A new record of Sulzbacheromyces caatingae (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) from Mato Grosso do Sul and a worldwide infrageneric identification key

Abstract

Sulzbacheromyces is a genus of basidiolichen that includes nine species scattered on the African, American, and Asian continents. Sequences of the universal barcode of Fungi, the nuclear internal transcribed spacer – nuITS region, are available to all known species of the genus. Specimens of Sulzbacheromyces caatingae were collected during two expeditions in the Morro of Paxixi, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Midwest region of Brazil, in the Cerrado biome, where it was reported for the first time to the state. Morphological and anatomical analyses were performed. Specimens from Mato Grosso do Sul have a light green to indistinct thallus, while specimens from Ceará, Paraíba, and Piauí states present a thin green crust on the substrate. The nuITS sequences were also generated, and the distribution of S. caatingae was plotted with the haplotypes. Morphological differences were not reflected in the molecular analysis, which confirmed the identification of the species. In addition, an identification key to the known Sulzbacheromyces species is provided.

Key words
Aquidauana; Cerrado; clavarioid; distribution; Lepidostromataceae; lichen

INTRODUCTION

The molecular and morphological approaches have updated the phylogenetic relationships of the lichen-forming fungi, including the ones with clavarioid basidiomes that belong to Lepidostromataceae (Hodkinson et al. 2014, Sulzbacher et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2019, Coca et al. 2018, 2023).

Nowadays, Lepidostromataceae encompasses three genera of lichenized fungi with clavarioid and club-shaped basidiomata: Sulzbacheromyces B.P. Hodk. & Lücking, with nine known species, is characterized by a crustose thallus and lacking cortical structures; Lepidostroma Mägd. & S. Winkl., with five species, thallus distinctly squamulose and cellular cortex; and the monospecific genus Ertzia B.P. Hodk & Lücking, with thallus microsquamulose and jigsaw-puzzle-shaped cortical cells (Robert et al. 2005, Hodkinson et al. 2014).

Sulzbacheromyces species are reported to Africa (1 sp.), South America (4 spp.), and Asia (4 spp.) (Table I). The universal barcode of Fungi (Schoch et al. 2012, Lücking et al. 2020), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nuITS), has been generated to all known species, inferring the genus geographical distribution (Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2016, Hodkinson et al. 2014, Liu et al. 2018, 2019, Coca et al. 2018, 2023). The species are divided into Neotropics, Africa, and Southeast Asia clades (Coca et al. 2023). With more than 50 nuITS sequences analyzed, S. caatingae (Sulzbacher & Lücking) B.P. Hodk. & Lücking, S. chocoensis Coca, Lücking & Moncada, S. leucodontius Coca, Gómez-Gómez, Guzmán-Guillermo & Dal Forno (MB 848881), and S. tutunendo Coca, Lücking & Moncada clustered in the Neotropics clade; S. bicolor D. Liu, Li S. Wang & Goffinet, S. fossicolus (Corner) D. Liu & Li S. Wang, S. sinensis (R.H. Petersen & M. Zang) D. Liu & Li S. Wang, and S. yunnanensis D. Liu, Li S. Wang & Goffinet in the Southeast Asian clade; and S. miomboensis De Kesel & Ertz in a well-supported Africa clade that is nested in the Asian clade (Liu et al. 2019, Coca et al. 2023).

Table I
The Sulzbacheromyces species, including the main morphological and anatomical characteristics.

Name	Type locality	Thallus and prothallus	Basidiomes	Trama	Color Basidiomes	Basidiospores	Reference
S. bicolor D. Liu, Li S.Wang & Goffinet	China, Yunnan Province	Green to dark green, forming a thin layer on the substrate; prothallus white, grey or sliver	Simple or once or twice branched; 3.0–23.0 × 0.3–1.0 mm;	Densely agglutinated	Almost white but grey or pale yellow at the top and white in the lower portion	(3.5–)4.6–7.3–7.5(–8.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5.2–6(7.5) μm	Liu et al. (2018)
S. caatingae (Sulzbacher & Lücking) B.P. Hodk. & Lücking	Brazil, Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Mato Grosso do Sul	Green, forming a thin crust on the substrate; prothallus not mentioned	Simple, unbranched. 18.0–36.0 × 0.5–1.5 mm;	hyaline middle layer leaving large interspace, or with densely agglutinated hyphae	Brownish outer layer, pale yellowish inner layer; or dull orange-pink overall, context dull yellow	5–9 × 2.5–4.5 µm	Sulzbacher et al. (2012, 2016)
S. chocoensis Coca, Lücking & Moncada	Colombia, Chocó	Olive green; prothallus not mentioned	Unbranched at the apex. 4.0–10.0 × 1.0–2.0 mm;	With pseudo-paraplectenchy-matous	Reddish orange to yellowish, with white stipe when fresh	6 × 4 µm	Coca et al. (2018)
S. fossicolus (Corner) D. Liu & Li S. Wang	Malaya, China and Thailand	Dark green, forming a thin layer on the substrate; Prothallus absent	Simple, sometimes once or twice branched from the base. 0.3–25.0 × 0.5–1.2 mm;	Densely agglutinated	Pale or cream white when fresh and hydrated, beige when dried	(5)5.5–5.6–6.5(6.6) × (2.5)3.8–4.5 (5) μm	Corner (1950), Liu et al. (2018)
S. leucodontius Coca, Gómez-Gómez, Guzmán-Guillermo & Dal Forno	Colombia, Brazil and Mexico	Like-moss green coloration, forming a thin granulose film; Prothallus absent	Simple, (6)10–20 (25) × 0.4–0.9 mm	Not specifically reported	White to ivory withe	3 × 6 μm	Coca et al. (2023)
S. miomboensis De Kesel & Ertz	Rep. D. of the Congo	Indistinct, forming a thin membranous crust on the substrate; prothallus not reported	Simple, not branched. 20.0–42.0 × 1.5–1.9 mm. Never circled by transverse cracks in mature	Presence of thigmoplect, and central aeroplect tissues	Orange to reddish-orange except for the orange-white base; specimens drying pale orange or orange white often with a pinkish hue	(7.7–) 8–9.6–11.2 (–10.8) × (3.8–) 4.1–4.7–5.4 (–5.5) μm	Liu et al. (2018)
S. sinensis (R.H. Petersen & M. Zang) D. Liu & Li S. Wang	China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, South Korea and Philippi-nes	Green to dark green, forming a thin layer on the substrate; prothallus white grey or silver, shiny	Simple, rarely 2-3-5 apical branched, up to 55.0 × 1.0–2.5 mm,	Densely agglutinated	Orange to red-orange, turning ochraceous upon drying, with transverse cracks when mature	(5)5.9–9.8– 11.5(12) × (2.5)4.5–5.6–7(7.5) μm	Liu et al. (2018, 2019)
S. tutunendo Coca, Lücking & Moncada	Colombia, Chocó	Olive green, terricolous and partially on rotten wood; prothallus not reported	Often branched above the middle. 15.0–30.0 × 0.15–0.2 mm,	With pseudo-paraplectenchy-matous tissue	Reddish orange to yellowish orange	6 × 4 µm	Coca et al. (2018)
S. yunnanensis D. Liu, Li S. Wang & Goffinet	China, Yunnan province	Dark green, distinct when growing in the shade and depression or yellow green or light yellow; prothallus absent	Rarely once branched, with two conspicuous, wide, longitudinal depressions or grooves. 3.0–65.0 × 0.5–2.3 mm	Densely agglutinated	Orange in shaded habitat, base dark ochraceous turning ochraceous upon drying, surface pruinose	(8.1)8.8– 9.9–11.2(12.5) × (3.6)4–4.8–5.8(5.8) μm	Liu et al. (2018)

Despite the known phylogeny, considerable morphological variation has been reported to the species of this genus (Sulzbacher et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2019), but the characters with taxonomical importance are not established and the infrageneric key is outdated. Therefore, this manuscript aims to describe specimens of Sulzbacheromyces caatingae collected in the Cerrado biome of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazilian Midwest region), comparing them to specimens found in the Brazilian Northeast region (Sulzbacher et al. 2016), using morphological, anatomical, and molecular data. In addition, we plotted the distribution of the species with the known S. caatingae haplotypes and provided an infrageneric key to the known Sulzbacheromyces species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field trips were realized during 2021/2022 in the Morro do Paxixi, municipality of Aquidauana, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, located in the Brazilian Midwest region, and all specimens collected were deposited in the herbaria of the Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CGMS). The location and distribution of the S. caatingae specimens, reported in previous studies (Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2016), were used to build a distribution map through QGIS Buenos Aires v. 3.26. (http://www.qgis.org), using the Brazilian biomes shape file. In addition, the climatologic data were obtained in the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (http://clima1.cptec.inpe.br/) and compared with the collection dates.

For the genetic analyses, DNA extractions of fresh specimens were performed using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega), following the manufacturer’s protocol. The nuITS region was amplified using the ITS1F (Gardes & Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) primers, according to the thermal cycling parameters reported in Sulzbacher et al. (2012).

The dataset was constituted by sequences of Sulzbacheromyces produced by Sulzbacher et al. (2012, 2016), Yanaga et al. (2015), He et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2018, 2019) and Coca et al. (2018, 2023), including the following species: S. bicolor, S. caatingae, S. chocoensis, S. fossicolus, S. leucodontius, S. miomboensis, S. tutunendo, S. sinensis and S. yunnanensis (Supplementary Material - Table SI). Sequences of Lepidostroma calocerum (KT354925 and KT354927) were used as outgroups.

The alignment was performed in Geneious v9.1.2 (Kearse et al. 2012) using the MAFFT v7.308 algorithm with standard settings (Katoh et al. 2002). GBlocks 0.91b (Talavera & Castresana 2007) was used to exclude the non-reliable aligned sites using the less stringent settings. Geneious v9.1.2 was also used to check the divergence among the S. caatingae nuITS sequences. Phylogenetic trees were estimated with the Bayesian inference (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) approaches using the MrBayes 3.2.7a (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001, Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) and RaxML 8.2.12 (Stamatakis 2014), respectively, in the Cipres web portal (https://www.phylo.org/) (Miller et al. 2010).

For the Bayesian analysis (BA), the nucleotide substitution and site heterogeneity model used were TrN+I+G, following the results from the Bayesian Inference Criterion in jModelTest2 (Darriba et al. 2012, Guindon & Gascuel 2003). In MrBayes, a chain length of 10,000,000 generations sampled every 1,000 steps were settled. After discarding 25% of the first trees, the 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated. In the Maximum Likelihood analysis (ML), the GTR+G was used as the substitution model with 1,000 bootstrap replications and default settings.

FigTree v1.4.2 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/) was used to edit the trees and check for incongruences between the results produced by the BA and ML methods. Support values above 95 (BA) and bootstrap above 70 (ML) were considered significant for the hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in the branches.

The material was described according to the protocol of Liu et al. (2018), performing the morphological analyses through stereomicroscope Olympus SZ40, and the anatomical study, as the thallus, basidioles, and basidiospores measures, through Zeiss light microscopy. The images were captured with a Cannon camera, model Rebel T3i, coupled to a stereomicroscope. When the characters were not reported in the description, like prothallus and pruina, we considered them absent (Table I).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Five specimens of Sulzbacheromyces caatingae from the Morro do Paxixi, Aquidauana municipality, were collected for the first time in the Mato Grosso do Sul state. The specimens were found in exposed soil at the border of a forest fragment, with the eventual presence of cattle (Figure 1a-c); whereas the Northeast specimens were collected in the sandy soil of road banks and on termite nests, generally near the edges of well-conserved forest (Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2016).

Figure 1
Sulzbacheromyces caatingae from Mato Grosso do Sul. a. The species. b. Detail of the fresh material with branched basidioles. c. Detail of the dry material with indistinct thallus. d. Longitudinal section of the basidioles, highlighting the trama tissue. e. Detail of the basidia.

In the Brazilian Northeast region – about 2.000 km apart from Morro do Paxixi – S. caatingae was collected in different vegetal formations of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes, which can also include areas of transitional vegetation between savanna (Cerrado) and caatinga-savanna, Atlantic Forest remnants isolated within the Caatinga (“brejo de altitude”, 400-600 m of altitude) and Atlantic Forest fragments (Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2016); and now has been only found in the Cerrado biome of the Brazilian Midwest region. Therefore, the S. caatingae distribution overlaps the South American ‘dry diagonal’, corresponding to arid, dry and sub-humid regions, ranging from the Brazilian Northeast to Argentinean Northeast, including the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco biomes (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Geographical distribution of the Sulzbacheromyces caatingae haplotypes, highlighting the Brazilian biomes.

The species was monitored monthly for a year in the Morro do Paxixi, remaining sterile and indistinct from the substrate most of the time, which can be an adaptation to the dry season. In Mato Grosso do Sul, the basidiomes persisted for one week in January 2021 and March 2022, during the summer (rainy season), after heavy rainfall, dispersing the basidiospores. Sulzbacher et al. (2012, 2016) also mentioned the collection of S. caatingae after heavy rainfall in the Northeast region. For instance, the specimen Wartchow 58-2013 was collected in June of 2013 in João Pessoa, with a monthly precipitation mean of 330 mm (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais; http://clima1.cptec.inpe.br/).

Regarding the molecular analyses, three new sequences of the S. caatingae nuITS region were generated and analyzed with 67 other sequences (including the outgroup), resulting in a 491 base pairs alignment (Tables SI, II).

The Sulzbacheromyces species were clustered with high support values, forming three main groups (Figure 3): the first with the S. miomboensis from Africa; the second with S. yunnanensis, S. bicolor, S. fossicolus and S. sinensis from Asia; and the third with S. caatingae, S. chocoensis, S. leucodontius, and S. tutunendo species from South America.

Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree of the Sulzbacheromyces nuITS region based on the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood approaches. Branches in bold correspond to support values above 95 to posterior probabilities and 70 to bootstrap values and are considered significant to the phylogenetic hypothesis. S. caatingae in bold correspond to sequences generated in the present study.

Four haplotypes, with divergence up to 1.4%, were defined among the S. caatingae nuITS sequences (Figure 2). Three of them were found in specimens collected in the Brazilian Northeast region (marked in blue, yellow and red): (1) GenBank accession number KC170321, (2) KC170320; and (3) KT354933, KT354934, KT354928, KT354929, KT354930, KT354931, KT354932, KT34935, KT354936, and KX431119). Haplotype 4 (marked in green) is exclusive from the Mato Grosso do Sul specimens.

Regarding the morphological and anatomical analyses, variations among the thalli and basidiomes were also found within S. caatingae. The thalli from Piauí, Paraíba, and Ceará present a thin green crust on the substrate (Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2016), whereas the specimens from Mato Grosso do Sul have light green to indistinguishable from the soil. Liu et al. (2018) also reported differences among S. yunnanensis thalli according to habitat variation. Dark-green thallus grew in the shade and soil grooves, whereas yellow-green or light-yellow thalli were collected on exposed soil. The basidiomes are unbranched, and the trama tissue has large interspaces in specimens of the Northeast Brazil region, while the basidiomes are unbranched to rarely branched and agglutinated hyphae constitute the trama in specimens of the Midwest Brazil region. Despite the morphological variation, S. caatingae from Mato Grosso do Sul showed low genetic variation and the specimens are kept within the species.

Below, we provide a detailed species description and an identification key to the known Sulzbacheromyces species.

Taxonomy

Sulzbacheromyces caatingae (Sulzbacher & Lücking) B.P. Hodk. & Lücking, Fung. Divers. 64: 176. 2014. Figure 1a-e.

Type: Brazil, Piauí, Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha 1; 09°13’S, 43°27’W, 28. Mar. 2011, Sulzbacher 235 (Holotype: UFRS Fungos-1478; isotype: F, and UFRS Fungos-1478?); same locality, 30. Mar. 2011, Sulzbacher 237 (paratype: UFRN Fungos-1479).

Description. Thallus crustose, indistinct, forming a thin layer on the substrate, light green, but usually indistinguishable from the soil, slight greenish when observed under a stereomicroscope, constituted by a thin layer of chlorococcoid algae interwoven by hyphae, up to 25 µm (3–5 photobiont cells) thick; without a prothallus. Photobiont spherical, 2.5(–4.0) µm diam., smooth, prostate to the substrate, contiguous. Basidiomes are solid, cylindrical to flattened, simple or rarely once branched, 2.0–12.0 × 0.5–1.5 mm, yellow to yellowish orange, smooth, rarely straight, curved or sinuous; apices of basidiomes are acute to slightly flattened, acute or rounded, smooth or with denticles. Tasteless and odorless. Trama is composed of parallel, thin-walled hyaline hyphae, ca. 1.0–2.5 µm diam., smooth, densely agglutinated, thin-walled, with oily contents in the hyphae, globose. Basidia are clavate when mature, hyaline, 37.5–50.0 ×5.0–7.5 µm, thin-walled, with four fragile sterigmata, ca. 2.5 µm long, guttulate. Basidioles 25.0–40.0 × 5.0 µm, clavate, abundant. Basidiospores 5.0–7.5(–8.0) × 3.5–4.5 µm, 6.65 µm mean length (Lm), 3.85 µm mean width (Wm), 1.62 µm average length divided by average width (Q = L/W), 1.42–1.66(–2.28) length/width ratio of individual spores (Q’), n= 30, ellipsoid to bacilliform, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, guttulate.

Material examined. Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Aquidauana municipality, Serra de Maracaju, Morro do Paxixi, near to mirante do Paxixi, terricolous, 20°26’32.2”S 55°37’38.1”W, ca. 500 m alt., 22 Jan 2021, leg. M.J. Kitaura & M.C. Scur 5111; Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Aquidauana municipality, Serra de Maracaju, Morro do Paxixi, near to mirante do Paxixi, terricolous, 20°26’34.7’’S, 55°38’13.8’’W, ca. 500 m alt., 27. Mar. 2022, Leg. M.J. Kitaura 5476, 5477, 5478 and 5479.

Distribution. Piauí (type locality), Ceará, Paraíba, and Mato Grosso do Sul.

Notes. Sulzbacheromyces caatingae is characterized by basidiomes yellowish orange, terete or slightly flattened, simple to rarely once branched, and crustose thallus lacking cortical layer.

An infrageneric identification key to the known Sulzbacheromyces species

1a. Thallus with prothallus 2

1b. Thallus without prothallus or prothallus not mentioned 3

Table II Information regarding Sulzbacheromyces caatingae specimens analyzed in the present study. In bold, the generated sequences.

GenBank accession nº	Voucher (reference)	Location	Coordinates	Collection date
KC170320	Sulzbacher 237, UFRN-Fungos 1479, paratype, (Sulzbacher et al. 2012)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 30, 2011
KC170321	Sulzbacher 235 UFRN-Fungos 1478, holotype, (Sulzbacher et al. 2012)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 28, 2011
KT354928	Ovrebo 5034, UFRN-Fungos 2502, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Paraíba: Areia, Reserva Ecológica Mata do Pau-Ferro,	06°59’02’’S, 35°44’64’’W	Unknown
KT354929	Sulzbacher s.n.,UFRN-Fungos 2050, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Ceará: Crato, FLONA Chapada do Araripe	07°17’23.14’’S, 39°33’40.19’’W	March 03, 2013
KT354930	Sulzbacher s.n. UFRN-Fungos 2049, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Ceará: Crato, FLONA Chapada do Araripe	07°17’23.14’’S, 39°33’40.19’’W	March 03, 2013
KT354931	Sousa 65, UFRN-Fungos 2051, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Paraíba: Areia, Reserva Ecológica Mata do Pau-Ferro	06°59’02’’S, 35°44’64’’W,	July 17, 2013
KT354932	Wartchow 58-2013, UFRN-Fungos 2105, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	João Pessoa, Mata do Campus I da UFPB	07°08’37’’S, 34°50’73’’W	June 18, 2013
KT354933	Sulzbacher 235, UFRN-Fungos 1478, “isotype”, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 28, 2013
KT354934	Sulzbacher 235, UFRN-Fungos 1478, “isotype”, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 28, 2013
KT354935	Sulzbacher 237, UFRN-Fungos 1479, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 30, 2011
KT354936	Sulzbacher 237, UFRN-Fungos 1479, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	March 30, 2011
KX431119	Ovrebo 1881, (Sulzbacher et al. 2016)	Brazil	Unknown	Unknown
OR083399	Marcos J. Kitaura 5476 (CGMS)	Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Morro do Paxixi	20°26’34.7’’S, 55°38’13.8’’W	March 27, 2022
OR083400	Marcos J. Kitaura 5477 (CGMS)	Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Morro do Paxixi	20°26’34.7’’S, 55°38’13.8’’W	March 27, 2022
OR083401	Marcos J. Kitaura 5478 (CGMS)	Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Morro do Paxixi	20°26’34.7’’S, 55°38’13.8’’W	March 27, 2022
NR120240	Sulzbacher 235, UFRN-Fungos 1478, “type”, (Sulzbacker et al. 2016)	Piauí: Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Caracol, Trilha da Andorinha	09°13’S, 43°27’W	Unknown

2a. Basidiomes almost white, but grey to pale yellow at the top and white in lower portion. Type locality China, Asia. S. bicolor

2b. Basidiomes orange to red-orange, turning ochraceous upon drying. Type locality China, Asia S. sinensis

3a. Basidiomes pale or cream white when fresh and hydrated, beige when dried. 4

3b. Basidiomes yellowish, reddish, brownish or orangish 5

4a. Basidiomes usually twice branched at the base. Chlorococcoid algae. Type locality Singapore or Malaya, Asia S. fossicolus

4b. Basidiomes unbranched. Trebouxioid algae. Type locality Colombia, South America S. leucodontius

5a. Trama constituted by thigmoplect and central aeroplect tissues. Type locality Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa S. miomboensis

5b. Trama pseudoparaplectenchymatous or constituted by densely agglutinated hyphae 6

6a. Basidiomes with two longitudinal depression or grooves. Type locality China, Asia. S. yunnanensis

6b. Basidiomes lacking longitudinal depression or grooves 7

7a. Basidiomes often branched above the middle. Type locality Colombia, South America S. tutunendo

7b. Basidiomes simple or rarely once branched 8

8a. Crustose thallus green to indistinct to the substrate, basidiomes terete or slightly flattened, with stipe concolorous with the apex. Type locality Brazil, South America S. caatingae

8b. Crustose thallus olive green, basidiomes fusiform to clavarioid, with stipe often white and apex reddish orange to yellowish when fresh. Type locality Colombia, South America S. chocoensis

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All the authors thank the Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS/MEC – Brazil, where all manuscript was developed. Marcos J. Kitaura was supported in part by the Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Edital UFMS/PROPP/PROGEP nº 135, de 30 de dezembro de 2021), by the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT – Chamada 04/2019), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); and Jean-Marc Torres by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001”.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table SI.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 Nov 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  12 Jan 2022
• Accepted
  23 Aug 2023