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Probiotic viability, viscosity, hardness properties and sensorial quality of synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk

Abstract

This research aimed to examine the probiotic viability of bacteria, rheological and sensorial properties in synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk combined with probiotic culture and prebiotics. Tagatose, Litesse ultra and polydextrose (as prebiotics) were used in ice cream production and mixtures and these mixtures were inoculated with Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum combined culture. Frozen raspberry fruits, commercial raspberry and blackberry fruit purees were used as taste flavor enhancers in synbiotic ice cream. Four different ice cream types were produced including control sample. Probiotic bacteria viability, apparent viscosity, hardness and sensory properties were examined during the 120-day- storage. It was determined that frozen fruit and fruit purees addition and using prebiotics significantly affected the Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium spp. viability and color, appearance, flavor, taste and overall sensory scores of the synbiotic goat’s milk ice creams (P < 0.05). Synbiotic ice cream samples maintained their probiotic properties during storage and were generally well appreciated in terms of sensory properties.

Keywords:
goat’s milk; ice cream; prebiotics; probiotic viability; synbiotics

1 Introduction

Probiotics is defined as “[…] live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host […]” (Hill et al., 2014Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R. B., Flint, H. J., Salminen, S., Calder, P. C., & Sanders, M. E. (2014). Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66. PMid:24912386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014....
). Today, numerous dairy products with probiotic additives are produced at the industrial level (Markowiak & Śliżewska, 2017Markowiak, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021. PMid:28914794.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021...
). Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium species isolated from human and animal intestinal tract are the most common bacteria used as probiotics. The use of probiotic preparations including these bacteria in industrial food production systems have become increasingly widespread in accordance with consumer demands (Kechagia et al., 2013Kechagia, M., Basoulis, D., Konstantopoulou, S., Dimitriadi, D., Gyftopoulou, K., Skarmoutsou, N., & Fakiri, E. M. (2013). Health benefit of probiotics: a review. ISRN Nutrition, 2013, 481651. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/481651. PMid:24959545.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/481651...
).

Dairy products are the most probiotic food carrier (Champagne et al., 2018Champagne, C. P., Gomes da Cruz, A., & Daga, M. (2018). Strategies to improve the functionality of probiotics in supplements and foods. Current Opinion in Food Science, 22, 160-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.04.008.
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) with several benefits to consumer health (Sarfraz et al., 2019 Sarfraz, F., Farooq, U., Shafi, A., Hayat, Z., Akram, K., & Rehman, H. U. (2019). Hypolipidaemic effects of synbiotic yoghurt in rabbits. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72(4), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1261...
; Shafi et al., 2019Shafi, A., Naeem Raja, H., Farooq, U., Akram, K., Hayat, Z., Naz, A., & Nadeem, H. R. (2019). Antimicrobial and antidiabetic potential of synbiotic fermented milk: a functional dairy product. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72(1), 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12555.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1255...
; Vasconcelos et al., 2019Vasconcelos, F. M., Silva, H. L. A., Poso, S. M., Barroso, M. V., Lanzetti, M., Rocha, R. S., Graça, J. S., Esmerino, E. A., Freitas, M. Q., Silva, M. C., Raices, R. S. L., Granato, D., Pimentel, T. C., Sant’Ana, A. S., Cruz, A. G., & Valença, S. S. (2019). Probiotic prato cheese attenuates cigarette smoke-induced injuries in mice. Food Research International, 123, 697-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.06.001. PMid:31285019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019...
) and technological parameters (Guimarães et al., 2020Guimarães, J. T., Balthazar, C. F., Silva, R., Rocha, R. S., Graça, J. S., Esmerino, E. A., Silva, M. C., Sant’Ana, A. S., Duarte, M. C. K. H., Freitas, M. Q., & Cruz, A. G. (2020). Impact of probiotics and prebiotics on food texture. Current Opinion in Food Science, 33, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.12.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.12...
). Non bovine dairy foods present relevance as probiotic carrier (Ranadheera et al., 2018Ranadheera, C. S., Naumovski, N., & Ajlouni, S. (2018). Non-bovine milk products as emerging probiotic carriers: Recent developments and innovations. Current Opinion in Food Science, 22, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02...
) and in particular ice cream is a probiotic dairy food with several examples (Ayar et al., 2018Ayar, A., Siçramaz, H., Öztürk, S., & Öztürk Yilmaz, S. (2018). Probiotics properties of ice creams produced with dietary fibres from by-products of the industry. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 71(1), 174-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1238...
; Balthazar et al., 2018Balthazar, C. F., Silva, H. L. A., Esmerino, E. A., Rocha, R. S., Moraes, J., Carmo, M. A. V., Azevedo, L., Camps, I., K.D Abud, Y., Sant’Anna, C., Franco, R. M., Freitas, M. Q., Silva, M. C., Raices, R. S. L., Escher, G. B., Granato, D., Senaka Ranadheera, C., Nazarro, F., & Cruz, A. G. (2018). The addition of inulin and Lactobacillus casei 01 in sheep milk ice cream. Food Chemistry, 246, 464-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.002. PMid:29291874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
; Kalicka et al., 2019Kalicka, D., Znamirowska, A., Pawlos, M., Buniowska, M., & Szajnar, K. (2019). Physical and sensory characteristics and probiotic survival in ice cream sweetened with various polyols. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72(3), 456-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12605.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1260...
).

Prebiotics are nutrients that can directly pass to the large intestine without being digested in the small intestine and increase the activity of probiotics, thus, increasing the beneficial effects of probiotics in the bowel system (O’Bryan et al., 2013O’Bryan, C. A., Pak, D., Crandall, P. G., Lee, S. O., & Ricke, S. C. (2013). The Role of prebiotics and probiotics in human health. Journal of Probiotics and Health, 1(2), 1000108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901.1000108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901.1000...
). Products created by the combined use of probiotics and prebiotics are called synbiotics. With synbiotic application, the life span of probiotic bacteria is prolonged and these bacteria can better colonize in the colon. In vitro studies show that synbiotic administration is more advantageous than the sole uses of prebiotics or probiotics (Pandey et al., 2015Pandey, K. R., Naik, S. R., & Vakil, B. V. (2015). Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics – a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(12), 7577-7587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1. PMid:26604335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-192...
; Krumbeck et al., 2016Krumbeck, J. A., Maldonado-Gomez, M. X., Ramer-Tait, A. E., & Hutkins, R. W. (2016). Prebiotics and synbiotics: dietary strategies for improving gut health. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 32(2), 110-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000000249. PMid:26825589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000...
).

Today, interest in probiotics, prebiotics and functional foods is constantly increasing. These subjects have become increasingly more popular in the academic studies and scientific studies on the benefits of probiotics to human health are added to the literature every day (Markowiak & Śliżewska, 2017Markowiak, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021. PMid:28914794.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021...
). Although yogurt and fermented dairy products are the main carriers of probiotic bacteria, products such as milk-based desserts, baby formulas, ice cream, butter, cheese types, capsules and powders dissolving in cold beverages and plant-origin fermented foods have become available in the international market in recent years (Heller, 2001Heller, K. J. (2001). Probiotic bacteria in fermented foods: product characteristics and starter organisms. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2, Suppl.), 374S-379S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.2.374s. PMid:11157344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.2.374s...
; Shiby & Mishra, 2013Shiby, V. K., & Mishra, H. N. (2013). Fermented milks and milks products as functional foods-a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(5), 482-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.547398. PMid:23391015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010....
).

Ice cream, which is used as a probiotic carrier, is a dairy product obtained by processing milk and dairy products, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, color and aroma substances by churning to have air spaces in the mixture (Marshall & Arbuckle, 1996Marshall, R. T., & Arbuckle, W. S. (1996). Ice cream (5th ed.). New York: Chapman and Hall. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0477-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-047...
). There are many studies on synbiotic ice creams and their properties, where probiotics and prebiotics are used separately or in combination. Ice cream could present interesting properties, such as better melting features and desirable texture, if prepared with goat milk. When use of goat’s milk in ice cream production, the color of ice cream becomes whiter. It also becomes rich in terms of total amount of dry matter (Homayouni et al., 2008Homayouni, A., Azizi, A., Ehsani, M. R., Yarmand, M. S., & Razavi, S. H. (2008). Effect of microencapsulation and resistant starch on the probiotic survival and sensory properties of synbiotic ice cream. Food Chemistry, 111(1), 50-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.200...
, 2012Homayouni, A., Azizi, A., Javadi, M., Mahdipour, S., & Ejtahed, H. (2012). Factors influencing probiotic survival in ice cream: a Review. International Journal of Dairy Science, 7(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2012.1.10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2012.1.10...
; Ranadheera et al., 2019Ranadheera, C. S., Evans, C. A., Baines, S. K., Balthazar, C. F., Cruz, A. G., Esmerino, E. A., Freitas, M. Q., Pimentel, T. C., Wittwer, A. E., Naumovski, N., Graça, J. S., Sant’Ana, A. S., Ajlouni, S., & Vasiljevic, T. (2019). Probiotics in goat milk products: delivery capacity and ability to improve sensory attributes. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 18(4), 867-882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12447.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.1244...
). Goat milk is also important for human health since it has high digestibility, low allergen effect properties, and contains functional compounds and proteins. In addition, the ice cream produced using goat milk has been shown to have better quality criteria and sensory properties (Paz et al., 2014Paz, N. F., Oliveira, E. G., Kairuz, M. S. N., & Ramón, A. N. (2014). Characterization of goat milk and potentially synbiotic non-fat yogurt. Food Science and Technology (Campinas), 34(3), 629-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.6409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.6409...
; Zenebe et al., 2014Zenebe, T., Ahmed, N., Kabeta, T., & Kebede, G. (2014). Review on medicinal and nutritional values of goat milk. Academic Journal of Nutrition, 3(3), 30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajn.2014.3.3.93210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajn.2014...
; Lad et al., 2017Lad, S.S., Aparnathi, K.D., Mehta, B., & Velpula, S. (2017). Goat milk in human nutrition and health – a review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6(5), 1781-1792. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.194.
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605...
). The aim of this research was to determine the viability of probiotic cultures, viscosity, hardness properties and sensorial quality of synbiotic goat’s ice cream having improved functional properties.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The raw goat's milk and skimmed milk powder were obtained from local dairy plants located in Bornova-Izmir while powdered sahlep (produced from the wild orchid plant) were provided from a local food market. Tagatose, Litesse® Ultra™ and polydextrose were provided from commercial manufacturers. Frozen raspberry fruit (Superfresh, Turkey), raspberry and blackberry purees (Aromsa, Turkey) were melted at room temperature and made ready for use. Probiotic lactic cultures (Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei Lafti L-26, Bifidobacterium longum + Bifidobacterium bifidum Lafti B-94) were obtained from DSM Food Specialties USA, Inc.

2.2 Methods

Functional ice cream production

Two replicate productions were carried out in the study with two duplicates. Sample codes and ice cream production stages of synbiotic ice cream samples are given in Figure 1. The mixture consisted of skimmilk powder, tagatose (5%), Litesse ultra (0.67%), polydextrose (1%) and sahlep. These ingredients were added to the raw milk and a subsequent pasteurization procedure was carried out at 90-95 °C for 5-10 minutes. Then the mixtures were cooled to 37-40 °C and probiotic starter culture was inoculated in accordance with the commercial company’s recommendations (108-109 Log cfu/g). The inoculated mixtures were left to incubate at 37 °C. The incubation was carried out until the pH values reached 4.8-4.9 and ice cream samples stored at +4 °C for 24 hours for ageing. The mixtures were divided into four groups and three of the groups were fortified with 10% frozen fruit or fruit purees. No fruit puree was added to the control group. Freezing procedure was carried out in a batch type ice cream machine and then the samples were packaged. The samples were analyzed for probiotic viability, viscosity, hardness values and sensory properties on the 1st, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th days of the storage. All of the samples were produced in the pilot dairy plant located in Ege University, Izmir. For the production of raspberry puree, the raspberries were thawed, and then grounded and stirred on the stove.

Figure 1
Flow diagram of synbiotic ice cream with fruit puree.

Probiotic bacteria counts in synbiotic goat’s ice creams

MRS-Vancomycin media for L. paracasei subsp. paracasei; MRS-NNLP (nalidixic acid, neomycin sulfate, lithium chloride, paromomycin sulfate) media for Bifidobacterium spp. was used. Petri plates were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h using Anaerocult® A (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in anaoerobic jars (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). 0.03 g nalidixic acid; 0.2 g neomycin sulfate, 6 g lithium chloride and 0.2 g paromomycin sulfate were added to the 1000 mL MRS Agar media by using 0.22 µm diameter microfilter. 0.05% L-cysteine was added to medium. At the end of the incubation, dark white, high centered colonies with diameter of 1-1.5 mm were evaluated (Dave & Shah 1996Dave, R. I., & Shah, N. P. (1996). Evaluation of media for selective enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacteria. Journal of Dairy Science, 79(9), 1529-1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76513-X. PMid:8899517.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302...
; Tharmaraj & Shah, 2003Tharmaraj, N., & Shah, N. P. (2003). Selective Enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Propionibacteria. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(7), 2288-2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73821-1. PMid:12906045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302...
; Donkor et al., 2006Donkor, O. N., Henriksson, A., Vasiljevic, T., & Shah, N. P. (2006). Effect of acidification on the activity of probiotics in yoghurt during cold storage. International Dairy Journal, 16(10), 1181-1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005...
).

Viscosity and textural analyses in synbiotic goat’s ice creams

Viscosity analysis were performed by using Brookfield viscometer DV-II model at 60 rpm for mixtures, and at 120 rpm for ice cream samples at 8-10 °C using 63=LV3 spindle. The measurements were saved and the results were obtained using Rheocalc® application (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., ABD) software.

Textural properties (hardness) of synbiotic goat’s ice cream samples were determined with Brookfield CT-3 model texture analyzer. Texture readings were conducted between -6 °C to -2 °C and texture application software (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., ABD) was utilized in the calculation of the results. TA 15/1000 conical probe was used for the analysis. Test speed was 2 mm/s, distance was 15 mm, trigger load was 6.8 g, the length was 40 mm and the diameter were 60 mm.

Sensory analysis

Scoring test (Uysal et al., 2004Uysal, H., Kinik, O., & Kavas, G. (2004). Sensory testing techniques applied in milk and milk products (No. 560, 101 p.). Izmir: Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Ege University.) was utilized for the sensory evaluation of plain and fruit puree flavored synbiotic ice cream samples. The evaluation of sensory properties was conducted according to the sensory evaluation principles set forth in TS 4265 and each sample was evaluated accordingly. Sensory analyses of the synbiotic ice cream samples were carried out by trained and semi-trained panelists from Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy Technology. Accordingly, for scoring, evaluation card by Bodyfelt et al. (1988)Bodyfelt, F. W., Tobias, J., & Trout, G. M. (1988). The sensory evaluation of dairy products (598 p.). Westport: AVI Publ. was used with modifications. Ice cream samples were evaluated with the highest 5 points [very good (5), good (4) less defective (3) defective (2)] in terms of color-appearance, structure-consistency, odor and taste criteria. Sensory analyses were conducted on 1st, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days of the storage for each sample.

Statistical analyses

SPSS software package v15.00 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois) was used for the statistical analyses in the study. The significant differences were analyzed according to the Duncan multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). This analysis was made to assess the effects of prebiotics and different types of fruit purees on probiotic viability, rheology and sensorial properties of the samples.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Probiotic viability in synbiotic goat’s ice creams

It is undeniable that the viability of probiotic cultures during the shelf life decreased in the low storage temperature conditions and high acidity increases. Fluctuations in storage temperatures in ice cream technology can cause crystallization and therefore viability may decrease by cell fractionation (Ranadheera et al., 2012Ranadheera, C. S., Evans, C. A., Adams, M. C., & Baines, S. K. (2012). Probiotic viability and physico-chemical and sensory properties of plain and stirred fruit yogurts made from goat’s milk. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1411-1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.025. PMid:22953874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
). In Table 1, 2, provides the viable count of probiotic cultures in symbiotic ice cream samples during the storage. It was found that B sample on day 1 of the storage period had the highest L. paracasei subsp. paracasei count (9.32 log cfu/g) and A sample day 1 of the storage period had the lowest count (7.70 log cfu/g). Furthermore, it was shown that B sample on day 1 of the storage period had the highest Bifidobacterium spp. count (9.15 log cfu/g), and A sample on day 1 of the storage period had the lowest count (7.69 log cfu/g).

Table 1
L. paracasei subsp. paracasei counts of synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk (log cfu/g).
Table 2
Bifidobacterium spp. counts of synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk (log cfu/g).

It was detected that fruit purees and prebiotics had significant effect on L. paracasei subsp. paracasei and Bifidobacterium spp. counts (P < 0.05). While Bifidobacterium spp. count did not change significantly (P > 0.05); it was seen that L. paracasei subsp. paracasei count changed only 1st day of storage significantly. Tokuc et al. (2008)Tokuc, K., Demirci, M., Bilgin, B., & Arici, M. (2008, May 21-23). Baby origin Lactobacillus spp. produce probiotic ice cream using and identify some other properties with probiotic bacteria viability during storage. In Proceedings of the 10th Food Congress. Erzurum, Turkey: Food Technology Association. stated that Lactobacillus spp. remained stable as 7 log during 6 months storage period in probiotic ice cream production. Ranadheera et al. (2012)Ranadheera, C. S., Evans, C. A., Adams, M. C., & Baines, S. K. (2012). Probiotic viability and physico-chemical and sensory properties of plain and stirred fruit yogurts made from goat’s milk. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1411-1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.025. PMid:22953874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
indicated that levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 were protected 56.14% and 66.46%, respectively in probiotic ice cream samples produced with goat milk. In compatible with the researchers’ findings during 120 days of storage period probiotic bacteria count of synbiotic ice cream samples did not fall below 7.0; therefore, it could be said that ice cream samples maintained its probiotic characteristics. Probiotic foods are required to carry a specific live microorganism at a level of at least 106-107 cfu/g during the storage period.

3.2 Viscosity and hardness properties in synbiotic goat’s ice creams

Viscosity and hardness values of synbiotic goat’s ice cream samples are presented in Table 3. As is seen in the results, viscosity values varied between 613.75-979.25 cP. The highest viscosity during storage period was determined in F sample at the 30th day (979.25 cP), and the lowest values was found in C sample at the 1st day (613.75 cP). The most challenging measurements were performed in raspberry puree ice creams. B sample could not be measured at 120 rpm at the 60th day. This may be due to the different viscosity of prebiotic supplement and different fruit purees. Generally speaking, viscosity values increased at the beginning of the storage and showed a decline at the further days. In general, it is normal for control sample to have lower values. Many ingredients adding the food composition can increase the viscosity values of the products. It could be said that addition of fruit purees and prebiotics increased the viscosity. Although fat content and viscosity are directly proportional, this relation was not as proportional in ice cream samples as is in the mixtures. However, this can be associated with the seed particles in the ice cream samples.

Table 3
Viscosity and hardness values of synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk.

In all ice cream samples changes caused by storage and ingredients were significant (P < 0.05) whereas prebiotics and fruit puree use did not cause a significant difference between the samples only at the 30th day of the storage (P > 0.05). Guven & Karaca (2002)Guven, M., & Karaca, O. B. (2002). The effects of the varying sugar content and fruit concentration on the physical properties of vanilla and fruit ice-cream-type frozen yogurts. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 55(1), 27-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0307.2002.00034.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0307.20...
, in their study on fruit ice cream containing sugar and strawberry at different ratios and vanilla yogurt ice creams, reported that viscosity increased parallel to the increase in sugar and fruit content. Muse & Hartel (2004)Muse, M. R., & Hartel, R. W. (2004). Ice cream structural elements that affect melting rate and hardness. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73135-5. PMid:14765804.
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, in their study on ice cream production by using different emulsifiers and sweeteners, found the viscosity values between 621-935 cP. Akin (2005)Akin, M. S. (2005). Effects of inulin and different sugar levels on viability of probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics of probiotic fermented ice cream. Milchwissenschaft. Milk Science International, 60(3), 297-300., reported the viscosity of probiotic yogurt ice cream samples between 842-1312 cP. Kesenkas et al. (2013)Kesenkas, H., Akbulut, N., Yerlikaya, O., Akpinar, A., & Acu, M. (2013). A research on usage possibilities of soy milk for kefir ice-cream production. Ege Journal of Agricultural Research, 50(1), 1-12. found the lowest viscosity during storage in ice cream samples produced from cow's milk while the highest viscosity was found in ice cream samples produced from the mixture prepared with the addition of kefir at 50% to the mixture produced with soy milk. Carbohydrate based ice cream mixtures containing fat substitutes which exhibiting a viscous behavior due to their water absorption capacity increase the viscosity of the system (Cottrell et al., 1979Cottrell, J. I. L., Pass, G., & Phillips, G. O. (1979). Assesment of polysaccharides as ice cream stabilizers. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture, 30(11), 1085-1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740301111.
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; Schmidt et al., 1993Schmidt, K., Lundy, A., Reynolds, J., & Yee, L. N. (1993). Carbonhydrate or protein based fat mimicker effect on ice milk properties. Journal of Food Science, 58(4), 761-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb09353.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.19...
).

In the study, hardness values varied between 521.75-2127.25 g. The highest texture value during storage period was determined in C sample at the 90th day, while the lowest value was found in B sample at the 30th day. In a general evaluation texture values, there were irregular fluctuations. Texture readings were performed with multi parallels and calculations were done based on the closest values.

Changes only in C samples in all ice cream groups were significant (P < 0.05), while the effect of prebiotics and fruit purees were statistically significant only at the 90th day of the storage (P < 0.05). El-Nagar et al. (2002)El-Nagar, G., Clowes, G., Tudorica, C. M., Kuri, V., & Brennan, C. S. (2002). Rheological quality and stability of yog-ice cream with added inulin. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 55(2), 89-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0307.2002.00042.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0307.20...
, in their study on the effect of inulin in yogurt ice creams, reported that inulin addition increased the hardness values of ice cream samples. Some researchers have also reported that low fat ice cream samples decreased the gumminess values during storage. Akalin et al. (2008)Akalin, A. S., Karagozlu, C., & Unal, G. (2008). Rheological properties of reduced-fat and low-fat ice cream containing whey protein isolate and inulin. European Journal of Food Research and Technology, 227(3), 889-895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-0800-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-080...
in their study on fat reduced and low fat ice creams, reported that fat ratio had a significant effect on the hardness values of ice cream samples (P < 0.05). Kesenkas et al. (2013)Kesenkas, H., Akbulut, N., Yerlikaya, O., Akpinar, A., & Acu, M. (2013). A research on usage possibilities of soy milk for kefir ice-cream production. Ege Journal of Agricultural Research, 50(1), 1-12. have reported that the texture values of the ice creams varied between 1237.7 and 4270.5. Lower results obtained in our study can be associated with the soft structure of ice cream samples.

3.3 Sensory properties in synbiotic goat’s ice creams

Compared to classic ice cream products, flavor profiles of probiotic ice cream can substantially vary. Inulin and oligofructose improve the sensory properties including smoother feeling in the mouth, prolonged flavor with lower aftertaste and mild sweetness. These properties were associated with high sensory scores in some studies (Di Criscio et al., 2010Di Criscio, T., Fratianni, A., Mignogna, R., Cinquanta, L., Coppola, R., Sorrentino, E., & Panfili, G. (2010). Production of functional probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic ice creams. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4555-4564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3355. PMid:20854989.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3355...
). Sensory properties of a product are the most important features that determine the appreciation of consumers. In this manner, the sensory evaluation of color and appearance, structure and consistency, smell and taste properties of ice cream samples by the panelists were given in Table 4. Data showed that the addition of berry like fruit purees and probiotics in ice cream had effect on the sensory properties of ice cream. The overall acceptability of samples in storage period were in the range of 3.81-4.87. Texture and taste evaluations yielded good results and no off-flavor was reported. These results were consistent with those reported by Di Criscio et al. (2010)Di Criscio, T., Fratianni, A., Mignogna, R., Cinquanta, L., Coppola, R., Sorrentino, E., & Panfili, G. (2010). Production of functional probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic ice creams. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4555-4564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3355. PMid:20854989.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3355...
who observed a synbiotic effect of prebiotics that helps in the survival of probiotic bacteria. Include the need of performing additional sensory studies as projective methods (Pinto et al., 2018Pinto, L. P. F., Silva, H. L. A., Kuriya, S. P., Maçaira, P. M., Cyrino Oliveira, F. L., Cruz, A. G., Esmerino, E. A., & Freitas, M. Q. (2018). Understanding perceptions and beliefs about different types of fermented milks through the application of projective techniques: a case study using Haire’s shopping list and free word association. Journal of Sensory Studies, 33(3), e12326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joss.12326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joss.12326...
), innovative methods based in consumer perception (Torres et al., 2017Torres, F. R., Esmerino, E. A., Carr, B. T., Ferrão, L. L., Granato, D., Pimentel, T. C., Bolini, H. M. A., Freitas, M. Q., & Cruz, A. G. (2017). Rapid consumer‐based sensory characterization of requeijão cremoso, a spreadable processed cheese: performance of new statistical approaches to evaluate check‐all‐that‐apply data. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), 6100-6110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12516. PMid:28571992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12516...
) and sensory properties (Mituniewicz-Małek et al., 2019Mituniewicz-Małek, A., Zielińska, D., & Ziarno, M. (2019). Probiotic monocultures in fermented goat milk beverages – sensory quality of final product. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72(2), 240-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1257...
)

Table 4
Sensory properties of synbiotic ice creams produced from goat’s milk

4 Conclusions

As a result, it was determined that enrichment with fruit puree had a significant effect on Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei and Bifidobacterium spp. viability and color, appearance, flavor, taste and overall sensory scores of the ice cream samples. It was determined that the samples maintained their probiotic properties during storage and generally received good sensory scores. The effects of reducing the fat ratio and using sweeteners, in addition to natural sugars, on glycemic index can be investigated in the future studies.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to Scientific Research Fund Council of Ege University (2012-ZRF-004) for the financial support.

  • Practical Application: In this study, ice cream production with functional properties has been developed by using goat’s milk. Within the scope of the study, probiotic cultures that were used less in probiotic products were tried and ice creams were enriched with fruit and fruit purees. As a result of the research, probiotic viability remained at the desired level and a dairy product with the possibility of commercialization was produced.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    01 June 2020
  • Date of issue
    Jan-Mar 2021

History

  • Received
    08 Jan 2020
  • Accepted
    27 Jan 2020
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