Public Health Policy Based on “Made-In-Brazil” Science: A Challenge for the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

Keywords
Cardiovascular Disease; Policy; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Constitution and Bylaws; Unified Health System

To increase healthcare quality in a sustainable and equitable fashion is a major challenge in the contemporary world. Country governments need to continuously search for creative and intelligent solutions to align in a balanced way the multiple health subsystems with the needs and expectations of the patient and community, and such solutions have to be viable and sustainable. Developed countries use science to assess the quality of the health care provided and to generate information to improve the outcomes¹. Science-based public policies are the current paradigm in those countries. In Brazil, however, the ideological viewpoint seems to prevail.

"Outcomes research", "health service research" and "implementation science" comprise a significant part of the themes related to the scientific study of health care quality and its relation to the health system¹, but still lack disclosure and institutional incentives to thrive in Brazil. Those areas are usually devoted to systematically and methodically assess various aspects related to the structuration of health systems, their outcomes for the patient and community, physician-patient relationship, the ways such outcomes can be improved, and how innovations should be implemented. Out of the three, the "outcomes research" stands out, because it investigates the outcomes of health care focused by the perspective that directly interests patients and society¹.

Scrutinizing the quality of the Brazilian health system

Since the Brazilian 1998 Federal Constitution (Constitution of the Citizen) was signed and the Brazilian National Unified Health Care System (SUS) was created in 1990, the right to integral, universal, equalitarian and free access to health services of quality has been granted to all Brazilians. The State would have to finance, provide and operate the infrastructure necessary to fulfill the Law 8.080/1990. The constitutional recognition that health is a universal right was a substantial ideological advance. On paper, the public health model idealized for Brazil has become an example to the world. Approximately 75% of Brazilians are estimated to depend on the SUS for health care, while the remaining Brazilians have private complementary coverage.

If the objective is to generate relevant information to guide decision making regarding public policies on health, we should systematically dedicate ourselves to scientifically assess the health care outcomes of SUS. However, after 25 years from SUS implantation, there is little scientific evidence, especially that representing the continental country Brazil is, on the final health care outcomes of SUS. For example, representative data on post-acute myocardial infarction mortality, reperfusion treatment rate or hospital readmission rate in 30 days are not available. Moreover, little is known about the disparities of the health care outcomes between the SUS and the private health care system.

The consolidation and construction of an equitable, safe, responsive, accessible and efficient health system require the careful and scientific examination of the SUS and the Brazilian complementary health system at national level. The recent initiative of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology encouraging national registries, although still timid in transforming Brazilian public health, should be praised².

DATASUS could play a role in surveilling the quality of the health care outcomes of the major Brazilian health problems. However, the unsatisfactory quality of data input and the lack of studies nationally validating DATASUS as a reliable data bank are usually limiting factors to its scientific use.

In the United States, administrative data from Medicare have been used in several studies on monitoring and surveillance of health care macro-indicators in the major cardiovascular pathologies^3-5, significantly helping knowing the outcomes of the health care provided to North-Americans aged 65 years and older.

Health care outcomes as a scientific theme

The concept of the imperative need to constantly assess the real-world health care outcomes to continuously improve the health system has been crystallized in the end-result idea by Ernst Codman (1910)⁶. According to Codman, the end-result idea requires the results to be constantly assessed and possible solutions to improve them to be constantly considered.

The theoretical basis of "outcomes research" was later refined by Donabedian, who has proposed a conceptual model⁷ in which the quality of the health system could be inferred by approaching the following three domains: structure, process and outcomes. The "outcome" domain is the one that best captures the quality of the health care that interests patients and society.

In 1998, the term "outcomes research" entered the scientific terminology in a classical publication in the journal Science. As defined by Clancy and Eisenberg, "outcomes research" investigates the effects of medical interventions and policies on the outcomes that directly interest individuals and society⁸.

Ten years later, when the American Heart Association launched the journal Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, edited by Krumholz and associates, "outcomes research" was definitely recognized as an important area of cardiovascular investigation, endorsing the emergent field of biomedical research⁹.

Examples of studies on the quality of cardiological care in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

The journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia is the major vehicle of Brazilian cardiology and represents the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. We reviewed original articles published in the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia in the last two years on quality of health care, aiming at providing examples of studies that could contribute to and impact on the Brazilian health care outcomes.

To make our investigation more comprehensive, we subdivided the theme "quality of health care" into some subthemes that directly interest outcomes research and others that specifically interest Brazil, such as the focus on SUS¹(Table 1). We intended to assess neither the quality of the study published nor its potential impact on generating guideline recommendations. Some studies served more than one category.

Table 1
Original articles on quality of care in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

	Examples of studies*
Safety	Eficácia e Segurança de Stents Eluidores de Drogas no Mundo Real: Acompanhamento de 8 Anos10
Temporal line of care, access and responsiveness of the system	Implantação da Linha de Cuidado do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio no Município de Belo Horizonte 11
	Efetividade de um Protocolo Assistencial para Redução do Tempo Porta-Balão da Angioplastia Primária12
Variability in health care practice	None
Effectiveness	Estratégia Antitrombótica nos Três Meses Iniciais após Implante de Bioprótese Valvar Cardíaca13
Cost	Itinerário de Investigação do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, São Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT14
Disparity	Evolução de Indicadores Socioeconómicos e da Mortalidade Cardiovascular em três Estados do Brasil15
Patient-centered care /autonomy / shared decision making	None
Institutional results	Experiência Inicial de Dois Centros Nacionais no Implante de Prótese Aórtica Transcateter16
Registries on specific diseases	Registro Brasileiro das Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (ACCEPTf
	Estudo BREATHE -1 Registro Brasileiro de Insuficiência Cardíaca17
	Comportamento da Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. Resultados de um Registro Brasileiro18
Focus on SUS	Itinerário de Investigação do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, São Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT14

Although no systematic quantitative assessment was performed, we identified a notorious scarcity of investigation directly approaching the theme "quality of the health care" provided by the Brazilian health system.

Challenges and opportunities

Our search, restricted to the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, suggests that Brazil needs to increase its scientific production capable of guiding public policies in the cardiovascular setting, where the use of imported science has critical limitation and can bias decision making. Systematically knowing the Brazilian health care outcomes is essential to elaborate and prioritize the agenda of regional and national public policies.

We have a long way to go and at least the following two very well-defined challenges to face if we bet on science to support decision making regarding public policies on health: to produce high-level national science representing the quality of Brazilian health care; and to convince federal, state and municipal authorities that science is a fundamental tool to guide decision making on the implantation of public policies.

That requires substantial investment: 1) in the intellectual formation of specialized researchers; 2) in improving the quality of DATASUS as a data bank for research in all Brazilian states; 3) in the creation, structuration and consolidation of cooperative research groups; and 4) in the continuous encouragement of the national scientific production.

For the Brazilian cardiovascular scientific community, especially younger researchers, this gap in the Brazilian science can represent a great opportunity to embrace a research line that can substantially impact on and benefit Brazil and Brazilians.

References

• ¹
  Krumholz HM. Outcomes Research: generating evidence for best practice and policies. Circulation. 2008;118(3):309-18.
• ²
  Piva e Mattos LA, Berwanger O, Santos ES, Reis HJ, Romano ER, Petriz JL, et al. Clinical outcomes at 30 days in the Brazilian Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACCEPT). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(1):6-13.
• ³
  Barreto-Filho JA, Wang Y, Dodson JA, Desai MM, Sugeng L, Geirsson A, et al. Trends in aortic valve replacement for elderly patients in the United States, 1999-2011. JAMA. 2013;310(19):2078-85.
• ⁴
  Lampropulos JF, Kim N, Wang Y, Desai MM, Barreto-Filho JA, Dodson JA, et al. Trends in left ventricular assist device use and outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries, 2004-2011. Open Heart. 2014;1(1):e000109.
• ⁵
  Dharmarajan K, Hsieh AF, Lin Z, Bueno H, Ross JS, Horwitz LI, et al. Diagnoses and timing of 30-day readmissions after hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia. JAMA. 2013;309(4):355-63.
• ⁶
  Schlaff AL. Boston's Codman Square Community Partnership for Health Promotion. Public Health Rep. 1991;106(2):186-91.
• ⁷
  Donabedian A. The quality of care: how can it be assessed? JAMA. 1988;260(12):1743-8.
• ⁸
  Clancy CM, Eisenberg JM. Outcomes research: measuring the end results of health care. Science. 1998;282(5387):245-6.
• ⁹
  Krumholz HM. Medicine in the era of outcomes measurement. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(3):141-3.
• ¹⁰
  Pellegrini DO, Gomes VO, Lasevitch R, Smidt L, Azeredo MA, Ledur P, et al. Efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents in the real world: 8-year follow-up. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; 103(3):174-82.
• ¹¹
  Marcolino MS, Brant LC, Araujo JG, Nascimento BR, Castro LR, Martins P, et al. Implementation of the myocardial infarction system of care in city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(4):307-14. Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(4):313.
• ¹²
  Correia LC, Brito M, Kalil F, Sabino M, Garcia G, Ferreira F, et al. Effectiveness of a myocardial infarction protocol in reducing door-to-ballon time. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(1):26-34.
• ¹³
  Durães AR, Durães MA, Correia LC, Aras R. Antithrombotic strategy in the three first months following bioprosthetic heart valve implantation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(5):466-472.
• ¹⁴
  Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Preto D, Cerci RJ, Lemos PA, Cesar LA, et al. Investigation route of the coronary patient in the public health system in Curitiba, São Paulo and in InCor--IMPACT study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(3):192-200.
• ¹⁵
  Soares GP, Brum JD, Oliveira GM, Klein CH, Souza e Silva NA. Evolution of socioeconomic indicators and cardiovascular mortality in three Brazilian states. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(2):147-56.
• ¹⁶
  Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Siqueira D, Ramos A, Costa Jr JR, Arrais M, et al. Initial experience of two national centers in transcatheter aortic prosthesis implantation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(4):336-44.
• ¹⁷
  Rohde LE, Danzmann LC, Canesin MF, Hoffmann Filho CR, Fragata Filho AA, Baruzzi A, et al; BREATHE investigators. Rationale and design: BREATHE registry--I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(5):390-4.
• ¹⁸
  Piegas LS, Avezum A, Guimarães HP, Muniz HJ, Reis HJ, Santos ES, et al. Acute coronary syndrome behavior: results of a Brazilian registry. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(6):502-510.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sept 2015