Congestive heart failure. Correlation between functional class and systolic and diastolic functions assessed by Doppler echocardiography

Original Article

Congestive Heart Failure. Correlation Between Functional Class and Systolic and Diastolic Functions Assessed by Doppler Echocardiography

Cesar Selem Kamel, Aristarco G. Siqueira-Filho, Luiz Felipe Mena Barreto, Marcos Benchimol

Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of systolic or diastolic dysfunction, or both on congestive heart failure functional class.

METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure with sinus rhythm, who were seen between September and November of 1998 answered an adapted questionnaire about tolerance to physical activity for the determination of NYHA functional class. The patients were studied with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Two groups were compared: group 1 (19 patients in functional classes I and II) and group 2 (17 patients in functional classes III and IV).

RESULTS: The average ejection fraction was significantly higher in group 1 (44.84%+8.04% vs. 32.59%±11.48% with p=0.0007). The mean ratio of the initial/final maximum diastolic filling velocity (E/A) of the left ventricle was significantly smaller in group 1 (1.07±0.72 vs. 1.98±1.49 with p=0.03). The average maximum systolic pulmonary venous velocity (S) was significantly higher in group 1 (53.53cm/s ± 12.02cm/s vs. 43.41cm/s ± 13.55cm/s with p=0.02). The mean ratio of maximum systolic/diastolic pulmonary venous velocity was significantly higher in group 1 (1.52±0.48 vs. 1.08±0.48 with p=0.01). A predominance of pseudo-normal and restrictive diastolic patterns existed in group 2 (58.83% in group 2 vs. 21.06% in group 1 with p=0.03).

CONCLUSION: Both the systolic dysfunction index and the patterns of diastolic dysfunction evaluated by Doppler echocardiography worsened with the evolution of congestive heart failure.

Key words - congestive heart failure, functional class, systolic function, diastolic function

Congestive heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by effort dyspnea, fatigue, and frequently by peripheral edema, resulting from left ventricular dysfunction. Even though the degree of dysfunction may be quantified by invasive and noninvasive diagnostic methods, the severity of the symptoms is difficult to evaluate because such an evaluation it highly subjective. Congestive heart failure is a progressive and lethal disease when untreated, and, even with the currently existing treatments, the mortality indexes remain high and the quality of life is, in general, significantly compromised. The increasing knowledge about the pathophysiology of left ventricular dysfunction, however, provides a means for efficient intervention, thus prolonging the productive life of patients.

Seeking a better understanding of this important clinical syndrome, the present study was designed for the purpose of correlating heart failure functional class (New York Heart Association) with the degree of systolic dysfunction and with the pattern of diastolic dysfunction. One third of the patients diagnosed with heart failure exhibited normal systolic function, making diastolic dysfunction the main factor responsible for the pathophysiological mechanisms in these cases ¹.

Controversy exists in the literature regarding the main determinants of heart failure functional class. Some studies have shown that the ability to perform physical exercises is related more to the patterns of diastolic filling of the left ventricle than to the indexes of systolic function ^2-4, whereas others have established a direct relationship between functional class and indexes of systolic function ^5,6. The more advanced functional classes (III and IV) are related to greater mortality ^1,4,6-10.

Methods

From September to November of 1998, patients with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure with sinus rhythm, who attended the Cardiology Ambulatory Clinic of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - UFRJ were included and directed to the Doppler echocardiography study (pulsed, continuum, and color). Patients answered a questionnaire for evaluation of functional class. All echocardiograms were performed with an Esaote 7000 Challenge apparatus, with a 2.5 MHz transducer. Patients with mitral regurgitation with hemodynamic repercussion (area of mitral regurgitation stream >25% of the left atrium area in the color Doppler study) and patients with a heart rate above 90 bpm were excluded, due to interference in the flow analysis for characterizing the diastolic function. Patients with mild (small protosystolic regurgitation stream in the left atrium on pulsed Doppler, with the Doppler sample less than 1cm of the mitral ring) or moderate mitral regurgitation (area of mitral regurgitation stream £25% of the left atrium area at the color Doppler) ¹¹ were kept in the study, making up 36 patients.

The patients answered the questionnaire about tolerance to several physical activities developed from data from the criteria committee of the New York Heart Association ¹² and from the Goldman's ¹³ specific scale of physical activity and adapted to the Brazilian patterns to determine patients' functional classes.

The echocardiographic study recorded the degree of mitral regurgitation, the ejection fraction (Teichholz), and percentage of shortening of the left ventricle, the maximum velocity of initial diastolic filling of the left ventricle (E) and its time-velocity integral, the maximum velocity of late diastolic filling of the left ventricle (A), its time-velocity integral and duration, deceleration time of E (DT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), maximum systolic velocity of the pulmonary venous flow (S), the maximum diastolic velocity of the pulmonary venous flow (D), the duration of the atrium contraction retrograde pulmonary venous flow, and left ventricular diastolic pattern. The parameters described above were obtained according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography ¹⁴.

In regard to diastolic function, we considered the following: a) normal pattern, a transmitral E/A ratio >1, with a deceleration time between 165 and 220ms and isovolumetric relaxation time between 65 and 90ms, and pulmonary venous flow with S/D ratio >1; b) pattern of relaxation deficit, with an E/A ratio <1 with a deceleration time (DT) >220ms or the IVRT >90ms (or DT >229ms and IVRT >94ms in patients older than 60 years); c) pseudo-normal, an E/A ratio >1 with deceleration time between 165 and 220ms and IVRT between 65 and 90ms, and pulmonary venous flow with S/D ratio <1; d) restrictive pattern, an E/A ratio > 1 with deceleration time < 165 ms and a S/D ratio < 1¹⁴.

The comparison between groups was performed with the Student's t test for parametric variables, and the Chisquare or Fisher exact test to evaluate the association between the groups and nonparametric variables. The level of significance was set at 5% (0.05).

Results

Group 1 (patients in functional classes I and II) was composed of 19 patients (52.8%) and group 2 (patients in functional classes III and IV) of 17 patients (47.2%). Four patients (11.1%) were in functional class I, 15 were in (41.7%) class II, 15 (41.7%) were in class III, and 2 (5.6%) were in class IV.

Of the 36 patients, 22 (61.1%) were men and 14 (38.3%), women. The mean ages of groups 1 and 2 were 60.26±8.95 years and 61.23±8.62 years, respectively (p=0.74).

In regard to race, group 1 comprised 15 (78.95%) Caucasian patients, 3 (15.79%) mulatto patients, and 1 (5.26%) African-Brazilian patient. Group 2 comprised 9 (52.94%) Caucasian patients, 7 (41.18%) mulatto patients, and 1 (5.88%) African-Brazilian patient, with p=0.10, where mulatto and African-Brazilian patients were pooled together for comparison purposes.

A previous history of systemic arterial hypertension was reported by 24 (66.7%) patients, 12 patients from group 1 and 12 from group 2 (p=0.64). Ischemic heart disease was present in 30 (83.3%) patients, 16 from group 1 and 14 from group 2 (p=0.61). Eleven (0.6%) patients had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, 5 patients from group 1 and 6 from group 2 (p=0.56).

Regarding smoking habits, 10 (52.63%) in group 1 and 7 (41.18%) in group 2, p=0.49, were smokers. Dyslipidemia was present in 13 (68.42%) patients from group 1 and 12 (70.59%) from group 2, with p=0.89.

The most frequently used medicines were angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors by 20 (56%) patients; nitrates by 11 (30.8%); beta-blockers by 10 (28.8%); digoxin by 6 (16.8%); diuretics by 5 (14%); and niphedipine by 5 (14%) patients.

Regarding the presence and degree of mitral regurgitation, 5 (26.32%) patients in group 1 did not have the condition, 12 (63.16%) patients had it to a mild degree, and 2 (10.53%) patients had it to a moderate degree. In group 2, two (11.76%) patients did not have the condition, 9 (52.94%) had it to a mild degree, and 6 patients (35.29%) had it to a moderate degree, with p=0.20.

Table 1 shows ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Tables II, ^III, and ^IV present the variables of the transmitral Doppler and the pulmonary vein. Table V contains the diastolic patterns found in both groups.

Discussion

Based on the findings of the present study, we observed the existence of an interrelation between systolic and diastolic functions. Deterioration in systolic function, judged by the more advanced functional class, is accompanied by worsening in the left ventricular diastolic pattern. This mechanism has been previously identified and reflects a decrease in ventricular compliance, as it occurs in advanced congestive heart failure ¹.

Several studies demonstrate greater morbidity and mortality in patients in functional classes III and IV ^4,6,8,9. Similarly, some parameters of diastolic function, such as short deceleration time (<140ms), high E/A ratio (>1), a restrictive diastolic pattern in the left ventricle and a high maximum Evelocity in transmitral flow, are important mortality predictors in congestive heart failure patients ^4,8-10,15,16. In the present study, it was possible to correlate functional classes III and IV with pseudo-normal and restrictive diastolic patterns.

A correlation exists between left ventricular diastolic function and hemodynamic parameters. The restrictive pattern of transmitral flow and the short deceleration time are correlated with elevated pulmonary capillary pressure ^17,18. Likewise, the increased maximum diastolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow (D) is associated with elevated pulmonary capillary pressure ¹⁹.

The elevated E/A ratio of the transmitral flow, the short deceleration time, the reduced S/D ratios of the pulmonary venous flow, the lower S pulmonary venous velocity and the pseudo-normal and restrictive diastolic patterns served to characterize functional classes III and IV. Similarly, the lower ejection fraction and fractional shortening together with the more severe systolic dysfunction also characterize functional classes III and IV. More recently, the tissue Doppler and color M-mode Doppler techniques of mitral flow propagation have facilitated the characterization of left ventricular diastolic filling patterns.

According to several studies ^20-27, other factors, such as the use of correct medication, especially angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, may also influence functional class. In the present study, 56% of the patients regularly used some type of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, without differences between groups. It is interesting to note the low percentage of use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (which are well known to reduce morbidity andmortality in cases of congestive heart failure) probably due to low adherence to the treatment.

The question of drug treatment for congestive heart failure and the pattern of diastolic filling of the left ventricle was explored by Keren et al ²², who demonstrated that the maximum velocity of initial diastolic filling (E) decreases with treatment and is associated with a longer period of exercise and improvement in functional class. Similarly, other researchers have demonstrated that the patterns of diastolic filling of the left ventricle might change from one type to the other, with the patients' clinical improvement and the optimization of treatment ^4,15,22-28. The restrictive pattern of the left ventricle, which remains unaltered despite the optimization of treatment for congestive heart failure, has been pointed out as an important marker of clinical deterioration and worsening in functional class in patients with dilated myocardiopathy, according to Shen et al ¹⁵. The clinical and functional class improvement in congestive heart failure patients is accompanied by a reduction in the E/A transmitral flow ratio and by an augmentation of the deceleration time ¹⁵.

Reports exist in the literature about functional class improvement in patients who undergo physical training. It is known that one of the adaptive mechanisms of congestive heart failure consists of physical conditioning loss resulting from a decrease in peripheral tissue perfusion. Magnusson et al ²⁹ demonstrated that alterations in skeletal muscles in congestive heart failure are not entirely irreversible. Localized muscle training is efficient and may result in a marked augmentation of the local work capacity and in a small increase in the total work capacity. In trained patients, an increase in the quadriceps muscle transverse area, an increase in the capillary/fiber index, and an increase in oxidative enzymatic activity have been demonstrated ²⁹. These factors might explain some discrepancies found in the present study, such as the presence of 2 patients with pseudo-normal diastolic pattern and 2 others in group 1 with a restrictive pattern.

The better comprehension of these mechanisms, obtained by a judicious study of the echocardiographic parameters used in the characterization of degrees of systolic, or diastolic dysfunctions, or both, helps the identification of patients who will, possibly, have a more unfavorable clinical evolution.

University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ

Mailing address: Cesar Selem Kamel - Rua Tonelero, 211/501 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 22030-000 – Brazil - E-mail: [e-mail]

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Jan 2002
• Date of issue
  Feb 2001