall-inducers as ecosystem engineer was reinforced. The high number of endemism shows the importance of this NHPR for the biodiversity conservation.
Key words
Atlantic Forest; gall richness; host plant; insect-plant interaction
INTRODUCTION
The largest remnants of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais are found in Serra da Mantiqueira, the largest and most important mountain chain of the Southeast of the state (Costa & Herrmann 2006COSTA C & HERRMANN G. 2006. Plano de ação do Corredor Ecológico da Mantiqueira. Valor Natural, Belo Horizonte, 64 p.). This geological formation has a high biological importance due to its great diversity and numerous endemisms (Drummond et al. 2005DRUMMOND GM, MARTINS CS, MACHADO ABM, SEBAIO FA & ANTONINI Y. 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais, um atlas para sua conservação. 2ª ed. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, 222 p., Stehmann & Sobral 2009STEHMANN JR & SOBRAL M. 2009. FANERÓGAMAS. In: DRUMMOND GM, MARTINS CS, GRECO MB & VIEIRA F. Biota Minas – Diagnóstico do conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade no estado de Minas Gerais, subsídio ao programa Biota Minas. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, p. 355-374.).
Serra Negra da Mantiqueira (SNM) is part of the Southeast corridor of Complexo da Mantiqueira. Its vegetation comprises a mosaic of fragments with forest and shrub formations. The former includes dense Ombrophilous Forest and Seasonal Semideciduos Forest (Valente et al. 2011VALENTE ASM, GARCIA PO, SALIMENA FRG & OLIVEIRA- FILHO AT. 2011. Composição, estrutura e similaridade florística da Floresta Atlântica, na Serra Negra, Rio Preto - MG. Rodriguésia 62: 321-340.) and the latter broadleaved shrubs and rupestrian fields (Salimena et al. 2013SALIMENA FRG, MATOZINHOS CN, ABREU N L, RIBEIRO JHC, SOUZA FS & MENINI-NETO L. 2013. Flora fanerogâmica da Serra Negra, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 64: 311-320.). This mountain chain harbors so far 1,033 species of phanerogamic plant species of 469 genera and 121 families, 119 of Angiosperms and two of Gymnosperms. The climate is classified as Cwb (Köppen) with anual precipitation average of 1,886 mm.
Four areas of environmental protection were established in SNM: São Lourenço do Funil NHPR, Serra Negra NHPR, Serra Negra do Funil NHPR, and Serra Negra da Mantiqueira State Park. In spite of their biological importance, no insect gall inventories have been performed in this mountain chain.
A global decline of insect abundance and biodiversity was highlighted by Hallmann et al. 2017, which reported a loss of 76 to 82% in flying insect biomass over 27 years of study. In this context, it is important to emphasize that gall-inducing insects are very sensitive to changes in the environment in which they occur (Toma et al. 2014TOMA TSP, FERNANDES GW, SOUZA DG, TABARELLI M & SANTOS JC. 2014. Galling Insects as Indicators of Habitat Quality, pp. 143-148. In Neotropical Insect Galls. Fernandes GW & Santos JC (Eds), Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 546 p.). Loss of insects has adverse effects on ecosystem functioning, as insects play a central role in a variety of processes, including pollination, herbivory and detrivory, nutrient cycling and providing a food source for higher trophic levels (Hallmann et al. 2017HALLMANN CA ET AL. 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185809.). Gall-inducing insects play a role as ecosystem engineers, providing niches to further arthropods, which increases biodiversity with inquilines and successors (Jones et al. 1994JONES CG, LAWTON JH & SHACHAK M. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69: 373-386.). In the current scenario, where there is an urgency to address insect conservation and restoration global problems, to study all-inducers is very relevant.
The present study aims to inventory and characterize the insect galls of the Serra Negra do Funil NHPR (Minas Gerais, Brazil), contributing with new information about plant-gall inducer associations, level of endemism of the host plants, ecological services, geographic distribution, species way of life, and richness of species in space and time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Serra Negra do Funil NHPR (Fig. 1a), created in 2018 (Instituto Estadual de Floresta de Minas Gerais – IEF\MG - Port. 10 de 06\03\2018), is located in the southern part of “Zona da Mata” of Minas Gerais, between the municipalities of Lima Duarte, Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde, and Olaria. This formation comprehends near 29 hectares, with altitudes ranging from 900 to 1, 200 meters. It is covered by native vegetation and crossed by a small stream that belongs to Rio Preto hydrographic basin, a tributary of Paraíba do Sul river.
a-f. Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 1a, panoramic view, 1b-f, trails.
Field procedure
Collecting
The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR was investigated monthly by one of the authors (BM) from October, 2015 to May, 2020. Each visit to the site lasted three days performing eight hours of field work per day. All five official trails (Figs. 1b-f) were surveyed along their entire length. In addition, collections were also done outside official trails. A similar methodology was adopted by the authors in the National Park of Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.). Herbs, bushes and trees (up to 2 m high) were examined. Leaves, buds, stems, tendrils, aerial roots, flowers, bud flowers, and fruits were investigated for galls. Galled branches were collected, packed and transported in labelled plastic bags. Each plastic bag contained samples of a single host plant and gall morphotype. Each host plant and gall morphotype were photographed. Dried branches of branches preferentially with galls, flowers and fruits of each host plant species were prepared.
Laboratory procedures
Laboratory procedures were conducted by one of the authors (VCM). Each gall morphotype was separated from one to another, then a part of these samples were dissected under a stereomicroscope in order to identify the inducers and obtain their immature stages, and part was kept in plastic pots padded with paper towel, covered by organza at room temperature, and labeled. These pots were examined every day (except weekends) for insect emergence. Whenever adults were obtained, these pots were kept for few minutes in the refrigerator to provoke their lethargy. Then, adults were collected with a wet brush, placed in a labeled microvial with 70% ethanol and later identified by the VCM. Voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ)/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Dried branches were examined, identified by botanist Dr. Ricardo Moura, and deposited in the herbarium of Museu Nacional (R)/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on plant species (spelling, author, origin, conservation status and distribution) were retrieved from the site Flora do Brasil, 2020.
Our results were compared to those of other insect gall inventories in Brazil, mainly to those performed in other mountain areas of Minas Gerais. Previous records of insect galls on the same plant species were provided and new records were highlighted.
RESULTS
A total of 63 insect gall morphotypes were found on 48 plant species distributed in 42 genera and 22 host families (Table I). Fabaceae showed the greatest richness of galls (12 morphotypes), host plant genera (5) and species (8), followed by Asteraceae with 10 gall morphotypes, 5 host genera and 7 species, Euphorbiaceae with 6, 3 and 3, and Melastomataceae with 6, 5 and 6 and Myrtaceae, with 5, 2 and 2. These families together harbor about 61% of the gall richness of the study area. The other families host from three to one gall morphotype. Among them 11 host only one (50% of the total). Although Fabaceae is the most important host, Myrtaceae showed the greatest average of galls per species (2.50), followed by Euphorbiaceae, and Primulaceae (2.00 each), while Fabaceae occupied the fourth position. Most families (about 73%) showed an average of 1.00.
Richness of host genera, host species, gall morphotypes and host family in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Leaves were the most frequent host plant organ with about 59% of the gall morphotypes, followed by stems with about 30% and buds with about 14%. One morphotype was found on leaves and stems, one on leaves and buds, and all others occurred on a single organ. No galls were found on reproductive organs (Table II).
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Seven shapes of galls were found: conical, cylindrical, fusiform, globoid, lenticular, marginal roll, and ovoid (Table III). The most frequent were globoid (about 57%), followed by fusiform (about 35%). All other shapes were represented by a single or two gall morphotypes. Leaves showed the greatest variety of shapes, globoid being the most frequent, followed by fusiform, but the later were observed only on petioles and veins. Most stem galls were fusiform, nevertheless globoid and ovoid galls were also observed, and finally bud galls were mainly globoid and a single morphotype was ovoid and another fusiform.
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ and shape in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Galls showed collectively four different colors: green, brown, yellow and red (Table IV). Only two morphotypes showed color variation: from red to green and from red or green to brown. Brown and green galls were the most frequent colors (with about 41 and 44%, respectively), followed by yellow (about 14%), and red (about 5%). Green was the predominant color of leaf galls and brown of stem galls, yellow was observed only in leaf galls, and red in leaf, stem, and bud galls. Leaves showed the greatest range of colors.
Richness of insect galls per plant organ and color in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Trichomes were found in 11 gall morphotypes (about 17%), mainly in leaf galls, but also in stem and bud galls. All other morphotypes were glabrous. All galls were one-chambered, except one morphotype on buds.
Gall-inducers of 42 morphotypes (about 67%) were determined. They are represented by Diptera (Cecidomyiidae and Tephritidae), Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. Galls of Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera were not found. Cecidomyiidae induced about 59% of the reported galls and represented 88% of the determined inducers (Table V).
Richness of insect galls per gall-inducing taxa and plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
In addition to the inducers, other insects were found in six gall morphotypes: Lepidoptera (n=1), Thysanoptera (n=1), and Sciaridae (Diptera) (n=1) as cecidophages, Hymenoptera (n=2) as parasitoids, and Psocoptera and Thysanoptera in a same gall (n=1) as successors.
Galls were found on lianas, sub-shrubs, shrubs, and trees (Tables VI-VII). Most of them were observed on trees (n=19), and on host plant species that range from trees to shrubs (n=9), totaling about 44%. The remainder of the gall morphotypes was found on shrubs (n=6), lianas (n=6), species that range from shrubs to sub-shrubs (n=2), from sub-shrubs to lianas (n=1) and from trees and shrubs to lianas (n=1).
All host plant species are native to Brazil, except Lantana camara L., which is naturalized. Among native species, 12 are endemic to the country (Table VI) and harbor 16 gall morphotypes. Most hosts (n=30) have not yet been evaluated for their conservation status (Table VI), three species are in the category “least concern”, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (Fabaceae) is “vulnerable” and Huberia nettoana Brade is “near threatened”. The last two harbor a single gall morphotype, each.
Data on host plant species: architectural complexity, origin, conservation status and distribution in Brazil (states and biomes)
Galls are reported for the first time on 13 plant species in Brazil, Baccharis punctulata DC. and Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less. (Asteraceae), Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae), Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm, Machaerium brasiliense Vogel. and Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd (Fabaceae), Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Hypericaceae), Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don b, Huberia nettoana Brade, and Miconia cuspidata Naudin (Melastomataceae), Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara (Onagraceae), and Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), two genera, Pleonotoma Miers and Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn,, and one family, Basellaceae.
Data on host plants and galls are presented below, in alphabetical order of plant families. Previous records in Brazil are added whenever available.
Asteraceae
Baccharis punctulata DC.
Gall (Fig. 2a): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).
a-n. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 2a-i, on Asteraceae, 2a-b, on Baccharis punctulata DC., 2a, leaf gall, 2b, stem gall, 2c, on Baccharis sp., leaf gall, 2d, on Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish, stem gall, 2e, on Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less., stem gall, 2f-g, on Mikania sp., 2f, leaf gall, 2g, leaf petiole and stem gall, 2h-i, on Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, 2h, leaf midvein gall, 2i, stem gall, 2j, on Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae), bud gall, 2k, on Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), bud gall, 2l, on Licania kunthiana Hook. f. (Chrysobalanaceae), leaf gall, 2m, on Convolvulaceae Gall (Fig. 13): on Jacquemontia sp., stem gall, 2n, on Davilla rugosa Poir. Gall (Dilleniaceae), bud gall.
Gall (Fig. 2b): on stem, fusiform, brown, with sparse trichomes, with a big opening. Gall-inducer: probably Tephritidae (Diptera).
First gall record on this host.
Baccharis sp.
Gall (Fig. 2c): on leaf midvein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Many authors recorded insect galls on several species of Baccharis in BA (Tavares 1915TAVARES JS. 1915. As cecídias das plantas do género Styrax no Brazil. Brotéria Zool 13: 145-160.), MG (Gagné 1994GAGNÉ RJ. 1994. The gall midges of the Neotropical region. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 352 p., Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES GW, ARAUJO RC, ARAUJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, PAULA AS, LOYOLA JUNIOR R & CORNELISSEN TG. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha Valley, Mina Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22: 221-244., 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197., Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592., Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414., 2013b, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES K & FRIEIRO-COSTA FA. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8: 426-439., Maia 2014MAIA VC. 2014. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Neotrop 14: 1-17.), ES (Maia et al. 2014aMAIA VC, CARDOSO JLT & BRAGA JMA. 2014a. Insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. Bol Mus Biol Mello Leitão 33: 47-129.), SP (Tavares 1917bTAVARES JS. 1917b. Cecidias brazileiras que se criam em plantas das Compositae, Rubiaceae, Tiliaceae, Lythraceae e Artocarpaceae. Brotéria Zool 15: 113-181, pls. VI-XI.), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018MELO-JÚNIOR JCF, ISAIAS RMS, BOEGER MRT, ARRIOLA IA & MATILDE-SILVA M. 2018 Diversidade de galhadores nas restingas do ecossistema Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev CEPSUL 7: eb2018003.), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233.).
Bidens segetum
Mart. ex Colla
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined (galls with feces and exuvial fragments). Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575. reported this gall in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia/ Southeastern Brazil.
Eremanthus erythropappus
(DC.) MacLeish
Gall (Fig. 2d): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). This morphotype was previously recorded by some authors in MG as Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414., 2013a, Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592., and Maia et al. 2014b.
Eremanthus incanus(Less.) Less.
Gall (Fig. 2e): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this plant.
Mikania sp.
Gall (Fig. 2f): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with short trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 2g): on leaf petiole and stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Several authors reported galls on this plant genus in several localities in Brazil: AM (Rübsaamen 1908bRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 7: 15-79., 1916RÜBSAAMEN EH. 1916. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Gallmücken. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforshender Freunde zu Berlim 1915: 431-481.), PE (Santos et al. 2011SANTOS JCA, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JSB & FERNANDES GW. 2011. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 71: 47-56., 2012), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Maia 2014bMAIA VC, RODRIGUES AR, ASCENDINO S & BOGGI M. 2014b. The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: biome cerrado, rupestrian fields. Braz J Biol 74: S207-S217., Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES K & FRIEIRO-COSTA FA. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8: 426-439., Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592., Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151., Maia 2013aMAIA VC. 2013a. Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 164-189.), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908aRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908a. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag [cont.]: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 6: 110-173., Maia 2013bMAIA VC. 2013b. Galhas de insetos em restingas da região sudeste do Brasil com novos registros. Biota Neotrop 13: 183-209., Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), SP (Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523.), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015SANTOS PO & RIBEIRO JELS. 2015. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil. Semina 36: 1524.), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018MELO-JÚNIOR JCF, ISAIAS RMS, BOEGER MRT, ARRIOLA IA & MATILDE-SILVA M. 2018 Diversidade de galhadores nas restingas do ecossistema Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev CEPSUL 7: eb2018003.), and RS (Tavares 1909TAVARES JS. 1909. Contributio prima ad cognitionen cecidologiae braziliae. Brotéria Zool 8: 5-28, pls. I-VIII., Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233., Goetz et al. 2018GOETZ APM, LUZ FA, TOMA, TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2018. Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Iheringia Zool 108: e2018015.).
Vernonanthura polyanthes
(Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis
Gall (Fig. 2h): on leaf midvein, fusiform, yellow, glabrous, one- chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414. recorded other leaf gall on this plant species in MG.
Gall (Fig. 2i): on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Tephritidae.
Basellaceae
Anredera cordifolia
(Ten.) Steenis
Gall (Fig. 2j): on bud, globoid, brownish, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant family.
Bignoniaceae
Adenocalymma sp.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes. Galler: Lepidoptera. Other insects: Hymenoptera – parasitoids. Other galls were reported on this plant genus by Maia et al. 2014a in ES, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. in MS, and Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758. in RJ.
Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau
Gall (Fig. 2k): on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant genus.
Chrysobalanaceae
Licania kunthiana Hook. f.
Gall (Fig. 2l): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this host. Several authors have been recorded galls on other species of this genus in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GWA. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Cienc Nat 6: 163-196., Maia 2011MAIA VC. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 11: 37-53., Araújo et al. 2012ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, JORGE VA & ESPÍRITO-SANTO K. 2012. Plantas hospedeiras e galhas entomógenas em sub-bosques de florestas tropicais do Pará, Brasil. Insula Rev Bot Florianópolis 41: 59-72.), GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835.), MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108., Maia 2014MAIA VC. 2014. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Neotrop 14: 1-17., Maia et al. 2014b), SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), and MS (Ascendino & Maia 2018ASCENDINO S & MAIA VC. 2018. Insects galls of Pantanal areas in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. An Acad Bras Cienc 90: 1543-1564.).
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea sp.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, ovoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Rübsaamen 1908aRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908a. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag [cont.]: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 6: 110-173. and Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758. reported a stem gall on this plant genus in RJ, Julião et al. 2002JULIÃO GR, AMARAL MEC & FERNANDES GW. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. Naturalia 24: 47-74. and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. in MS, Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523. in SP, and Melo-Júnior et al. 2018MELO-JÚNIOR JCF, ISAIAS RMS, BOEGER MRT, ARRIOLA IA & MATILDE-SILVA M. 2018 Diversidade de galhadores nas restingas do ecossistema Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev CEPSUL 7: eb2018003. in SC.
Jacquemontia sp.
Gall (Fig. 2m): on stem, ovoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592. recorded similar gall in MG.
Dilleniaceae
Davilla rugosa Poir.
Gall (Fig. 2n): on bud, conical, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This same gall was reported in MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244.) and RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.).
Euphorbiaceae
Croton floribundus Spreng.
Gall (Fig. 3a): on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Lepidoptera (cecidophage), Hymenoptera (parasitoid). The same gall was recorded in MG (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, SCARELI-SANTOS C & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA AC. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls in plants from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz J Biol 63: 705-715., Maia et al. 2014b), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197.), and PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015SANTOS PO & RIBEIRO JELS. 2015. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil. Semina 36: 1524.).
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 3a-f, on Euphorbiaceae, 3a-c, on Croton floribundus Spreng., 3a, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3b, marginal roll, 3c, leaf gall (glabrous), 3d, on Dalechampia triphylla Lam., leaf gall, 3e-f, on Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, 3e, bud, leaf petiole and vein gall, 3f, leaf vein gall, 3g-l, on Fabaceae, 3g, on Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr., leaf gall, 3h, on Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud., stem gall, 3i, Bauhinia ungulata L., stem gall, 3j-l, on Fabaceae (not determined), 3j, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3k, leaf gall (glabrous), 3l, leaf gall (conical).
Gall (Fig. 3b): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. This gall was recorded in MG (Maia et al. 2014b), RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.)
Gall (Fig. 3c): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. reported a similar gall in MS.
These three morphotypes were reported in MG by Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445. and Ribeiro et al. 2019RIBEIRO, AN, BALBI, MIP & URSO-GUIMARÃES. 2019. Characterization of insect galls from a vegetation area in Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil. Pap Avulsos Zool 59: e20195904..
Dalechampia triphylla Lam.
Gall (Fig. 3d) on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant. Few authors reported galls on this genus in SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.), RJ (Maia & Oliveira 2010MAIA VC & OLIVEIRA JC. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ) Biota Neotrop 10: 227-238., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong
Gall (Fig. 3e): on bud, leaf petiole and vein, globoid, green, red or brow, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Hemiptera. Other dwellers: Thysanoptera and Psocoptera (successors). This gall was recorded by Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233. in RS.
Gall (Fig. 3f): on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Fabaceae
Apuleia leiocarpa
(Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (Fabaceae)
Gall (Fig. 3g): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Costa & Araújo 2019COSTA KCS & ARAÚJO WS. 2019. Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality. Pap Avulsos Zool 59: e20195931. reported other gall on this plant species in MG.
Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud.
Gall (Fig. 3h) on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414. reported this gall in MG, Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523. in SP, and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. recorded other galls in MS.
Bauhinia ungulata L.
Gall (Fig. 3i) on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, SCARELI-SANTOS C & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA AC. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls in plants from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz J Biol 63: 705-715. reported this gall in MG.
Fabaceae (not determined)
Gall (Fig. 3j): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with red trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 3k): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 3l): on leaf, conical green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 4a): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 4a-f, on Fabaceae, 4a, on Fabaceae (not determined), stem gall, 4b, on Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm., leaf midvein and petiole gall, 4c, on Inga edulis Mart., leaf gall, 4d, on Machaerium brasiliense Vogel, leaf midvein gall, 4e-f, on Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd,, 4e. leaf gall, 4f, bud gall, 4g, on Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Hypericaceae), stem gall, 4h, on Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae), bud gall, 4i, on Niedenzuella sp. (Malpighiaceae), leaf gall, 4j-l, on Melastomataceae, 4j, on Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don b, leaf and stem gall, 4k, on Miconia cuspidata Naudin, leaf gall, 4l, on Miconia cf. latecrenata (DC.) Naudin, leaf gall.
Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm
Gall (Fig. 4b): on leaf midvein or petiole, globoid, yellowish, with scarce trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this host species. Almada & Fernandes 2011ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GWA. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Cienc Nat 6: 163-196. recorded a leaf gall on H. excelsium Ducke in PA.
Inga edulis Mart.
Gall (Fig. 4c): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Similar galls were reported on this plant species in MG (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, SCARELI-SANTOS C & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA AC. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls in plants from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz J Biol 63: 705-715.) and RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.).
Machaerium brasiliense
Vogel
Gall (Fig. 4d): on leaf midvein, fusiform, yellow, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First record on this host species.
Machaerium ovalifolium
Glaz. ex Rudd
Gall (Fig. 4e): on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 4f): on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
First record on this host species.
Several authors reported galls on Machaerium spp. in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GWA. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Cienc Nat 6: 163-196.), GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835.), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015SANTOS PO & RIBEIRO JELS. 2015. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil. Semina 36: 1524.), MG (Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes 2001GONÇALVES-ALVIM SJ & FERNANDES GW. 2001. Comunidades de insetos galhadores (Insecta) em diferentes fisionomias do cerrado em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 289-306., Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Fernandes & Negreiros 2006FERNANDES GW & NEGREIROS D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7: 111-120., Luz et al. 2012LUZ JR, FERNANDES GW, SILVA JA, NEVES FS & FAGUNDES M. 2012. Galhas de insetos em habitats xérico e mésico em região de transição Cerrado-Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Neotropical Biol Conserv 7: 171-187., Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES K & FRIEIRO-COSTA FA. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8: 426-439., Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108.), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), RJ (Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016MAIA VC & CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP. 2016. Insect galls of a protected remnant of the Atlantic Forest tableland from Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). Rev Bras Entomol 60: 40-56., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.), and RS (Goetz et al. 2018GOETZ APM, LUZ FA, TOMA, TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2018. Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Iheringia Zool 108: e2018015.).
Hypericaceae
Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil.
Gall (Fig. 4g): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host species. Some galls were reported on this plant genus in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GWA. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Cienc Nat 6: 163-196.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244.), PE (Santos et al. 2012SANTOS JC, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JS & FERNANDES GW. 2012b. Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 12: 197-213.), and ES (Maia et al. 2014a).
Loganiaceae
Strychnos sp.
Gall (Fig. 4h): on bud, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. A similar gall was reported by Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. on S. parvifolia A. DC. in MS. Other galls were described on Strychnos spp. by Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES GW, ARAUJO RC, ARAUJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, PAULA AS, LOYOLA JUNIOR R & CORNELISSEN TG. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha Valley, Mina Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22: 221-244., Luz et al. 2012LUZ JR, FERNANDES GW, SILVA JA, NEVES FS & FAGUNDES M. 2012. Galhas de insetos em habitats xérico e mésico em região de transição Cerrado-Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Neotropical Biol Conserv 7: 171-187., and Costa & Araújo 2019COSTA KCS & ARAÚJO WS. 2019. Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality. Pap Avulsos Zool 59: e20195931. in MG, Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012SAITO VS & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12: 99-107. in SP, and Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835. in GO.
Malpighiaceae
Niedenzuella sp.
Gall (Fig. 4i): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575. reported a similar gall on Niedenzuella acutifolia (Cav.) W.R.Anderson in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Melastomataceae
Clidemia hirta
(L.) D.Don b
Gall (Fig. 4j): on leaf and/or stem, globoid, green or red, with long trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host species.
Several galls have been recorded on this genus in CE (Alcântara et al. 2017ALCÂNTARA JA, SOUZA EB & BRAGA PET. 2017. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em duas áreas do noroeste do Ceará, Brasil. Natureza on line 15: 033-040.), PE (Fernandes et al. 2009FERNANDES SPC, CASTELO-BRANCO BP, ALBUQUERQUE FA, FERREIRA ALN, BRITO-RAMOS AB, BRAGA DVV & ALMEIDA-CORTEZ J. 2009. Galhas entomógenas em um fragmento urbano de Mata Atlântica no centro de endemismo de Pernambuco. R Bras Bioci 7: 240-244., Santos et al. 2011SANTOS JCA, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JSB & FERNANDES GW. 2011. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 71: 47-56.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Maia 2014MAIA VC. 2014. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Neotrop 14: 1-17., Maia et al. 2014b), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), and SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.).
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197. described other galls on H. ovalifolia DC. in SP. First gall record on this species.
Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151. in MG.
Miconia cuspidata
Naudin
Gall (Fig. 4k): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant species.
Miconia cf. latecrenata
(DC.) Naudin
Gall (Fig. 4l): on leaf, cylindrical, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244. reported a different gall on Miconia latecrenata in MG.
Tibouchina
sp.
Gall (Fig. 5a): on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Several galls were recorded on this genus in MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Maia et al 2004a, Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592., Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151., Maia 2013aMAIA VC. 2013a. Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 164-189., 2014b), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908bRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 7: 15-79., Tavares 1917aTAVARES JS. 1917a. As cecidias do Brazil que se criam nas plantas da familia das Melastomataceae. Brotéria Zool 15: 18-49, pls. I-V., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015SANTOS PO & RIBEIRO JELS. 2015. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil. Semina 36: 1524.), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018MELO-JÚNIOR JCF, ISAIAS RMS, BOEGER MRT, ARRIOLA IA & MATILDE-SILVA M. 2018 Diversidade de galhadores nas restingas do ecossistema Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev CEPSUL 7: eb2018003.), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233.).
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 5a, on Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae), leaf midvein gall, 5b, on Ficus enormis Mart. ex. Miq. (Moraceae), leaf gall, 5c-g, on Myrtaceae, 5c, on Eugenia uniflora L., leaf gall, 5d-g, on Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., 5d, stem gall, 5e, bud gall, 5f, leaf midvein gall, 5g, leaf gall, 5h, on Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae), leaf gall, 5i, on Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), leaf gall, 5j-k, on Rubiaceae, 5j, on Borreria sp., stem gall, 5k, on Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), leaf midvein gall, 5l, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), stem gall.
Moraceae
Ficus enormis
Mart. ex. Miq.
Gall (Fig. 5b): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197. in SP.
Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora L.
Gall (Fig. 5c): on leaf, globoid, red, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Other galls were recorded on this host in MG (Maia 2014MAIA VC. 2014. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Neotrop 14: 1-17.), ES (Maia 2019MAIA VC. 2019. Insetos galhadores em áreas de restinga no Espírito Santo, Brasil. Anais do VIII Simpósio sobre a Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica, 359-365.), RJ (Monteiro et al. 1994MONTEIRO RF, FERRAZ FFF, MAIA VC & AZEVEDO MAP. 1994. Galhas entomógenas em restingas: uma abordagem preliminar. An ACIESP 3(87): 210-220., 2004MONTEIRO RF, ODA RAM, NARAHARA KL & CONSTANTINO PAL. 2004. Galhas: Diversidade, Especificidade e Distribuição. In Pesquisa de Longa Duração na Restinga de Jurubatiba: Ecologia, História Natural e Conservação (Rocha CFD, Esteves FA & Scarano FR Orgs). RiMa Editora, São Carlos, p. 127-141., Maia 2001MAIA VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 583-629., Oliveira & Maia 2005OLIVEIRA JC & MAIA VC. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq Mus Nac 63: 669-676., Maia & Souza 2013MAIA VC & SOUZA MC. 2013. Insect galls of the xeric vegetation of Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 278-288., Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197.), and RS (Goetz et al. 2018GOETZ APM, LUZ FA, TOMA, TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2018. Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Iheringia Zool 108: e2018015.).
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.
Gall (Fig. 5d): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Similar galls were recorded in PE (Santos et al. 2012SANTOS JC, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JS & FERNANDES GW. 2012b. Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 12: 197-213.), MG (Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414., Maia 2013aMAIA VC. 2013a. Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 164-189.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Gall (Fig. 5e): on bud, globoid, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575. in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and by Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758. in RJ.
Gall (Fig. 5f): on leaf midvein, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575. reported a similar gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523. in SP.
Gall (Fig. 5g): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded in RJ by Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197. and Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758., and in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia by Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.. Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES K & FRIEIRO-COSTA FA. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8: 426-439. recorded two other galls in MG.
Onagraceae
Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara
Gall (no fig.): on bud, fusiform, green, with short whitish trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Maia et al. 2008MAIA VC, MAGENTA MAG & MARTINS SE. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de Galls de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 8: 167-197. recorded a bud gall on L.
octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven in SP and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42. a leaf gall on L. longifolia (DC.) H. Hara in MS. This is the first gall record on
L. peruviana.
Primulaceae
Myrsine coriacea
(Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Gall (Fig. 5h): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575. reported this gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523. in SP, Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233. and Goetz et al. 2018GOETZ APM, LUZ FA, TOMA, TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2018. Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Iheringia Zool 108: e2018015. in RS.
Rhamnaceae
Colubrina glandulosa
Perkins
Gall (Fig. 5i): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this plant genus.
Rubiaceae
Borreria
sp.
Gall (Fig. 5j): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Sciaridae and Thysanoptera (both cecidophages). Galls on this plant genus were reported by several authors in RJ (Rübsaamen 1905RÜBSAAMEN EH. 1905. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. II. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 4: 65-85., 1908a, Maia 2001MAIA VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 583-629., Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., and Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., and Maia 2013aMAIA VC. 2013a. Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 164-189.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Palicourea tetraphylla
Cham. & Schltdl.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host. Galls on this plant genus have been reported by several authors in several localities: PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GWA. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Cienc Nat 6: 163-196., Maia 2011MAIA VC. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 11: 37-53., Araújo et al. 2012ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, JORGE VA & ESPÍRITO-SANTO K. 2012. Plantas hospedeiras e galhas entomógenas em sub-bosques de florestas tropicais do Pará, Brasil. Insula Rev Bot Florianópolis 41: 59-72.), PE (Santos et al. 2012SANTOS JC, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JS & FERNANDES GW. 2012b. Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 12: 197-213.), GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835., Bergamini et al. 2017BERGAMINI BAR, BERGAMINI LL, SANTOS BB & ARAÚJO WS. 2017. Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvania. Pap Avulsos Zool 57: 413-431.), MG (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES GW, ARAUJO RC, ARAUJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, PAULA AS, LOYOLA JUNIOR R & CORNELISSEN TG. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha Valley, Mina Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22: 221-244., 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592., Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108., Maia 2013aMAIA VC. 2013a. Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 13: 164-189.), and ES (Maia et al. 2014a).
Psychotria sp.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf vein, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Several authors recorded galls on this plant genus in MS (Julião et al. 2002JULIÃO GR, AMARAL MEC & FERNANDES GW. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. Naturalia 24: 47-74., Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Maia et al. 2014b), RJ (Tavares 1909TAVARES JS. 1909. Contributio prima ad cognitionen cecidologiae braziliae. Brotéria Zool 8: 5-28, pls. I-VIII., 1922, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), and RS (Rübsaamen 1908bRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 7: 15-79.).
Salicaceae
Casearia sylvestris Sw.
Gall (Fig. 5k): on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Other galls were reported on this plant species in PE (Santos et al. 2012SANTOS JC, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JS & FERNANDES GW. 2012b. Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 12: 197-213.), GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835., Bergamini et al. 2017BERGAMINI BAR, BERGAMINI LL, SANTOS BB & ARAÚJO WS. 2017. Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvania. Pap Avulsos Zool 57: 413-431.), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42.), MG (Luz et al. 2012LUZ JR, FERNANDES GW, SILVA JA, NEVES FS & FAGUNDES M. 2012. Galhas de insetos em habitats xérico e mésico em região de transição Cerrado-Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Neotropical Biol Conserv 7: 171-187.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Sapindaceae
Cupania sp.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Some authors reported galls on this plant genus in PA (Maia 2011MAIA VC. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 11: 37-53.), PE (Santos et al. 2011SANTOS JCA, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JSB & FERNANDES GW. 2011. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 71: 47-56., 2012), GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835.), MG (Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414.), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Serjania lethalis
A.St.-Hil.
Gall (Fig. 5l): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 6a): on leaf vein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Hymenoptera (parasitoids).
a-c. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 6a, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), leaf vein, 6b, on Solanum sp. (Solanaceae), bud gall. 6c, on Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), leaf gall.
Other gall morphotypes were reported in GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Luz et al. 2012), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), and SP (Ansaloni et al. 2018ANSALONI LS, SALMAZO JR & URSO-GUIMARÃES MV. 2018. Entomogen galls in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area in Sorocaba, Southeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 18: e20180523.).
Solanaceae
Solanum sp.
Gall (Fig. 6b): on bud, globoid, yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Several authors recorded galls on this plant genus in GO (Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO WS, PORFÍRIO JUNIOR ED, RIBEIRO BA, SILVA TM, SILVA EC, GUILHERME FAG, SCARELI-SANTOS C & SANTOS BB. 2015. Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the State of Goiás in the Midwest region of Brazil. Biodivers Data J 3: e6835.), BA (Tavares 1918TAVARES JS. 1918. Cecidologia brazileira. Cecidias que se criam em plantas das familias das Verbenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Labiatae, Rosaceae, Anonaceae, Ampelidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Aristolochiaceae e Solanaceae. Brotéria Zool 16: 21-48, pls. I-II.), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017URSO-GUIMARÃES MV, CASTELLO ACD, KATAOKA EY & KOCH I. 2017. Characterization of entomogen galls from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Entomol 61: 25-42.), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES GW, JULIÃO GR, ARAÚJO RC, ARAÚJO SC, LOMBARDI JA, NEGREIROS D & CARNEIRO MA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26: 211-244., Luz et al. 2012LUZ JR, FERNANDES GW, SILVA JA, NEVES FS & FAGUNDES M. 2012. Galhas de insetos em habitats xérico e mésico em região de transição Cerrado-Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Neotropical Biol Conserv 7: 171-187., Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES K & FRIEIRO-COSTA FA. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8: 426-439., Maia 2013bMAIA VC. 2013b. Galhas de insetos em restingas da região sudeste do Brasil com novos registros. Biota Neotrop 13: 183-209., 2014), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908bRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 7: 15-79., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., Maia 2013bMAIA VC. 2013b. Galhas de insetos em restingas da região sudeste do Brasil com novos registros. Biota Neotrop 13: 183-209., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015SANTOS PO & RIBEIRO JELS. 2015. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil. Semina 36: 1524.), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018MELO-JÚNIOR JCF, ISAIAS RMS, BOEGER MRT, ARRIOLA IA & MATILDE-SILVA M. 2018 Diversidade de galhadores nas restingas do ecossistema Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev CEPSUL 7: eb2018003.), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013TOMA TSP & MENDONÇA-JÚNIOR MS. 2013. Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 57: 225-233.).
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L.
Gall (Fig. 6c): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908a) (Cecidomyiidae). This gall is widely distributed in Brazil, with occurrence from north to south, in RO (Proença & Maia 2014PROENÇA B & MAIA VC. 2014. New state records of Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908) (Insecta, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Brazil, Check List 10: 1557-1559.), PA (Proença & Maia 2014PROENÇA B & MAIA VC. 2014. New state records of Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908) (Insecta, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Brazil, Check List 10: 1557-1559.), PE (Santos et al. 2011SANTOS JCA, ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JSB & FERNANDES GW. 2011. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 71: 47-56.), MG (Fernandes & Negreiros 2006FERNANDES GW & NEGREIROS D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7: 111-120.), RJ (Maia 2013bMAIA VC. 2013b. Galhas de insetos em restingas da região sudeste do Brasil com novos registros. Biota Neotrop 13: 183-209., Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.), and SC (Rübsaamen 1908aRÜBSAAMEN EH. 1908a. Beiträge zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag [cont.]: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia 6: 110-173.).
DISCUSSION
A total of 63 insect gall morphotypes were found in the study area. In other insect gall inventories in mountains of Minas Gerais, the gall richness ranged from 137 to 15 (Table VIII). The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR is in fifth place, among 13 surveyed localities. But, its total area is the lowest with only 29 hectares, while the others ranged from 1,500 to 100,000 hectares (Table VIII). It is important to point out that these inventories adopted different collecting methods which resulted in different collecting effort. Furthermore, the plant species richness of these surveyed localities are different from each other. The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR showed one of the lowest averages of gall morphotypes per plant species (Table VIII). This value can be explained by the absence of super host species, differing from the other inventories where several superhosts were recorded.
Data on gall richness, number of host plants and average of gall morphotypes per species in other study areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
In our study, Fabaceae and Asteraceae showed the greatest richness of galls. Both are among the most speciose families of angiosperms in the Serra Negra da Mantiqueira (Salimena et al. 2013SALIMENA FRG, MATOZINHOS CN, ABREU N L, RIBEIRO JHC, SOUZA FS & MENINI-NETO L. 2013. Flora fanerogâmica da Serra Negra, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 64: 311-320.) as well as in Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010FORZZA RC ET AL. 2010. As angiospermas do Brasil. In: FORZZA RC, BAUMGRATZ JFA, BICUDO CEM, CARVALHO JRAA, COSTA A, COSTA DP, HOPKINS M, LEITMAN PM, LOHMANN LG, MAIA LC, MARTINELLI G, MENEZES M, MORIM MP, COELHO MAN, PEIXOTO AL, PIRANI JR, PRADO J, QUEIROZ LP, SOUZA VC, STEHMANN JR, SYLVESTRE LS, WALTER BMT & ZAPPI D. Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, p. 19-42.), indicating that richest plant taxa harbor the greatest gall richness, as proposed by the plant richness hypothesis (Southwood 1960SOUTHWOOD TRE. 1960. The abundance of the Hawaiian trees and the number of their associated insect species. Proc Hawaii Entomol Soc 17: 299-303., 1961SOUTHWOOD TRE. 1961. The number of insect associated with various trees. J Anim Ecol 30: 1-8.). These families are also highlighted as the most important hosts of insect galls in other inventories in mountains of MG (e. g. Serra de São José, Serra do Cabral, Serra do Cipó, and Serra do Espinhaço) (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108., 2009, Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.).
Most galls were induced on leaves, as in Serra do Cipó, Serra do Cabral, and many other localities in Brazil (Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108., Rodrigues et al. 2014RODRIGUES AR, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 58: 173-197., Ascendino & Maia 2018ASCENDINO S & MAIA VC. 2018. Insects galls of Pantanal areas in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. An Acad Bras Cienc 90: 1543-1564.). The highest frequency of leaf galls is a world pattern indicated by Felt 1940FELT EP. 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, N. Y., viii + 364 p.. This can be explained by the fact that leaves are the most plastic host organ (Isaías et al. 2013ISAÍAS RMS, CARNEIRO RGS, OLIVEIRA DC & SANTOS JC. 2013. Illustrated and annotated checklist of Brazilian gall morphotypes. Neotrop Entomol 42: 230-239.), as well as an abundant and predictable resource (Maia 2001MAIA VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 583-629.).
Most galls were globoid, followed by fusiform. This result was also found in Serra do Cipó, Serra do Cabral and many others localities in Brazil (e.g. Isaías et al. 2013ISAÍAS RMS, CARNEIRO RGS, OLIVEIRA DC & SANTOS JC. 2013. Illustrated and annotated checklist of Brazilian gall morphotypes. Neotrop Entomol 42: 230-239., Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016CARVALHO-FERNANDES SP, ASCENDINO S, MAIA VC & COURI MS. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 88: 1407-1418., Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.). Globoid galls were more common on leaves, while fusiform on stems and veins than on other plant organs. This differentiated frequency is related to the host organ ability to alter its morphogenesis under external stimuli (Arriola et al. 2015ARRIOLA IA, MELO JCF & ISAÍAS RMS. 2015. Questioning the envirommental stress hypothesis for gall diversity of restinga vegetation on dunes. Rev Biol Trop 63: 959-970.).
Brown and green galls predominated. This result reflects the colors of the most galled plant organs, stems and leaves, respectively. Most galls were glabrous and one-chambered, as in all other inventories in Brazil (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017MAIA VC & MASCARENHAS B. 2017. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 89: 505-575.).
Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent gall-inducing insects. In fact, this family stands out as the richest one in number of gall-inducing species throughout the world (Gagné & Jaschhof 2017GAGNÉ RJ & JASCHHOF M. 2017. A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world. 4rd ed. Digital version. p. 762. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2017_World_Cat_4th_ed.pdf.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/804...
).
Six gall morphotypes harbored other insects in addition to the inducer, all previously reported as part of the associated fauna in Brazil (e.g. Maia 2001MAIA VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 583-629., Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445., Maia & Siqueira 2020MAIA VC & SIQUEIRA ES. 2020. Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 20: e20190758.). The frequency of these dwellers (9%) was very low in comparison with other inventories, as in Maricá and Carapebus (both in RJ) or in Serra de São José (MG), where the frequency was 56% (Maia 2001MAIA VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 18: 583-629.) and 35% (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445.), respectively. Nevertheless, the presence of cecidophages and successors emphasized the role of gall-inducing insects as ecosystem engineers.
The majority of galls were induced on trees and shrubs, indicating a positive relationship between plant architectural complexity and insect gall richness, as proposed by the architectural complexity hypothesis (Lawton 1983LAWTON JH. 1983. Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects. Annu Rev Entomol 28: 23-29.).
All host plant species are native to Brazil, except Lantana camara L., including 12 that are endemic to the country. Serra Negra do Funil NHPR also includes one vulnerable and another near threatened plant species. The high number of endemic plants as well as the presence of vulnerable and near threatened species reveals the importance of this NHPR to the conservation of the Brazilian flora. Based on the species-specificity of the gall-inducers, they can be considered as endemic, vulnerable and near threatened when associated with host plants classified in these categories.
Thirteen plant species, two genera, and one family are reported for the first time as hosts of galling-insects, adding new data on insect-plant interactions in Atlantic Forest areas and in Brazil. All galls were recorded for the first time in Serra Negra do Funil NHPR since this is the first local inventory.
The lack of data on taxonomy (Linnean shortfall), geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), ways of life and sensitivities to habitat changes (Hutchinsonian shortfall), species abundance and their change in space and time (Prestonian shortfall), and ecological services hamper insect conservation (Cardoso et al. 2011CARDOSO P, ERWIN TL, BORGES PAV & NEW TR. 2011. The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biol Conserv 14: 2647-2655.). This paper contributes with new data on several of these aspects, providing information about ecosystem engineers (ecological services), gall-induction and endophagous parasitism (ways of life), and new records of gall occurrence (geographic distribution). Furthermore, this paper covers several years of sampling (change in time). Unfortunately, only one gall midge species was identified, which is related to the high number of undescribed species (Linnean shortfall).
CONCLUSIONS
The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR harbors a rich fauna of gall-inducing insects and a high number of endemic host plants. Fabaceae and Asteraceae are the most important host families. Leaves are the most attacked plant organ. The predominance of globoid, brown and green, glabrous and one-chambered galls was observed. The majority of them were induced on trees and shrubs. Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent gall-inducing insects. Our results reinforce the patterns already pointed out in Brazil and add evidence in favor of the plant richness and architectural complexity hypotheses. The presence of endemic, vulnerable and near threatened plants reveals the importance of the Serra Negra do Funil NHPR to the conservation of the Brazilian biodiversity. New data on insect-plant interactions in Atlantic Forest areas are provided, adding to the ecological importance of them. New data can be useful for insect conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support (Proc. 301481/2017-2).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
25 Nov 2022 -
Date of issue
2022
History
-
Received
9 June 2020 -
Accepted
24 Aug 2020