Insect galls from Amazon rainforest areas in Rondônia (Brazil)

Abstract

This study aimed at survey insect galls of an Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia, Brazil. We found 152 gall morphotypes in 103 plant species. Fabaceae were the host with the greatest gall richness. Leaves were the most galled organ. Globose and glabrous galls were the most frequent. Cecidomyiidae were responsible for most of the galls. This is the first record of 110 galls morphotypes and 23 host plants species in this biome. Ten gallers are endemic in Brazil. Five genera of Cecidomyiidae were first recorded in Rondônia as well as Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1908.

Key words
Amazon rainforest; Cecidomyiidae; insect-plant interaction; galling insects; gall richness

INTRODUCTION

The insect galls are abnormal growths of plant tissue induced by insects, within which they develop, finding shelter against adverse environmental conditions, protection against predators and parasitoids, and food source (Mani 1964). The galling insects present high specificity in relation to their host plant, being usually monophagous. In addition, each galling species produces a morphologically and structurally unique gall in its host plant, so that the gall is considered as the extended phenotype of the galler (Weis et al. 1988, Stone & Schonrogge 2003, Carneiro et al. 2009).

The Neotropical Region presents a high diversity of galling insects, but its taxonomic knowledge is still very scarce (Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes 2001). In Brazil, some ecological studies indicate that the greatest diversity of Cecidomyiidae species is found in Amazon rainforest, the largest Brazilian phytogeographic domain, but only 2% of these species are known for this biome (Julião G.R., unpublished data). Most of the species known in the Brazilian territory were collected in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado areas, with about 80% and 14.5% of the total of the species registered to Brazil, respectively (Proença B. & Maia V.C., unpublished data).

So far, only five inventories with host plants data, characterization of the galls’ morphotypes, records of inducers and associated fauna have been carried out in areas of the Amazon rainforest. One of them was performed in the state of Amazonas (Almada & Fernandes 2011) and the other four in Pará (Maia 2011, Silva et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2012, Carvalho & Mota 2018). Data on galling insects and their host plants remain unknown for the other Brazilian states which include this phytogeographic domain, as the state of Rondônia. This gap impairs the knowledge of the diversity of these insects, as well as studies on the biogeography and geographic distribution of the same.

In this context of lacking information, the main objective of this work is to survey and characterize the insect galls of an Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia, contributing to the knowledge of the galls in this phytogeographic domain. The specific objectives were: i) record the galling inducers and associated fauna; ii) verify the average of gall morphotypes per host plant species; iii) indicate the new records of host plantas and gall morphotypes in the Amazon rainforest area; iv) evauate the gall richness; v) analyze the gall mige (Cecidomyiidae) endemism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field works were performed in three municipalities of Rondônia: Campo Novo de Rondônia, Cacaulândia and Monte Negro, all inserted in Amazon rainforest domain, as part of Sisbiota Diptera project. The field works lasted 15 days each, with eight hours of work per day, occurring in October 2011 (in the spring, between the dry and wet seasons) and May 2012 (in the fall, between the wet and dry seasons). Seven trails were investigated in three municipalities. Three in Campo Novo de Rondônia: i) Fazenda Amorim (10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W); ii) Marimbondo (10°5’26.0”S 63°28’15.5”W) and iii) Point 03 (10°35’26.0”S 63°28’15.5”W). Three in Monte Negro: vi) Cachoeira (10°13’43”S 63°14’00”W); v) Line 25 Sector Chacareiro (10°16’21.4”S, 63°20’45.4”W) and vi) Line C 20 (10°18’29.0”S 63°21’13.8”W). And one in Cacaulândia: vii) Fazenda do Cabeça (10°17’56.5”S 63°14’12”W).

Along each trail, aerial organs of herbaceous, shrubby and arboreous plants were surveyed for insect galls up to two meters in height. All galls were photographed in the field and characterized by plant organ of occurrence, shape, color, presence or absence of trichomes, and number of internal chamber. Each morphotype was individually conditioned in plastic bags and labeled with informations about the collection site, and number of the host plant. Branches (whenever possible with flowers and fruits) were removed from each host plant, and pressed in the field for preparation of exsiccates. Each host plant received an identical label to its corresponding gall. The terminology of gall shapes followed Isaías et al. (2013).

Both galls and host plants were transported to the Laboratório de Diptera in Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. For each gall morphotype, part of the samples was dissected to observe the number of internal chambers and remove immature insects, and the remaining part was conditioned in closed transparent plastic pots for rearing the adults, including inducers, parasitoids, predators and inquilines. The rearing pots were checked every day for newly emerged adults. All insects obtained were transferred to microvials with 70% ethanol. The gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) were mounted in microscopy slides, following the methodology outlined by Gagné (1994). The excedent specimens remained in 70% ethanol. The Cecidomyiidae were identified to genus level using the keys of Gagné (1994) and to species based on original descriptions. Adults of microhymenoptera and Coleoptera were identified by Dr. Maria Antonieta P. Azevedo and Dr. Sérgio Antônio Vanin, respectively. The Coleoptera specimens were deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP) and the microhymenoptera in the Entomological collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ (MNRJ).

Analysis and data comparison

The average of gall morphotypes per host plant species was calculated using simple arithmetic mean. Data obtained about the host plant families, genera and species, as well as the total and average of morphotypes found were compared to other inventories in the Amazon rainforest area. We searched for previous records of galls in each host plant genus and species verified in this study. We only compared the gall morphotypes for the host plants identified at species level. It was considered as new records to the Amazon rainforest the host plant species and gall morphotypes that was not recorded before in the other inventories in this phytogeographic domain.

All botanical species names, including the genera, were conferred at Flora and Funga do Brasil website (2019) to verify possible synonyms that could cause the data misinterpretation, such as the indication of first record of some of the galls to this phytogeographic domain.

Endemism analysis and galling species richness

The host plant endemism was based on data of Flora and Funga do Brasil website (2019). The galling species were considered endemic when associated exclusively with endemic host plants.

The relationship between galling species richness and plant family size was evaluated. According to plant size hypothesis, gallers are richer in species on plants from taxa also richer in species (Fernandes 1992). To model the relationships between galling species richness and plants size, we use zero-altered poisson models and zero-altered negative binomial models following the routine of the package “msne” and the “gamlss” (Hilbe 2014). The response variable (galling species richness on plant galled) is a count and cannot obtain the value zero. We refer to the variable as being zero truncated (Hilbe 2014). But the analyses were not able to deal with the variance heterogeneity. Because the residues did not behave well we use the non-parametric Spearman correlation test (Sprent & Smeeton 2007) to determine relantionships between galling species richness and plant family size. Statistical analysis was conducted using the R statistical package (R Core Team 2017).

RESULTS

We found 103 host plant species, distributed in 69 genera and 35 families, hosting 152 insect galls morphotypes. The number of host plant families, genera and species, as well as the number of the gall morphotypes are shown in Table I. Fabaceae (n=43), Bignoniaceae (n=33) and Sapindaceae (n=7) presented the highest richness of galls. Among the plant genera, Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. (Bignoniaceae), Bauhinia L., Machaerium Pers., and Inga Mill. (Fabaceae) presented the highest number of galled species with eight, five, five and four host species, respectively. Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) and Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy (Hypericaceae) were the superhost species presenting nine and five distinct morphotypes, respectively.

Table I
Distribution of insect gall morphotypes per host plant families in Rondônia, Brazil, with number and percentage of galled plant genera and species.

Host plant families	Number and percentage of galled genera	Number and percentage of galled species	Number and percentage of gall morphotypes
Annonaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Bignoniaceae	8 (11.5%)	19 (18.4%)	33 (21.7%)
Burseraceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Cannabaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	3 (1.9%)
Celastraceae	4 (5.7%)	4 (3.8%)	5 (3.2%)
Chrysobalanaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Clusiaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Combretaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Dichapetalaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Dilleniaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Elaeocarpaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Euphorbiaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Fabaceae	16 (23.1%)	29 (28.1%)	43 (28.2%)
Hypericaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	5 (3.2%)
Icacinaceae	1 (1.4%)	3 (2.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Lamiaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Lauraceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Lecythidaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Malpighiaceae	2 (2.8%)	4 (3.8%)	5 (3.2%)
Melastomataceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Meliaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.6%)
Menispermaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Myrtaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Nyctaginaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Olacaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Phyllanthaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Piperaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Rubiaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Rutaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	3 (1.9%)
Salicaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.6%)
Sapindaceae	4 (5.7%)	6 (5.8%)	7 (4.6%)
Siparunaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Urticaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Verbenaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Violaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Total	69	103	152

Thirty-four genera and 23 species of plants were recorded for the first time hosting galls in the Amazon rainforest areas. All host plants are native, except Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), which is naturalized. Among native plants, seven species are endemic to Brazil: Adenocalymma coriaceum A.DC. (Bignoniaceae), Adenocalymma magnificum Mart. ex DC. (Bignoniaceae), Casimirella ampla (Miers) R.A.Howard (Icacinaceae), Croton cf. spruceanus Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (Fabaceae), Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Myrtaceae) and Platymiscium filipes Benth. (Fabaceae). Each species presented only one gall morphotype, except Myrcia splendens with two morphotypes and A. coriaceum with three morphotypes, totalizing ten endemic galler species. The galling species richness increases positively with the plant family size (Spearman: r = 0.78; S = 1565.6, p < 0.001; Figure 1).

Figure 1
Relation between the galling species richness and the plant family size. Spearman: r = 0.78; S = 1565.6, p < 0.001.

The galled plant organs were leaves (80.9%), stems (15.7%), tendrils (3.9%) and buds (3.2%). No galls were found on fruits and flowers, although such organs have been investigated. The average number of morphotypes per host plant species was 1.4. In Table II, we compared the results of this study to the data obtained by other authors in the Amazon rainforest. The most frequent gall morphotypes were: globoid (n=59), fusiform (n=25), lenticular (n=19), conical (n=17), oval (n=16) and marginal leaf roll (n=13). The number of glabrous galls (n=116) was much higher than that of hairy (n=36). Most galls presented only one internal chamber (83.5%).

Table II
Comparison between the results of this study and others in Amazon rainforest areas. Data on number of gall morphotypes, host plant species and families, average of gall; botanic families with the highest richness of gall; and botanic genera super-hosts of galls are showed.

Localities	Number of gall morphotypes	Host families	Host species	Average of gall morphotypes/Host plants	Botanic families with the highest richness of gall	Super-hots botanic genera	References
Rondônia	152	35	103	1.4	Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Sapindaceae	Bauhinia Adenocalymma	This study
Platô Bacaba (Pará)	76	22	38	2	Fabaceae Chrysobalanaceae Burseraceae	Inga Protium	Maia (2011)
Amazônia Oriental (Pará)	309	45	255	1.2	Burseraceae Fabaceae Melastomataceae	Protium Inga	Almada & Fernandes (2011)
Amazônia Central (Manaus)	27	30	27	1	Burseraceae Rubiaceae	-	Silva et al. (2011)
Trombetas (Pará)	112	33	65	1.7	Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Sapotaceae	Adenocalymma Pouteria	Araújo et. al. (2012)
Floresta Nacional de Saracá Taquera (Oriximiná, Para)	194	-	116	1.6	Bignoniaceae Sapotaceae Burseraceae	Adenocalymma Pouteria	Araújo & Espírito-Santo Filho (2012)
Santarém (Pará)	27	11	21	1.3	Fabaceae Myrtaceae Anacardiaceae	Myrcia Copaifera	Carvalho & Mota (2018)

We recorded 110 new gall morphotypes. The predominant color of the galls was green (n=108), but we also found brown (n=58), yellow (n=8) and reddish (n=2) morphotypes. The majority of the galls were induced in only one organ of the host plant, except three morphotypes induced by gall midge (Cecidomyiidae): one on stem, petiole and tendril of Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae); other on stem and leaf of Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum (Bignoniaceae); and the third on stem and leaf of Vismia guianensis (Hypecariaceae).

The Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) induced most galls, being responsible for 60 morphotypes, followed by Lepidoptera (n=4), Hemiptera (n=1) and Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Baridinae) (n=1). The inducers of 86 morphotypes could not be determined.

The characterization of the galls, regarding the organ of occurrence, shape, color, indumentum, number of internal chamber and inducing insect is shown in Table III.

Table III
Gall characterization (shape, color, number of internal chamber, trichomes, galled plant organ, and inducing insects) in Amazon rainforest areas, in three municipalities of Rondônia (Brazil).

Host plants			Gall morphotype
Families	Species	Galled organ	Shape	Color	Trichome	Internal chamber	Galler	Figs.
Annonaceae	Xylopia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	2
Bignoniaceae	Adenocalymma sp.1	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	3
	Adenocalymma sp.2	Leaf vein	Vermiform	Green	Absent	-	Neolasioptera sp.	4
	Adenocalymma sp.3	Tendril	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	5
		Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	6
	Adenocalymma sp.4	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	7
	Adenocalymma coriaceum	Leaf	Conical	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	8
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	9
		Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	10
	Adenocalymma longilineum	Stem	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	11
		Leaf vein	Fusiform	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	12
		Leaf	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	13
	Adenocalymma magnificum	Leaf vein	Oval	Green/Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	14
	Adenocalymma schomburgkii	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Coleoptera	15
	Anemopaegma floridum	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis sp.	16
		Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	17
	Bignonia sp.	Leaf vein	Spiraled	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	18
		Leaf petiole	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	19
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	20
	Bignonia nocturna	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	21
		Leaf petiole	Oval	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	22
Bignoniaceae	Bignonia nocturna	Stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	23
	Bignonia prieurii	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	24
		Leaf	Globoid	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	25
	Callichlamys sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	26
	Callichlamys latifolia	Leaf vein and stem	Oval	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	27 28
	Fridericia sp.1	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	29
	Fridericia sp.2	Leaf	Cylindrical	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	30
	Manaosella cordifolia	Tendril	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	31
	Stizophyllum riparium	Tendril	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	32
		Bud	Oval	Green	Present	-	Clinodiplosini	33
	Tanaecium pyramidatum	Leaf vein, tendril, petiole and stem	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	34- 37
		Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	38
		Stem	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	39
Burseraceae	Protium unifoliolatum	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	40
		Leaf	Margin roll	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	41
Cannabaceae	Celtis iguanaea	Leaf	Conical	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	42
		Bud and spine	Globoid	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	43 44
		Leaf	Lenticular	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	45
Celastraceae	Hippocratea sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green/Black	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	46
	Prionostemma asperum	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	47
Celastraceae	Salacia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	48
	Salacia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	49
	Tontelea sp.	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lopesia sp. nov.	50
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Lopesia sp.	51
	Licania sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	52
Clusiaceae	Symphonia globulifera	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	53
Combretaceae	Combretum fruticosum	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	54
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	55
	Dichapetalum pedunculatum	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	56
Dilleniaceae	Davilla rugosa	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	57
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	58
	Doliocarpus dentatus	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	59
Elaeocarpaceae	Sloanea sp.	Leaf petiole	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	60
Euphorbiaceae	Croton cf. spruceanus	Stem	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	61
	Hevea sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	62
Fabaceae	Abarema sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	63
	Anadenanthera peregrina	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	64
	Andira surinamensis	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	65
		Leaf vein	Oval	Yellow	Absent	-	Indeterminate	66
Hypericaceae	Vismia guianensis	Leaf vein	Oval	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	108
		Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	109
		Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	110
Icacinaceae	Casimirella sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	111
	Casimirella sp.2	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	112
	Casimirella ampla	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	113
Lamiaceae	Aegiphila sp.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green/Yellow	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	114
Lauraceae	Aniba sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	115
Lecythidaceae	Eschweilera coriacea	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	116
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp. 1	Leaf vein and petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	117
		Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	118
	Byrsonima sp.2	Leaf petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	119
	Byrsonima sp.3	Stem and leaf petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	120
	Mascagnia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	121
Melastomataceae	Not determined	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	122
Meliaceae	Guarea guidonia	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	123
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	124
	Trichilia sp.	Leaf and stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	125-126
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	127
Menispermaceae	Cissampelos sp.	Bud	Globoid	Brown	Absent	-	Cecidomyiidae	128
Myrtaceae	Myrcia splendens	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	129
		Leaf	Group of rolling leaves	Green	Absent	-	Cecidomyiidae	130
Nyctaginaceae	Neea sp.	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	131
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	132
Olacaceae	Heisteria acuminata	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	133
	Heisteria barbata	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	134
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis sp.	135
Piperaceae	Piper sp.	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	136
	Piper aduncum	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	137
		Bud	Conical	Green	Present	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	138
Rubiaceae	Psychotria sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	139
	Uncaria guianensis	Leaf	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	140
		Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	141
Rutaceae	Metrodorea flavida	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	142
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	143
		Tendril	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	144
Salicaceae	Casearia sp.	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	145
	Casearia fasciculata	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	146
		Stem	Claviform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	147
		Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	148
Sapindaceae	Allophylus glabratus	Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	149
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	150
	Paullinia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	151
	Paullinia pinnata	Leaf vein	Amorphous	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	152
	Serjania sp.	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	153
	Serjania cf. ovalifolia	Leaf	Cylindrical	Yellowish green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	154
	Vouarana guianensis	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	155
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	156
Urticaceae	Cecropia sp.	Stem	Globoid	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis cecropiae	157
Verbenaceae	Lantana camara	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Schismatodiplosis lantanae	158
Violaceae	Rinoreocarpus ulei	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	159

In addition to the gallers, other arthropods were found in 16 gall morphotypes, acting as parasitoids, successors and inquilines. Among these, the parasitoids were the most frequent group, occurring in 11 gall morphotypes, and represented exclusively by microhymenoptera. The successors, however, made up the most diversified guild, composed of Thysanoptera, Formicidae (Hymenoptera) and Hemiptera each occurring in one morphotype. The inquilines were the less frequent, occurring only in one morphotype and being represented only by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).

The Cecidomyiidae were identified at family level (42 morphospecies), tribe (one morphospecies of Clinodiplosini), genera (15 species, being 12 gallers, one inquiline, and one predator) and species (Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1908 and Clinodiplosis cecropiae Proença & Maia, 2020). The following genera were represented: Clinodiplosis Kieffer, 1895 (three galling species), Diadiplosis Felt, 1911 (one predator), Epihormomyia Felt 1915 (one galling species), Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908 (three galling species), Mycodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1895 (one inquilinous species), Neolasioptera Kieffer, 1894 (six galling species) and Schismatodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1908 (one galling species).

In the first field work, in 2011, we collected a higher number of galls (n=106) than in the second one, in 2012, (n=70). Monte Negro was the locality with the highest number of galls (n= 91), followed by Campo Novo de Rondônia (n= 52) and Cacaulândia (n= 37).

Gall characterization

Annonaceae (n= 1)

Xylopia sp. L. (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 2): on leaf, lenticular, green, with small trichomes, and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Ectoparasitoid larvae obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça); Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro-Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: One Xylopia species was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Figures 2-29.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 2) Xylopia sp.: lenticular leaf gall. 3) Adenocalymma sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 4) Adenocalymma sp.2: vermiform leaf vein gall. 5-6) Adenocalymma sp.3: 5) oval tendril gall; 6) fusiform stem gall. 7) Adenocalymma sp.4: globoid leaf gall. 8-10) Adenocalymma coriaceum: 8) conical and hairy leaf gall; 9) conical and glabrous leaf gall; 10) globoid leaf gall. 11-13) Adenocalymma longilineum: 11) globoid stem gall; 12) leaf vein gall; 13) globoid leaf gall. 14) Adenocalymma magnificum: leaf vein gall. 15) Adenocalymma schomburgkii: globoid leaf gall. 16-17) Anemopaegma floridum: 16) fusiform leaf vein gall; 17) marginal leaf roll gall. 18-20) Bignonia: 18) leaf vein gall; 19) petiole gall; 20) globoid stem gall. 21-23) Bignonia nocturna: 21) leaf vein gall; 22) petiole gall; 23) globoid stem gall. 24-25) Bignonia prieurii: 24) leaf vein gall; 25) globoid leaf gall. 26) Callichlamys sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 27-28) Callichlamys latifolia: oval gall. 27) on leaf vein; 28) on stem. 29) Fridericia sp.1: 29) fusiform leaf gall.

Bignoniaceae (n= 18)

Adenocalymma sp. 1 Mart. ex Meisn. emend L.G. Lohmann (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 3): on leaf, marginal roll, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Adenocalymma sp.2 (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 4): on leaf vein, vermiform, green and glabrous. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Adults obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in May 2012.

Adenocalymma sp.3 (n= 2)

Gall (Fig. 5): on tendril, oval, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Adults obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 6): on stem, fusiform, brown and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Adenocalymma sp.4 (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 7): on leaf, globoid, irregular, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: Adenocalymma species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Araújo et al. (2012), Araújo & Espírito-Santo Filho (2012) and Maia (2011).

Adenocalymma coriaceum A.DC. (endemic in Brazil) (n=3)

Gall (Fig. 8): on leaf, conical, light green, with small white trichomes, with concavity on the apex and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Exuviae and adults obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Localities: Monte Negro (Cachoeira) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 9): on leaf, conical, green, glabrous, with concavity on the apex and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Exuviae and adults obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 10): on leaf, globoid, light green, with small white trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Adenocalymma coriaceum hosting an insect gall in Amazon rainforest areas.

Adenocalymma longilineum (A.Samp.) L.G.Lohmann (native species) (n=3)

Gall (Fig. 11): on stem, globoid, brownish green, glabrous, and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 12): on leaf vein, fusiform, brownish green, causing leaf rolls, glabrous, and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 13): on leaf, globoid, brownish green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Comments: Adenocalymma longilineum was previously recorded by Almada & Fernandes (2011) hosting spherical, green and glabrous leaf galls induced by Cecidomyiidae on Amazon rainforest areas. However in this work the host plant species name is signed as its synonym Memora longilinea A. Samp.

Adenocalymma magnificum Mart. ex DC. (n= 1) (endemic in Brazil)

Gall (Fig. 14): on leaf vein, oval, with rough surface, green and brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Larvae and adults obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae, pupae and adults obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: The host plant and the gall morphotype were previously recorded on Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011) and Maia (2011), respectively. However in both studies the host plant name is signed as its synonym Memora magnifica (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau.

Adenocalymma schomburgkii (DC.) L. Lohmann (n= 1) (native species)

Gall (Fig. 15): on leaf, globoid, brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Coleoptera. Adult obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of this gall in Amazon rainforest area. Almada & Fernandes (2011) previously recorded a gall induced by Cecidomyiidae in this host plant, but signed the plant as its synonym Memora schomburgkii (DC.) Miers.

Anemopaegma floridum Mart. ex DC. (n= 3) (native species)

Gall (Fig. 16): on leaf central vein, fusiform, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidi: Clinodiplosini). Larva and pupae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larva obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça); Monte Negro (Cachoeira); Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 17): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Anemopaegma hosting insect gall in Amazon rainforest areas.

Bignonia L. sp. (n= 3) (native genus)

Gall (Fig. 18): on leaf vein, spiraled, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Lepidoptera. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 19): on leaf petiole, oval, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 20): on stem, globoid, brown and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: first record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Bignonia nocturna (Barb. Rodr.) L. Lohmann (native species) (n= 3)

Gall (Fig. 21): on leaf central vein, fusiform, green on the abaxial surface and brown on the adaxial portion, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larva obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Endoparasitoid larva obtained. Localities: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03) and Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 22): on leaf petiole, oval, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 23): on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Adult obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Bignonia prieurii DC. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 24): on leaf vein, fusiform, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 25): on leaf, globoid, project on leaf surfaces, dark green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Bignonia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Callichlamys sp. (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 26): on leaf, marginal roll, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Figs. 27 and 28): on central leaf vein and stem, oval, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Lepidoptera. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Comment: First record of Callichlamys hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Fridericia sp.1 Mart. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 29): on leaf, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Fridericia Mart. sp.2 (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 30): on leaf, cylindrical, brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Figures 30-57
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 30) Fridericia sp.1: cylindrical leaf gall. 31) Manaosella cordifolia: globoid tendril gall. 32-33) Stizophyllum riparium: 32) fusiform tendril gall; 33) oval bud gall. 34-39) Tanaecium pyramidatum: 34) fusiform leaf central vein gall; 35) fusiform tendril gall; 36) leaf petiole gall; 37) fusiform stem gall. 38) globoid leaf central vein gall. 39) globoid stem gall. 40-41) Protium unifoliolatum: 40) globoid leaf gall; 41) marginal leaf roll. 42-45) Celtis iguanaea: 42) conical leaf gall; 43) globoid bud and spine gall; 44) globoid spine gall; 45) lenticular gall. 46) Hippocratea: lenticular gall. 47) Prionostemma asperum: lenticular leaf. 48-49) Salacia: 48) globoid leaf gall; 49) globoid leaf gall. 50) Tontelea: conical leaf gall. 51) Couepia: globoid leaf gall. 52) Licania: marginal leaf roll. 53) Symphonia globulifera: 53) marginal leaf roll. 54) Combretum fruticosum: conical leaf gall. 55) Dichapetalum: globoid leaf gall. 56) Dichapetalum pedunculatum: globoid leaf gall. 57) Davilla rugosa: globoid leaf gall.

Comments: Previous record of Fridericia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest by Maia (2011). However, in this study the authors used the synonym name of this plant, Arrabidaea instead of, Fridericia which is the currently genus name.

Manaosella cordifolia (DC.) A. H. Gentry (n= 1) (native genus)

Gall (Fig. 31): on tendril, globoid, brownish green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Manaosella hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Stizophyllum riparium (Kunth) Sandwith (n= 2) (native genus)

Gall (Fig. 32): on tendril, fusiform, brown and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 33): on bud, oval, green and with small trichomes. (Figure 29). Galler: Clinodiplosini (Cecidomyiidi). Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25).

Comments: First record of Stizophyllum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L. Lohmann (n= 3) (native genus)

Gall (Figs. 34, 35, 36 and 37): on petiole, central leaf vein, petiole tendril, and stem gall, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Cachoeira and Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 38): on leaf central vein, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 39): on stem, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Monte Negro (Cachoeira) and Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comment: First record of Tanaecium hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Burseraceae (n= 1)

Protium unifoliolatum Engl. (n= 2) (native species)

Gall (Fig. 40): on leaf, globoid, green, covered with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae and pupae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 41): on leaf, marginal roll, brownish green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Protium unifoliolatum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas. However, Protium species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012), Araújo & Espírito-Santo Filho (2012), Carvalho & Mota (2018), Maia (2011) and Silva et al. (2011).

Cannabaceae (n= 1)

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. (n= 3) (native species)

Gall (Fig. 42): on leaf, conical, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Figs. 43 and 44): on bud and spine, globoid, with pointed apex, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Gall: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae and pupae obtained. Localities: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03) and Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 45): on leaf, lenticular, light green, with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Celtis hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Celastraceae (n= 4)

Hippocratea L. sp. (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 46): on leaf, lenticular, green or black, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Associated fauna: Thysanoptera. Adults and nymphs (successor). Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Hippocratea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Prionostemma asperum (Lam.) Miers (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 47): on leaf, lenticular, green, rounded by a yellow ring and with reddish apex, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Prionostemma hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Salacia L. sp. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 48): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Adult obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 49): on leaf, globoid, on both leaf’s surfaces, more evident on the abaxial side, light green, yellow apex, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Salacia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Tontelea Miers sp. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 50): on leaf, conical, apex with a concavity, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Lopesia sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Lopesiini). Larvae, pupal exuviae and adults obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comments: First record of Tontelea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Chrysobalanaceae (n=2)

Couepia Aubl. sp. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 51): on leaf, globoid, brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Lopesia sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Lopesiini). Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comentários: First record of Couepia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas. First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Licania sp. Aubl. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 52): on leaf, marginal roll, light green, with small yellow trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: Licania species were previously found hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Araújo et. al. (2012), Maia (2011) and Silva et. al. (2011).

Clusiaceae (n= 1)

Symphonia globulifera L.f. (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 53): on leaf, marginal roll, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Symphonia globulifera hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas. First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Combretaceae (n= 1)

Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 54): on leaf, conical, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Line c20). Collected in May 2012. Comments: One Combretum species was previously found hosting galls in Amazon rainforest area by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of Combretum fruticosum hosting insect gassl in Amazon rainforest areas.

Dichapetalaceae (n= 2)

Dichapetalum sp. Thouars (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 55): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira e Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: One Dichapetalum species was previously found hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area by Almada and Fernandes (2011).

Dichapetalum pedunculatum (DC.) Baill (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 56): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae and adults obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Cachoeira e Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: First record of Dichapetalum pedunculatum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Dilleniaceae (n= 2)

Davilla rugosa Poir. (native species) (n= 3)

Gall (Fig. 57): on leaf, globoid, coalescent, green, covered by small with trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Lepidoptera. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011. Comments: first record of this gall in Amazon rainforest area.

Gall (Fig. 58): on leaf, lenticular, green, covered by small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Sector Chacareiro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: first record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Figures 58-85
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 58) Davilla rugosa: lenticular leaf gall. 59) Doliocarpus dentatus: globoid leaf gall. 60) Sloanea: globoid leaf petiole gall. 61) Croton cf. spruceanus: fusiform stem gall. 62) Hevea: globoid leaf gall. 63) Abarema: marginal leaf gall. 64) Anadenanthera peregrina: fusiform stem gall. 65-66) Andira surinamensis: 65) lenticular leaf gall; 66) oval leaf gall. 67) Andira vermifuga: globoid leaf gall. 68) Bauhinia sp.1: oval leaf gall. 69) Bauhinia sp.2: oval leaf vein gall. 70-71) Bauhinia sp.3: 70) globoid stem gall; 71) oval tendril gall. 72) Bauhinia acreana: fusiform stem gall. 73-81) Bauhinia ungulata: 73) fusiform leaf vein gall; 74) conical leaf gall; 75) globoid leaf gall; 76) conical leaf gall; 77) lenticular leaf gall; 78) oval leaf gall; 79) fusiform stem gall; 80) globoid leaf gall; 81) globoid leaf gall. 82) Galactia: globoid stem gall. 83) Hymenolobium excelsum: lenticular leaf gall. 84) Inga: globoid leaf gall. 85) Inga cayennensis: globoid leaf vein gall.

Comments: Davilla rugosa was previously recorded hosting discoid, green and glabrous leaf galls, induced by Cecidomyidae, in Amazon rainforest area by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. (native species) (n= 2)

Gall (Fig. 59): on leaf, globoid, reddish brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: Almada & Fernandes (2011) recorded two leaf galls induced by Cecidomyiidae on Doliocarpus dentatus in Amazon rainforest area. One gall is discoid, green and glabrous, and the other elliptic, brown and glabrous. First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Elaeocarpaceae (n= 1)

Sloanea sp. L. (native species) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 60): on leaf petiole, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Sloanea species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012).

Euphorbiaceae (n= 2)

Croton cf. spruceanus Benth. (endemic in Brazil) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 61): on stem, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Lepidoptera. Pupa obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: One Croton species was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of Croton cf. spruceanus hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Hevea sp. Aubl. (native genus) (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 62): on leaf, globoid, green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Hevea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas. First record of Hevea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Fabaceae (n= 29)

Abarema Pittier sp. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 63): on leaf, marginal roll, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Abarema hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (native species) (n=4)

Gall (Fig. 64): on stem, with small spines, fusiform, brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Thysanoptera (successor). Adult obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: Anadenanthera was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). However, in this study the authors used the synonym name of this plant, Piptadenia, instead of Anadenanthera, which is the currently genus name. First record of Anadenanthera peregrina hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 65): on leaf, lenticular, yellowish green, reddish in the middle, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 66): on central leaf vein, oval, yellow and glabrous. Young gall. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Comments: Andira surinamensis was previously recorded hosting one cylindrical, brown and glabrous leaf gall in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Andira vermifuga (Mart.) Benth. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 67): on leaf, globoid, green, hairy and multi-chambered. (Figure 63). Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae and pupae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Andira hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas. First record of Andira hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Bauhinia sp.1 L. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 68): on leaf, oval, joining both leaf sides, reddish yellow, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Line C20). Collected in May 2012.

Bauhinia sp.2 (n= 1)

Gall (Fig. 69): on leaf vein, oval, brown, with rough surface, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Bauhinia sp.3 (n= 2)

Gall (Fig. 70): on stem, globoid, green or brown and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 71): on tendril, oval, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Hemiptera. Nymph obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: Bauhinia species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et al. (2012) and Carvalho & Mota (2018).

Bauhinia acreana Harms (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 72): on stem, fusiform, brown, with small spines, glabrous, one or two-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Bauhinia acreana hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Bauhinia ungulata L. (native species) (n= 9)

Gall (Fig. 73): on leaf vein, fusiform, yellow, with small reddish trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça); Cachoeira (Monte Negro) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 74): on leaf, conical, green, with small brownish trichomes on the apex and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 75): on bud, globoid, similar to a fruit, brown, glabrous, and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 76): on leaf, conical, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 77): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça); Monte Negro (Cachoeira) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 78): on leaf, oval, reddish yellow, with small brownish trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 79): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 80): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 81): on leaf, globoid, brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Lepidoptera. Adult obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Bauhinia ungulata hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Galactia sp. P. Browne (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 82): on stem, globoid, brownish green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Galactia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (endemic in Brazil) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 83): on leaf, lenticular, yellow, covered with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Hymenolobium hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area. First record of Hymenolobium excelsum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Inga sp. Mill. sp. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 84): on leaf, globoid, light green, glabrous and one chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: Inga species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Araújo et. al. (2012), Carvalho & Mota (2018) and Silva et al. (2011).

Inga cayennensis Sagot ex Benth (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 85): on leaf vein, globoid, reddish brown, covered with small trichomes, with a central hole and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Some of the galls are gregarious. Inga cayennensis was recorded hosting a brown, glabrous and parenchymatical leaf gall in Amazon rainforest by Maia (2011). First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Inga edulis Mart. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 86): on leaf, globoid, green or reddish, with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: Inga edulis was record hosting a discoid, green, glabrous leaf gall, induced by Cecidomyiidae, in Amazon rainforest by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Figures 86-113
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 86) Inga edulis: globoid leaf gall. 87) Inga heterophylla: fusiform stem gall. 88) Machaerium sp.1: lenticular leaf gall. 89-91) Machaerium sp.2: 89) lenticular leaf gall; 90) conical leaf gall; 91) globoid leaf gall. 92) Machaerium sp.3: cylindrical leaf gall. 93) Machaerium sp.4: globoid stem gall. 94-95) Machaerium amplum: 94) globoid leaf gall; 95) lenticular leaf gall. 96) Mimosa debilis: conical leaf gall. 97) Parkia igneiflora: globoid leaf gall. 98) Peltogyne: globoid leaf gall. 99) Platymiscium filipes: marginal leaf roll. 100) Pterocarpus: fusiform leaf gall. 101-102) Pterocarpus santalinoides: 101) conical leaf gall; 102) lenticular leaf gall. 103) Swartzia: oval leaf gall. 104) Tachigali bracteosa: fusiform stem gall. 105) Zygia ramiflora: globoid leaf gall. 106-110) Vismia guianensis: 106) globoid stem gall; 107) lenticular leaf gall; 108) oval leaf vein gall; 109) marginal leaf roll gall; 110) marginal leaf roll gall. 111) Casimirella sp.1: globoid leaf gall. 112) Casimirella sp.2: conical leaf gall. 113) Casimirella ampla: conical leaf gall.

Inga heterophylla Willd. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 87): on stem, fusiform, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Inga heterophylla hosting galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Machaerium sp.1 Pers. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 88): on leaf, lenticular, with a central hole, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Machaerium sp.2 (n=3)

Gall (Fig. 89): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Epihormomyia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Adults obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) e Monte Negro Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Epihormomyia sp. to Amazon rainforest areas. Comments: First record of Epihormomyia sp. to Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 90): on leaf, conical on abaxial side and globoid on the adaxial side, white or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 91): on leaf, globoid, green with small brown trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupa obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011.

Machaerium sp.3 (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 92): on stem, cylindrical, green, with small trichomes and multi-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Machaerium sp.4 (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 93): on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: Machaerium was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Machaerium amplum Benth. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 94): on leaf, globoid on the abaxial and conical on the adaxial side, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 95): on leaf, lenticular, green, covered by reddish small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Machaerium amplum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Mimosa debilis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 96): on leaf, conical, green, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Mimosa hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Parkia igneiflora Ducke (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 97): on leaf, projected simultaneously on both leaf sides, more visible on the abaxial surface, globoid, green or red, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupal exuviae and adults obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comments: Parkia species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of Parkia igneiflora hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Peltogyne sp. Vogel (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 98): on leaf, irregularly globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Monte Negro (Cachoeira and Sector Chacareiro: Line 25) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comments: Peltogyne species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011) and Araújo et al. (2012). First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Platymiscium filipes Benth. (endemic in Brazil) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 99): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Platymiscium was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of Platymiscium filipes hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Pterocarpus sp. Jacq. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 100): on leaf, fusiform, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira and Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Pterocarpus was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 101): on leaf, conical, projected on both leaf sides, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira and Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 102): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Pterocarpus santalinoides hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Swartzia sp. Schreb. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 103): on leaf, oval, yellow or green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Lopesia sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Lopesiini). Larvae, pupal exuviae and adults obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Adult obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03 and Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: Swartzia was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011) and Carvalho & Mota (2018).

Tachigali bracteosa (Harms) Zarucchi & Pipoly (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 104): on stem, fusiform, green, with small brownish trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Adults obtained. Hemiptera (Coccoidea) (successor). Adult obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Tachigali was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of Tachigali bracteosa hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Zygia ramiflora (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 105): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Zygia ramiflora was previously recorded hosting an elliptical, brown and glabrous leaf gall in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Hypericaceae (n=1)

Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy (native species) (n=5)

Gall (Fig. 106): on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 107): on leaf, lenticular, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cachoeira (Monte Negro). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 108): on leaf vein, oval, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 109): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 110): on leaf, marginal roll, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Comments: Vismia guianensis was previously recorded hosting two insect galls induced by Cecidomyiidae in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). One is spherical, green, glabrous leaf gall, and the other is elliptical, brown and glabrous leaf gall.

Icacinaceae (n=3)

Casimirella sp. 1 Hassl. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 111): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae, pupal exuviae and adults obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Casimirella sp.2 (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 112): on leaf, conical (projected on both leaf’s surfaces), green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011.

Casimirella ampla (Miers) R.A.Howard (endemic in Brazil) (n=1):

Gall (Fig. 113): on leaf, conical, with concavity on the apex, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupa obtained. Locality: Campo novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Casimirella hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Lamiaceae (n=1)

Aegiphila sp. Jacq. (native genus) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 114): on leaf, cylindrical, green or yellow, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail. Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Aegiphila hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Gall (Fig. 114): on leaf, cylindrical, green or yellow, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail. Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Aegiphila hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Figures 114-141.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 114) Aegiphila: cylindrical leaf gall. 115) Aniba: globoid leaf gall. 116) Eschweilera coriacea: marginal leaf roll gall. 117-118) Byrsonima sp.1: 117) fusiform petiole and leaf vein gall; 118) fusiform, leaf vein gall. 119) Byrsonima sp.2: fusiform petiole leaf gall. 120) Byrsonima sp.3: 120) fusiform stem and petiole gall; 121) Mascagnia: lenticular leaf gall; 122) Melastomataceae not determined: globoid leaf vein gall. 123-124) Guarea guidonia: 123) globoid leaf gall; 124) globoid leaf gall. 125-127) Trichilia: 125) globoid stem gall; 126) globoid leaf gall; 127) conical leaf gall. 128) Cissampelos: globoid bud gall. 129-130) Myrcia splendens: 129) globoid leaf gall; 130) group of rolling leaves gall. 131-132) Neea: 131) fusiform stem gall; 132) globoid leaf gall. 133) Heisteria acuminata: conical leaf gall. 134) Heisteria barbata: fusiform leaf vein gall. 135) Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius: 135) marginal leaf roll gall. 136) Piper: globoid leaf vein gall. 137-138) Piper aduncum: 137) cylindrical leaf gall; 138) conical bud gall. 139) Psychotria: globoid leaf gall. 140-141) Uncaria guianensis: 140) globoid leaf gall; 141) lenticular leaf gall.

Lauraceae (n=1)

Aniba sp. Aubl. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 115): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012. Comments: Aniba species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012) and Maia (2011).

Lecythidaceae (n=1)

Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S. A. Mori (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 116): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Eschweilera coriacea was previously recorded hosting three galls induced by Cecidomyiidae in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011). One is discoid, green and glabrous leaf gall, the other is spherical, green and glabrous leaf gall, and the third is conical, green, glabrous leaf gall. First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Malpighiaceae (n=4)

Byrsonima sp.1 Rich. ex Kunth (native genus) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 117): on leaf vein and petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. (Figure 116). Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 118): on leaf central vein, fusiform, green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Byrsonima sp.2 (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 119): on leaf petiole, fusiform, brown, glabrous and multi-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Byrsonima sp.3 (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 120): on stem and leaf petiole, fusiform, brown and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: Byrsonima was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Mascagnia sp. Bertero (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 121): on leaf, lenticular, light green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012. Comments: First record of Mascagnia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Melastomataceae (n=1)

Melastomataceae not determined (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 122): on leaf vein, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Meliaceae (n=2)

Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 123): on leaf, globoid, reddish brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Localities: Monte Negro (Cachoeira) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 124): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Guarea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Trichilia sp. P. Browne (native genus) (n=2)

Gall (Figs. 125 and 126): on leaf and stem, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 127): on leaf, conical, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Pupae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: Trichilia species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012).

Menispermaceae (n=1)

Cissampelos sp. L. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 128): on bud, globoid, brown and glabrous. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Cissampelos hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Myrtaceae (n=2)

Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (endemic in Brazil) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 129): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 130): group of rolling leaves, green and glabrous. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Thysanoptera (successor). Adults and nymphs obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: Galls on Myrcia bracteata, M. spheciosa and Myrcia sp.were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Carvalho & Mota (2018) and Araújo et al. (2012). First record of Myrcia splendens hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Nyctaginaceae (n=1)

Neea Ruiz & Pav. sp. (native genus) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 131): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 132): on leaf, globoid, brown, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Fazenda Amorim). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comments: First record of Neea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Olacaceae (n=2)

Heisteria acuminata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 133): on leaf, conical, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cacaulândia). Collected in May 2012.

Heisteria barbata Cuatrec. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 134): on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do cabeça). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Heisteria hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Phyllanthaceae (n=1)

Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius Willd. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 135): on leaf, marginal roll, reddish green, glabrous and one-chambered (gregarious larvae). Galls in young leaves. Galler: Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidi: Clinodiplosini). Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Phyllanthus hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Piperaceae (n=2)

Piper sp. L. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 136): on leaf vein, irregularly globoid, green, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: One Piper species was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012).

Piper aduncum L. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 137): on leaf, cylindrical, green, with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 138): on bud, conical, green, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Larvae obtained. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Comments: First record of Piper aduncum hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Rubiaceae (n= 2)

Psychotria sp. L. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 139): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Psychotria species were previously recorded hosting insect galls on Amazon rainforest areas by Silva et al. (2011).

Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J. F. Gemel (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 140): on leaf, globoid, brownish green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Localities: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça) and Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 141): on leaf, lenticular, with a central role, brown near the role and green on the rest, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Uncaria hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Rutaceae (n=1)

Metrodorea flavida K. krause (native species) (n=3)

Gall (Fig. 142): on leaf, conical, green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Figures 142-159
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 142-144) Metrodorea flavida: 142) conical leaf gall; 143) lenticular leaf gall; 144) oval tendril gall. 145) Casearia: globoid leaf vein gall. 146-148) Casearia fasciculata: 146) lenticular leaf gall; 147) claviform stem gall; 148) fusiform leaf vein gall. 149-150) Allophylus glabratus: 149) globoid leaf gall; 150) lenticular leaf gall. 151) Paullinia: lenticular leaf gall. 152) Paullinia pinnata: amorphous leaf vein gall. 153) Serjania: fusiform leaf vein gall. 154) Serjania cf. ovalifolia: cylindrical leaf gall. 155) Vouarana guianensis: marginal leaf roll gall. 156) Siparuna guianensis: globoid leaf gall. 157) Cecropia: globoid stem gall. 158) Lantana camara: globoid leaf gall. 159) Rinoreocarpus ulei: fusiform, leaf vein gall.

Gall (Fig. 143): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 144): on petiole tendril, oval, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Poço das Antes (Marimbondo’s trail). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Metrodorea hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Salicaceae (n=2)

Casearia sp. Jacq. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 145): leaf vein, irregularly globoid, green, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012. Comments: Casearia species were previously recorded hosting insect galls on Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011), Araújo et.al. (2012) and Maia (2011). First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Casearia fasciculata (Ruiz & Pav.) Sleumer (native species) (n=3)

Gall (Fig. 146): on leaf, lenticular, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011 and May 2012.

Gall (Fig. 147): on stem, claviform, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 148): on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Comments: First record of Casearia fasciculata hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Sapindaceae (n=6)

Allophylus glabratus (Kunth) Radlk. (native species) (n=2)

Gall (Fig. 149): on leaf, globoid, light green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Gall (Fig. 150): on leaf, lenticular, concave apex, with small triangular spine, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011.

Comments: First record of Allophylus hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Paullinia. sp. L. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 151): on leaf, lenticular, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Larvae and pupae obtained. Associated fauna: Hymenoptera (parasitoid). Larvae and pupae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: One Paullinia species was previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012).

Paullinia pinnata L. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 152): on leaf vein, amorphous, causing leaf distortion, green and glabrous. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Paullinia pinnata hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas.

Serjania sp. Mill. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 153): on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Cacaulândia (Fazenda do Cabeça). Collected in October 2011. Comments: Serjania species were previously recorded hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011) and Araújo et. al. (2012).

Serjania cf. ovalifolia Radlk. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 154): on leaf, cylindrical, yellowish green, with small trichomes and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Serjania cf. ovalifolia hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Vouarana guianensis Aubl. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 155): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Vouarana guianensis hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area. First record of this gall morphotype in Amazon rainforest areas.

Siparunaceae (n=1)

Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 156): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: indeterminate. Locality: Monte Negro (Cachoeira). Collected in May 2012. Comments: Siparuna species were previously recorded hosting insect galls on Amazon rainforest areas by Araújo et. al. (2012), Maia (2011) and Silva et al. (2011). First record of Siparuna guianensis hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Urticaceae (n=1)

Cecropia Loefl. sp. (native genus) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 157): on stem, globoid, green or brown, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Clinodiplosis cecropiae Proença & Maia, 2020 (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Clinodiplosini). Associated fauna: Diadiplosis Felt, 1911 sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi) (predator). Locality: Monte Negro (Sector Chacareiro: Line 25). Collected in May 2012.

Verbenaceae (n=1)

Lantana camara L. (naturalized species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 158): on leaf, globoid, green, hairy and one-chambered. Galler: Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908) (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Clinodiplosini). Larvae obtained. Associated fauna: Mycodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi, Mycodiplosini) (inquiline). Larvae obtained. Locality: Campo Novo de Rondônia (Point 03). Collected in October 2011. Comments: First record of Mycodiplosis to Amazon rainforest areas. First record of Lantana camara hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

Violaceae (n=1)

Rinoreocarpus ulei (Melch.) Ducke (native species) (n=1)

Gall (Fig. 159): on central leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered. Galler: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Lasiopteridi, Alycaulini). Larvae obtained. Locality: Monte Negro (Line c20). Collected in May 2012. Comments: First record of Rinoreocarpus hosting insect galls in Amazon rainforest area.

DISCUSSION

According to Araújo et al. (2019), the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado are the most studied Brazilian areas, with 23 and 22 gall inventories, respectively. Areas of Amazon rainforest remain neglected in this aspect, although this study and several other surveys point out high gall richness in this area (Almada & Fernandes 2011, Araújo & Espírito-santo Filho 2012, Maia 2011, Julião et al. 2014a, b, 2005). The first insect gall survey in Rondônia was done by Price et al. (1998), but this author did not identify the host plants neither characterized the gall morphotypes. Araújo & Espírito-santo Filho (2012), Julião et al. (2005, 2014b) and Yukawa et al. (2001) found 194, 1,150, 236 and 84 gall morphotypes, respectively, in Brazilian Amazon rainforest areas. However, due to lack of botanical identification we cannot compare their results to our data.

More recently, five inventories, with host plants identification and gall characterization, have been published for areas of Amazon rainforest by Araújo et al. (2012), Almada & Fernandes (2011), Maia (2011), Silva et al. (2011), and Carvalho & Mota (2018) in Pará and Amazonas states. These authors found 112, 309, 77, 27 and 27 morphotypes, respectively, but none of them applied the survey methodology used in the present study. This methodological difference may influence the results obtained, since they imply differences in the sampling effort. The average of galls per host plant species (n=1.4) in this study was the third highest when compared to other studies, where Araújo et al. (2012) and Maia (2011) reported averages of 1.7 and 2.0, respectively.

Fabaceae were recorded as the host plant family with the greatest gall richness in this study and also by Maia (2011) and Araújo et al. (2012) in Oriximiná municipality, by Carvalho & Mota (2018) in Santarém municipality, all localities situated in Pará state (in Amazon rainforest area). Some studies indicate that the greatest gall richness is related to the family of host plant with greatest diversity of species, in different architectural groups, in a certain area (Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes 2001). Fabaceae are known to be one of the main hosts of insect galls in different areas of the Neotropical region (Maia 2011). This family stands out as the third largest family of plants in the world (Lewis et al. 2005). Fabaceae species can be found in almost all Brazilian biomes and ecosystems, presenting a cosmopolitan distribution (Queiroz 2009). These plants are well represented in areas of Amazon rainforest, especially those with tree habit (Ducke 1949). Bignoniaceae and Sapotaceae also presented high gall richness in the study of Araújo et al. (2012). According to Julião et al. (2014a), the families with the highest gall richness in Amazon rainforest are Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, Burseraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, and Lecythidaceae.

In the present study Bauhinia L. (Fabaceae) and Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. (Bignoniaceae) were the genera with the highest number of galls, results also found by Araújo et al. (2012). However, Maia (2011) and Almada & Fernandes (2011), verified the highest gall richness in Protium (Burseraceae) and Inga (Fabaceae). Species of Bauhinia were previously recorded in Amazon rainforest by Araújo et al. (2012) and Carvalho & Mota (2018), and in Cerrado areas by Coelho et al. (2009), hosting two and one gall morphotypes. Due to the low gall richness observed, these authors did not consider Bauhinia as a superhost genus. Therefore, we considered this the first record of Bauhinia as superhost in Amazon rainforest.

Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy (Hypericaceae) is considered, for the first time, a superhost species in this phytophysiognomy. Other species of Vismia were previously recorded as superhosts by Almada & Fernandes (2011).

Other studies also recorded the leaves as the most galled organ plant (Maia 2011, Almada & Fernandes 2011, Silva et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2012, and Carvalho & Mota 2018). Generally, leaves are the most attacked plant organ. According to Isaías et al. (2014), among all registered galls in Brazil, 52.6% are induced on leaves and 35.2% on stems. It is believed that this pattern is related to the fact that the leaves are a constant and abundant resource for the gallers (Maia 2001). We did not found galls in flowers or fruits, as well as Maia (2011), Silva et al. (2011), Almada & Fernandes (2011), and Carvalho & Mota (2018). Galls on buds and tendrils were less frequent, but they were also observed by Araújo et al. (2012).

The globoid morphotype was the most abundant in our study. According to Isaías et al. (2014), this is the most common shape in the Neotropical region. Most galls were glabrous, as also found by Silva et al. (2011a), Maia (2011), Araújo et al. (2012) and Carvalho & Mota (2018) in the Amazon rainforest.

Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent gallers, reinforcing the pattern of this family as the main taxonomic group among the gallers in the Neotropical region, responsible for more than 90% of all recorded galls (Mani 1964, Carneiro et al. 2009). The inducers of 86 gall morphotypes (56.5% of the total) could not be determined, because of the presence of parasitoids, occurrence of insects with diverse feeding habits in the same gall, and collecting of empty galls. Additionally, we can also mention that about 78% of the galls were found in only one or two trails, resulting in insufficient material for identify the inducers.

In spite of comprising more than 6,500 species in the world (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021), only 29 species of Cecidomyiidae have been reported in Amazonian Forest (Maia 2021). This is a very low value, especially if we consider the high number of gall morphotypes induced by gall midges in Amazonian forest inventories.

Although there are no studies on endemisms of Cecidomyiidae, Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) proposed some species as endemic when they are exclusively associated with endemic host plant species. Based on this same argument, we suggest the endemism of the gallers which are associated with Adenocalymma coriaceum A.DC. (Bignoniaceae), Adenocalymma magnificum Mart. ex DC. (Bignoniaceae), Casimirella ampla (Miers) R.A.Howard (Icacinaceae), Croton cf. spruceanus Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (Fabaceae), Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Myrtaceae) and Platymiscium filipes Benth. (Fabaceae). Unfortunatly, none of these gall midge species have been described so far.

Regarding the associated fauna, the presence of parasitoids, inquilines, predators and successors have been reported in several surveys such as in Cerrado by Maia & Fernandes (2004); in Amazon rainforest by Maia (2011); and in Atlantic Forest (Restinga) by Rodrigues et al. (2014). According to Maia (2001), parasitoids are usually the most frequent natural enemies of galling species in Atlantic Forest (Restinga) and Cerrado areas, as well as throughout the world (Gagné 1994). However, Maia (2011) observed that the inquilines were more frequent than parasitoid and predators in an Amazon rainforest area. In the present study, parasitoids were more frequent than inquilines, being recorded in about 7.2% of the gall morphotypes, whereas the later were found in 0.6%.

Several insects are pointed out as inquilines, such as Diptera (Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae), Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. However, in our study inquilinous and predator guilds were less diverse and little frequent, being composed only by Cecidomyiidae. In these studies, the term “inquiline” is used in a broad sense, including cecidophages, true inquilines and kleptoparasites. We observed the same to the successors, which included only Hemiptera, Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera (Formicidae), differing from other studies where mites (Acari), springtails (Collembola) and booklice (Psocoptera) were found (Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia et al. 2008). But it is important to mention that our data resulted from two collecting periods, while in the other studies the period of investigation was longer than our.

Larger plant taxa potentially offer more hosts and consequently bear a greater number of galling insects (Fernandes 1992). Galling insect richness was positively correlated with plant family size as larger plant families hosted more galling species than smaller plant families. Host plants from related or closer lineages contain similar chemical compounds and plants belonging to the same taxon in a sympatric condition would result in the speciation of galling insects via host replacement (Jermy 1984, Futuyma et al. 1995, Joy & Crespi 2007). These results corroborate previous studies carried out at the Neotropical region such as Carneiro et al. 2014. The taxon of the host plant appears to be the best predictor of the number of insect species at one site.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data confirm the high richness of insect galls in Amazon rainforest areas of Rondônia. Fabaceae presented the highest gall richness and Bauhinia ungulata was considered super-host. Leaves were the most galled plant organ and no galls were found in flowers and fruits. The average of morphotypes per host plant species was 1.4 and the most frequent morphotype was globoid. Most galls were glabrous and one-chambered. Cecidomyidae were the most frequent galling inducers. All results are similar to the previously known patterns to Brazil.

The plant size hypothesis was corroborated, reinforcing the importance of the plant composition for gall richness.

Twenty-three botanical species were recorded as host plants in Amazon rainforest for the first time, as well as 34 botanical genera and 100 gall morphotypes. We suggest the endemism of ten morphospecies of Cecidomyiidae.

The associated entomofauna was few abundant and less diverse when compared with other inventories in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank to Dr. Marco Antônio A. Carneiro for the ecological analysis, to Sharlene Ascendino for the fieldwork, and all the researchers involved on the Sisbiota Diptera project. This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Process: 563256/2010-9) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, Process: 2010/52314-0).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Nov 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  31 July 2019
• Accepted
  22 Mar 2020