Host plants of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae)

ABSTRACT

This work has the objective to catalogue the information of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) host plants. The list of plants comprehends new reports of host plants in Brazil and information from literature review around the world. It is listed 174 plants which are from 39 botanic families. The higher number of host plants of C. includens are in Asteraceae (29), Solanaceae (21), Fabaceae (18) and Lamiaceae (12).

Keywords:
Caterpillar; Inventory; Polyphagy; Soybean looper

The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) used to be part of the genus Pseudoplusia McDonnung, 1944, which it is monoespecific with four synonmys (Poole, 1989). However, based on the review of genital morphological characters of noctuid from Europe, Goater et al. (2003) proposed that Pseudoplusia it is a synonym of Chrysodeixis Hübner, [1821].

The soybean looper has been reported as a key pest of soybean crop in almost the whole American continent (e.g. Herzog, 1980; Barrionuevo et al., 2012; Moscardi et al., 2012). This species has a huge potential to cause desfoliation (Herzog, 1980; Moscardi et al., 2012) and it is concentrated in the middle part of the plants which compromisses the target at the time of pesticides spray. Also, by 2002/2003 soybean growers observed widespread damage caused by soybean looper throughout central Brazil and areas from northeast to the south region. Before 2002, soybean looper populations were restricted geographicaly and demanded occasional control measures. The explanation for this extensive occurrence is elusive. Soybean agricultural landscape is the dominant ecosystem during the spring and the summer, in Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Bahia States. Therefore, in this non-diversified environment an increasing number of pests, such as soybean looper, a complex of tetranychid mites, and Spodoptera Guenée, 1852 species have prospered. Among these species, C. includens had become a constant problem, being considered a key pest, requiring control in most of the growing soybean seasons. Other possible explanation to this phenomenon could be the suppression of their most important natural enemies, such as the complex of entomopathogenic fungi associated with this species due to fungicides application, especially after the introduction of soybean rust in Brazil (Sosa-Gómez et al., 2003, 2010).

Another important aspect of this species it is the high level of polyphagy. In literature is reported causing economic damage on table legumes (Genung, 1958), floricultural crops (Morishita et al., 1967), sweet corn ears (Janes and Grenee, 1970), “kiwicha” (Carrasco, 1987), yam (Santos et al., 2007) and passion flower (Benassi et al., 2012). It is also reported this species feeding on other host plants, including native and invasive species (e.g. Crumb, 1956; Silva et al., 1968; Tietz, 1972; Eichlin and Cunningham, 1978; Passoa, 1983; Coto et al., 1995; Heppner, 2003; Pastrana, 2004; Janzen and Hallwachs, 2009).

The objective of this study was to report new host plants of C. includens in Brazil and also catalogue the host plant information available in literature. The report of new host plants is from extensive sampling performed by the authors collecting larvae on detected host and rearing them to the adult stage for identification (Ward, 1988).

The literature search and author's records provided a list of 174 plants consumed by C. includens, belonging to 39 plant families. In Brazil, are recorded 26 host plants that had not been previously reported (Table 1). The botanical families with the greatest number of plants consumed include Asteraceae (29), Solanaceae (21), Fabaceae (18), Lamiaceae (12), Brassicaceae (8), Poaceae (7), Amaranthaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae and Malvaceae (5). Beside the large number of cultivated species, the large number of weeds and native plants stand out.

Table 1
Botanical families (in bold), scientific names, common names (in colchetes) of host plants of Chrysodeixis includens larvae recorded in several bibliographic sources and new records from Brazil (in parenthesis).

Alismataceae –Sagittaria sp. (28);

Amaranthaceae –Amaranthus caudatus L. {kiwicha} (22);Amaranthus deflexus L. (*); Amaranthushibridus L. (*); Amaranthus spinosus L. (*); Amaranthus sp. (12, 16, 19, 35); Celosiacristata L. (*), Spinacia oleracea L. (11, 33);

Apiaceae – Apiumgraveolens L. {celery} (12, 19, 27, 35); Daucuscarota L. {carrot} (35), Eryngium foetidum L. (35); Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill (11, 35);

Araceae –Philodendron sp. (19, 35);

Araliaceae –Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms {umbrella tree} (19, 35);

Asteraceae –Ageratum conyzoides L. (11, 33);Aster sp. (10, 19, 35); Calendulaofficinalis L. {pot marigold} (10, 12, 19, 35, 35);Bidens pilosa L. (*); Chrysanthemummoriflorum Ramat (27); Chrysanthemum sp. (10, 18, 19, 20, 23, 33, 35); Clibadium surinamense L. (31); Conyza bonariensis (L.) (31); Conyzacanadensis (L.) Cron. (16, 19); Emiliafosbergii Nicolson (31); Eupatorium sp. (15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33, 35); Galinsoga sp. (12);Gerbera jamesonii Bolus {African daisy} (10, 19, 35); Helianthus annuus L. {sunflower} (14, 19, 27, 33, 35); Helianthus spp. (16, 19); Lactucasativa L. {lettuce} (4, 11, 12, 18, 20, 19, 23, 24, 33, 35); Lactuca serriola L. (33) Mikaniacordifolia (L.) Willd. (*); Milleriaquinqueflora L. (31); Partheniumhysterophorus L. (33); Parthenium sp. (16, 19); Senecio cineraria DC. {dusty miller} (10, 19, 35);Solidago sp. (18, 19, 20, 23, 33, 35);Sonchus spp. (16, 19, 35); Sonchusoleraceus Linn (*); Verbesina gigantea Jacq. (31); Verbesina turbacensis Kunth (31);Vernonia tweedieana Baker (*); Xanthiumstrumarium L. (17, 19, 35);

Balsaminaceae –Impatiens sultani Hook (*);

Begoniaceae –Begonia sp. (19, 35);

Brassicaceae –Brassica napus L. var. oleifera (*); Brassica oleracea L. var.acephala L. {collard} (11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35); Brassica oleracea L. var.botrytis L. {broccoli} (16, 19, 28, 35);Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. {cabbage} (11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 35); Erucasativa Gars. (*); Lepidium virginicum L. (16, 19, 35); Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton {stock} (10, 19, 35); Nasturtium officinale R.Br. {watercress} (19, 27, 35);

Cannabaceae – Tremamicrantha (L.) Blum. (31);

Caryophyllaceae –Dianthus caryophillus L. {carnation} (10, 19, 35);

Chenopodiaceae –Beta vulgaris L. (11, 33); Betavulgaris L. var. cicla L. (11, 33);Chenopodium album L. (16, 19, 33, 35);Chenopodium sp. (12);

Commelinaceae –Commelina sp. (18, 20, 23, 33);Tradescantia zebrina (Schinz) D.R. Hunt (4, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33);

Convolvulaceae –Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. {sweet potato} (8, 19, 25, 27, 33, 35); Ipomoea grandiflora L. {Moonflower} (*); Ipomea purpurea Roth (19);

Cucurbitaceae –Cucumis sativus L. {cucumber} (33, 35);Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Naka {watermelon} (19, 35);Citrullus sp. (27); Fevilleacordifolia L. (*); Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (25);

Dioscoreaceae –Dioscorea sp. {yam} (30);

Euphorbiaceae –Acalypha macrostachya Jacq. (31); Crotoncapitatus Michx.(4, 18, 19, 20, 23, 33), Manihotesculenta Crantz (*); Phyllanthus urinaria L. (*); Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch {poinsettia} (10, 19, 35);

Fabaceae – Arachishypogaea L. {peanut} (9, 19, 35); Cajanuscajan (L.) Millsp. {pigeon pea} (27, 33, 35);Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee ex Riley (31); Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. (*); Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert {guar} (14, 19, 35); Desmodium pabulare Hoehne (11, 33);Glycine max (L.) Merril. {soybean} (2, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35); Lathyrusodoratus L. (2, 23, 33); Medicago sativa L. {lucerne} (4, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 33, 35); Mucunapruriens var. Utillis (Wall. Ex Wight) Backer ex. Burk (31); Phaseolus lunatus L. {lima bean} (19, 33, 35);Phaseolus polystachios (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (24, 33); Phaseolus vulgaris L. {common bean} (11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35); Pisumsativum L. {pea} (9, 11, 19, 28, 33, 35); Puerariamontana (Lour.) Merr. (Kudzu) (26, 35);Trifolium sp. (28); Vicia faba L. (*); Vignum unguiculata (L.) Walp. {cowpea} (2, 19, 23, 27, 33, 35);

Geraniaceae –Geranium sp. (4, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33);Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey (27);Pelargonium sp. (15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33);

Gesneriaceae –Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. {African violet} (10, 19, 35); Saintpaulia sp. (27);

Hydrangeaceae –Hydrangea sp. (10, 19, 35);

Iridaceae –Gladiolus sp. (23, 33);

Lamiaceae –Aeollanthus suavis Mart. (33);Coleus sp. (18, 20, 23); Hyptiscapitata Jacq. (31); Hyptis obtusifolia R.Br. (31); Ocimum basilicum L. (11); Melissaofficinalis L. (11); Mentha arvensis L. var. piperacens Malinvaud. (*); Menthaspicata L. Garden mint (*); Mentha sp. (5, 19, 33, 35); Salvia hispanica L. (11, 33);Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd [=hybridus] (10, 19); Teucriumvesicarium Mill. Germander (31);

Lauraceae – Perseaamericana Mill. {avocado} (18, 19, 20, 23, 33, 35);

Liliaceae –Alstroemeria sp. (32); Alliumsativum L. {garlic} (19, 27); Asparagusofficinalis L. {asparagus}(35); Asparagusretrofractus L. (10, 19, 35); Asparagussetaceus (Kunth) J.P. Jessop (33)

Linaceae – Linumusitatissimum L. (11, 28, 33);

Malvaceae –Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench {okra} (1, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 33, 35); Gossypium hirsutum L. {cotton} (3, 11, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 33, 35); Hibiscusrosa-sinensis L. (*); Luehea seemannii Planch. & Triana (31); Sida rhombifolia L. (*);

Oxalidaceae –Oxalis sp. (23, 33);

Passifloraceae –Passiflora edulis Sims. (34); Passifloraincarnata L. (16, 19);

Pedaliaceae –Martynia annua L. (31); Sesamumindicum L. (25, 33);

Piperaceae –Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. {pepper-face} (19, 27, 35); Peperomia sp. (27);

Poaceae – Andropogonschoenanthus L. (33); Lolium perene L. (*); Oryza sativa L. (25); Saccharumofficinarum L. {sugarcane} (35); Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench {sorghum} (35); Triticumaestivum L. (*); Zea mays L. {maize} (12, 13, 19, 25, 35);

Polygonaceae – Rumexcrispus L. (*); Rumex sp. {dock} (16, 19, 35);

Portulacaceae –Portulaca oleracea L. {purslane} (16, 19, 35);Portulaca grandiflora Hook (*);

Rosaceae – Malusdomestica Borkhausen {apple} (29);

Rubiaceae – Coffeaarabica L. (25); Ixora coccinea L. (19, 35); Ixora sp. (27);

Solanaceae –Capsicum annuum L. {bell pepper} (17, 35);Cestrum glanduliferum Kerber ex Francey (31);Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal (31); Cestrumracemosum Ruiz & Pav. (31); Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendtn. {tree tomato} (19, 27, 35);Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. {tomato} (9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35); Nicotianaalata Link & Otto (11, 33); Nicotianarustica L. (16, 19, 35); Nicotianasanderae hort. ex W. Watson (pro sp.) (33);Nicotiana tabacum L. {tobacco} (4, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 33, 35); Physalis sp. {groundcherry} (16, 19, 35); Solanum americanum Schultz (21, 34);Solanum hayesii Fernald (31); Solanumaligerum Schltdl. [=Solanum grossum] (16, 19); Solanum jamaicense Mill. (31); Solanummelongena L. {eggplant} (35); Solanumnigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti [= Solanumgracile] (19); Solanum torvum Sw. (31, 33); Solanum tuberosum L. {potato} (2, 7, 11, 19, 23, 27, 33, 35); Solanum sp. “Husk tomato” (16, 19);Solanum sp. “Purple nightshade” (16, 19);

Urticaceae –Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. (31);Phenax sp. (31); Urera bacifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. (*); Urtica dioica L. (2, 23);

Verbenaceae –Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (19);Lantana sp. (18, 20, 23, 33, 35);Verbena spp. (16, 19, 35).

• References: 1 – Bottimer, 1926; 2 – Ogilvie, 1928; 3 – Folsom, 1936; 4 – Crumb, 1956; 5 – USDA, 1956; 6 – Moris, 1958; 7–USDA, 1963; 8 – Hensley et al., 1964; 9 – Canerday and Arant, 1966; 10 – Morishita et al., 1967; 11 – Silva et al., 1968; 12 – Genung and Janes, 1970; 13 – Janes and Grenee, 1970; 14 – Teetes et al., 1970; 15 – Tietz, 1972; 16 – Harding, 1976; 17 – Martin et al., 1976; 18 – Eichlin and Cunningham, 1978; 19 – Herzog, 1980; 20 – Yábar, 1982; 21 – Passoa, 1983; 22 – Carrasco, 1987; 23 – Ferguson et al., 1991; 24 – Lafontaine and Poole, 1991; 25 – Coto et al., 1995; 26 – Kidd and Orr, 2001; 27 – Heppner, 2003; 28 – Pastrana, 2004; 29 – Fonseca, 2006; 30 – Santos et al., 2007; 31 – Janzen and Hallwachs, 2009; 32 – Quimbayo et al., 2010; 33 – Robinson et al., 2010; 34 – Benassi et al., 2012; 35 – CABI, 2014;
• ^*
  new record from author's.

A wide range of cultivated and wild host plant species listed in this study (Table 1) demonstrated that C. includens it is a polyphagous pest with potential to cause economic impact in several crops, speclially in soybean (Herzog, 1980; Moscardi et al., 2012). Also, in the Brazilian landscape, the great diversity of host plants disponibility guarantees survival and persistence of this species, even in the off season, maintan populations of C. includes in alternative hosts which plays the role of pest source to crops in the following season.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2015

History

• Received
  2 Dec 2014
• Accepted
  4 Aug 2015