Evaluation on the physicochemical properties and mineral contents of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves dried extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial capacities

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of dried extract of Averrhoa bilimbi and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Dried extracts leaves powder of A. bilimbi were analysed for its physicochemical properties and mineral compositions. The antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of extracts were determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disc diffusion method respectively. The functional groups from active compounds were identified by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Physicochemical characteristics of A. bilimbi dried extracts, including pH and total acids dissolved in water and ethanol solvents, showed negligible differences. The dried leaves powder of A. bilimbi was rich in carbohydrate, protein, and ash contents. It also exhibited essential minerals in which potassium was the highest content. Compared to water, ethanol extract showed more scavenging property against DPPH (82.82 mg GAE/ g DW) and gave a more inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The FTIR spectra showed phenolic compounds might be associated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this extract. A. Bilimbi leaves are promising a source for the development of functional food to prevent diseases related to stress oxidative and bacterial infections.

Keywords:
Averrhoa bilimbi; antioxidant property; antimicrobial activity; physicochemical characteristics; flavonoids

1 Introduction

The search for newer natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, especially based on plant origin, has become important issue in many pharmaceutical industries and laboratories. Plant extracts and different sources of natural matrices have been reported to have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Indo: “Belimbing Wuluh”), family Oxalidaceae, is used in a traditional medicine to cure some diseases such as cough, sprue, rheumatism, toothache, stomach ache, and diarrhoea (Alhassan & Ahmed, 2016). Several studies on the utilization of A. Bilimbi have been carried out. For example, its leaves have been used to develop antibacterial agents (Pendit et al., 2016) and to treat skin diseases (Saputra & Anggraini, 2016). The leaves of A. bilimbi showed strong anticoagulant effect on diabetic rats (Sales et al., 2018). Additionally, the methanolic extract of A. bilimbi leaves possessed moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (Miraj et al., 2019).

Some phenolic compounds from A. bilimbi such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids have been reported (Ernawati, 2016). The leaves of A. bilimbi have also reported to possess potentially compounds including flavonoids (Kurian et al., 2018). Many studies have been carried out to utilize phenolic and flavonoid compounds as antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Phenolic acids, for example, benzoic, vanillic, sinapic, and p-hydrouxy benzoic acids and flavoboid compounds including quercetin, rutin, kaemferol have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities (Rice-Evans et al, 1997; Andriana et al., 2019a).

Commonly, biological active compounds from plant’s matrix can be separated by extraction technique (Andriana et al., 2019b). One of the most popular extraction methods to separate active compounds from plant matrix is maceration. In this technique, destruction of the cell wall and membrane would happen, causing secondary metabolites to escape from the cytoplasm and dissolved to the solvent (Pendit et al., 2016).

Active component from plant matrix is important factor to develop of a functional food or therapeutically drug. Moreover, in functional food development, another factor for example nutritional properties of plant is necessary to elaborate before conduct food formulation (Jones & Jew, 2007). One of nutritional properties of food source known as trace element is mineral. Minerals are known to be required to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well as electrolytes. To the best of our knowledge, mineral contents of A. bilimbi leaves have not been reported. Moreover, information about antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of A. bilimbi leaves extracts is also still limited. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts, and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The active functional groups responsible to the biological activities tested were also presented.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Plant materials and reagents

The fresh leaves of Averrhoa bilimbi L. were collected on May-August 2019 in Dawuan District, Subang city, Indonesia. The samples were then authenticated in Herbarium Bogoriense Indonesian Institute and the voucher specimen (AB20207215) was deposited at Laboratory of Food and Agro Chemistry, Research Center for Appropriate Technology. Gallic acid, quercetin, aluminium chloride, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol, 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Pte Ltd., Singapore. All reagents used are an analytical grade.

2.2 Preparation plant powder and extracts

The fresh leaves of A. bilimbi were washed by tap water, air dried, and finally dried using a tray dryer at 45°C for 4 hours. The powder (50 g) was then soaked in distilled water or 96% ethanol (500 mL) with ratio 1:10 (w/v) for 24 hours by maceration methods (3 times). After that, the filtrate was concentrated, weighed, and dried at 50 °C by a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-300 Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland). The dry crude extracts were stored in air-tight container and kept in a refrigerator (4°C) for further analysis (Iwansyah et al., 2019).

2.3 Determination of physicochemical properties of A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts

Physicochemical properties viz., pH, yields, total solids, total acid titration, and colour were analyzed following the methods reported previously (Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 1990).

2.4 Determination of mineral contents of A. bilimbi leaves powder

The digestion and minerals analyses of A. bilimbi L. leaves powders were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (GBC 933 AA, Australia) following the method reported previously (López-López et al., 2020).

2.5 Determination of total phenolic contents

The total phenolic contents of A. bilimbi leaf extracts were determined by using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay with minor modification (Waterman & Mole, 1994). The measurement of sample was conducted at λ=760 nm against the blank using a spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1900, Tokyo, Japan).

2.6 Determination of total flavonoid contents

The total flavonoid contents of A. bilimbi leaf extracts were determined by using the aluminium chloride assay as reported previously (Meda et al., 2005). Measurement against the blank was carried out by a spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1900, Tokyo, Japan) at wavelength (λ) = 415 nm.

2.7 Antioxidant assay

The antioxidant activity of A. bilimbi leaf extracts was measured by using the 1, 1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) as reported previously with slight modification (Kumaran & Kuranakaran, 2007). The measurement against the blank was carried out by a spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1900, Tokyo, Japan) at wavelength (λ) = 517 nm.

2.8 Antibacterial assay

Antibacterial activities of A. bilimbi leaf extracts were determined by using the disc diffusion method (Chan et al., 2011). Our research using Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 11775™), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards) Le Minor and Popoff serovar Urbana (ATCC® 9261™) and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 12600™). A volume 1 mL inoculum containing final population of 1.45 × 10⁸ CFU/mL (S. aureus), 1.65 × 10⁸ CFU/mL (E. coli), or 1.24 × 10⁸ CFU/mL (Salmonella sp) was pipetted in a medium Shimerile agar (15 mL) to sterilized petri dish 90-mm. The sample (10 µL, 50 mg/mL) was dropped to sterile paper disc (sized 6-mm) and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Commercial antibiotics, cefadroxill and amoxilin, were used as positive control a dose of 3.8 mg/ml for both antibiotics.

2.9 Identification of Chemical Functional Group by Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR)

Dried powder, ethanol and water extracts of A. bilimbi leaves were used for FTIR analysis. The samples were loaded directly in FTIR spectroscope (Bruker A7.8), with a scan range from 450 to 4000 /cm and each sample was scanned in triplicate.

2.10 Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Minitab® 16.2.3 (copyright© 2012 Minitab Inc., USA). The data were presented in means ± standard deviations (SD) (n =3). The significant difference of data was determined by Independent Sample t-test (α=5%).

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Physicochemical properties and mineral contents of A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts

Physicochemical properties and mineral of A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts are displayed in Tables 1 and 2. In physicochemical analyses, ethanol extract showed negligible effects on the pH and total acid compared to water extract. The pH values of water and ethanol extracts of A. bilimbi leaves were 6.47 and 6.30, respectively. The yields of A.bilimbi leaves of ethanolic extract were higher (50.87%) than water extract (43.28%). Ethanol extract showed a higher total solid (18.40 °Brix) than water extract (0.5 °Brix). In the case of total acid titration, ethanol extract also showed a higher value (0.0086%) than those in water extract (0.0066%), this might be caused by the polar hydroxyl group and the non-polar alkyl group in ethanol. These groups might catch more dissolved solids than water solvent and caused the higher yield than those water extract. This result was in line with Verdiana et al. (2018) that extracted lemon peel with different extracting solvents and the results showed ethanol exhibited the highest yield.

Table 1
Physicochemical and colour characteristics of A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts.

Constituent	Water extract	Ethanolic extract
pH	6.47 ± 0.00a	6.30 ± 0.01b
Yield (%)	43.28 ± 0.25b	50.87 ± 0.43a
Total solid (°Brix)	0.50 ± 0.00b	18.40 ± 0.02a
Total acid titrable (%)	0.0066 ± 0.010b	0.0086 ± 0.015a
Color:
L*	56.897 ± 1.008a	47.872 ± 0.003b
a*	-1.221 ± 0.141b	-3.717 ± 0.012a
b*	16.419 ± 0.606a	10.373 ± 0.010b
hue	0.002 ± 0.001a	0.003 ± 0.002a

• Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD) (n=3). Values in the same row followed by similar letters are not significantly different by Independent sample t-test (α = 5%).

Table 2
Nutrition and minerals composition of A. bilimbi leaves powder.

Constituent	Amount	Unit
Moisture	5.58 ± 0.11	%
Ash	5.71 ± 0.06	%dwt
Protein	13.67 ± 0.19	%dwt
Lipid	4.64± 0.01	%dwt
Carbohydrates	70.40±0.37	%dwt
Minerals:
Iron (Fe)	85.46 ± 9.79	µg/mL
Sodium (Na)	81.09 ± 0.09	µg/mL
Calcium (Ca)	13.56 ± 2.99	mg/mL
Potassium (K)	110.69 ± 7.39	mg/mL
Magnesium (Mg)	448.45 ± 21.44	µg/mL

• Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). dwt: dry weight

Table 1 shows that according to the colour difference analysis, the L* value of A. bilimbi dried extract was 47.872 – 56.897 that represented dark less a* value was -3.717 to -1.221 that means tended to red colour and the b* value (yellowish level) was 10,373 – 16.419 that indicated inclined to yellow colour. Moreover, the hue A. bilimbi leaves dried extracts was 0.002- 0.003, which means it shows red colour.

The chlorophyll content of the leaves can influence the brightness of A. bilimbi leaves. The darker the color of A. bilimbi leaves could be interpreted that the higher the chlorophyll content. This red a* value can indicate the presence of alkaloid and phenol compounds, where both compounds are active compounds that have orange, red, brownish-red and brown pigments (Şevik et al., 2014). The trend of the yellow colour can show the presence of flavonoid compounds, where the flavonoid compound is an active compound that has a yellow pigment, yellow-orange to orange (Triyono et al., 2019). The dried leaves of A. bilimbi tend yellow colour. It represents the presence of flavonoid compounds, where flavonoid compounds are active compounds that have yellow, orange to orange pigments (Wan et al., 2019). Based on the colour analysis that showed the yellow dark of A. bilimbi extract, this study suggested to use A. bilimbi leaves as food dyes and herbal tea.

Five essential minerals for human were quantified from A. bilimbi leaves powder. The results showed that potassium (110.69 mg/mL) was the highest amount of mineral (Table 2). Moreover, it also contained calcium (13.56 mg/mL), iron (85.46 µg/mL), sodium (81.09 µg/mL), and magnesium (448.45 µg/mL). There is no comparative information that could be conveyed from other references regarding to the nutritional component of A. bilimbi leaves powder.

Additionally, from proximate analysis, A. bilimbi leaves powder possessed a higher carbohydrates contents than protein, lipid, moisture, and ash. Compared to nutritional value of A. bilimbi fruit that contained 94.2-94.7 g moisture, 0.61 g protein, 0.6 g fiber, 0.31 g ash, 0.40 g calcium, 3.4 g phosphorus, 11.1 mg iron, 1.01 mg carotene, 148 mg potassium, 0.01 mg riboflavin, and 0.30 mg ascorbic acid in 100 g (Kumar et al., 2013), our results showed significantly different. The leaves and fruits of A. bilimbi have been traditionally used to control hypertension. Its leaves extract show significant antihypertensive effect (Bipat et al., 2008). For the body, potassium is a mineral associated with controlling and reducing blood pressure. Sodium is a mineral that is associated with blood fluid, potassium liquid in white blood cells, and liquid sodium in cells (Susanti, 2017).

3.2 Total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity of A. bilimbi

The total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity of A. bilimbi leaves extracts are presented in Table 3. Ethanol extract exhibited a significantly higher value in total phenols (53.55 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (29.71 mg QE/g), and antioxidant activity (82.82 mg GAE/g) compared to those in water extract.

Table 3
TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of A. bilimbi leaves extracts.

Samples	TPC (mg GAE/g)	TFC (mg QE/g)	Antioxidant Activity (mg GAE/g)
Water extract	35.68 ± 4.87b	8.88 ± 1.14b	42.01 ± 4.53b
Ethanol extract	53.55 ± 5.11a	29.71 ± 4.66a	82.82 ± 1.06a

• Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD) (n=3). TPC= total phenolics content. TFC= Total flavonoids content. GAE= gallic acid equivalent. QE= quercetin equivalent. Values in the same column followed by similar letters are not significantly different by Independent sample t-test (α = 5%).

In the total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, our results are similar with the previous study (Rahman et al., 2014) that reported the ethanol extract of A. bilimbi leaves had a total phenolic contents and a total flavonoid contents were 38.78 mg GAE/g, and 1.67 mg QE/g, respectively. Additionally, according to (Fidrianny et al., 2018) report, the total of phenolic and flavonoid contents of A. bilimbi leaves extracted by using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were 2.95, 11.48, and 11.43 g GAE/100 g DW, respectively, and 1.68, 6.51, and 2.21 g QE/100 g DW, respectively. In line with the total phenols and flavonoid contents, ethanol extract of A. bilimbi leaves gave significantly effects in DPPH scavenging activity (p < 0.05) as compared to water extract. These results might be caused by different polarities of water and ethanol. Ethanol has been reported to have more ability to catch more active compounds, specially phenolic group, than water (Moo-Huchin et al., 2019; Ismail et al., 2019). While, water is the best solvent to catch sugar component that most give no effect on biological activity assay (Van et al., 2018). Ethanol showed more effective to catch phenolic compounds that possessed antioxidant activity than water solvent.

3.3 Antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activity of A. bilimbi L. leaves extract against Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus is shown in Table 4. Generally, compared to water extract, ethanol extract gave more inihibitory effect on the growth of E. coli. At the dose 50 mg/mL, ethanol extract caused the maximum of inhibition zone on S. aureus (27.00 mm). It showed that S. aureus posessess more sensititivity respond on the presence of antibacterial agent compared to Salmonella sp, and Escherichia coli. This may be due to elaboration of enzymes that possibly destroy or in activate some of the bioactive phytoconstituents in A.bilimbi leaves. In addition, the complex nature of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria has been observed to retard or prevent the passage of many antimicrobial agents through the cell wall (Abubakar, 2009). Although ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity, compared to positive controls (cefadroxil and amoxilin), its inhibitory level was still lower.

Table 4
Antibacterial activity of A. bilimbi leaves extracts.

Samples	Concentration (mg/mL)	Inhibition zone (mm)
		Salmonella sp.	E. coli	S. aureus
Water extract	50.00	9.00 ± 1.73a	7.67 ± 0.58b	23.33±5.03a
Ethanol extract	50.00	10.33 ± 1.53a	10.33 ± 1.16a	27.00 ±1.73a
Cefadroxil*	3.80	27.33 ± 4.62	23.33 ± 7.64	21.17 ± 5.06
Amoxilin*	3.80	12.5 ± 2.50	20.00 ± 6.57	16.00±2.00

• Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Values in the same column followed by similar letters are not significantly different by Independent sample t-test (α = 5%).
• ^*
  = positive control for antibacterial assay.

In antibacterial assay, ethanol extract showed more inhibitory effects against the growth of Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. These results are in agreement with the previous study (Kumar et al., 2013) that reported aqueous extract of A. Bilimbi leaves demonstrated inhibitory effect against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermis, B. cereus, C. diphteriae, K. rhizophila, S. typhi, C. fuendii and A. Hydrophila at the dose of 100 mg/mL. Similiarly for ethanol extract, the inhibitory effects on the growth of some phatogenic bacteria such as cereus, B. megaterium, E. coli, P. aeroginosa, A. ochraceous and C. neoformans have been reported (Alhassan & Ahmed, 2016). The antibacterial potential of A. bilimbi leaves extracts might be due to the presence of various phytochemicals such as saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, quinone, and anthocyanins as reported previously (Abraham, 2016; Seebaluck-sandoram et al., 2019). Additionally, polyphenol contents of A. bilimbi leaves could contributed on its antibacterial activity. The inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria by phenolic compounds might be induced iron deprivation or hydrogen bonding with vital proteins such as microbial enzymes (Aziz et al., 2014). The inhibitory zones caused by ethanol extract on S. aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria was higher than those Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella sp.) (p<0.05). The ethanol extract of A. bilimbi leaves showed more inhibitory effects on Gram-negative bacteria.

3.4 Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR)

In this study, the FTIR analyses were conducted to evaluate the active functional group from leaves powder, water extract, and ethanol extract of A. bilimbi. The functional groups of A. bilimbi leaves extract are shown in Table 5.

Table 5
The functional group of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves extracts.

Wavelength number (/cm)	Wavelength References (/cm)	Peak form	Functional group	Type of compounds
3282.29 – 3337.93	3200-3600	Wide	O-H	Phenolic (O-H bond), monomer alcohol
2912.90 – 2920.19	2850-2970	Sharp	C-H	Alkane
1736.77	1690-1760	Sharp	C=O	Aldehyd, ketone, carboxylate acid, ester
1602.82 – 1635.99	1610-1680	Sharp	C=C	Alkena
1028 – 1255.57	1050-1300	Sharp	C-O	Alcohol, ether, carboxylate acid, ester

• Source: Skoog et al. (1998).

Based on the FTIR spectrum, it shows that there is a range of hydroxyl groups (O-H) with high intensity at a wavelength of 3282.29 – 3337.93 /cm (Table 5). Moreover, Table 5 shows that a wavelength number of 2912.90-2920.19 /cm was associated with the existence of the alkane group (C-H). This wavelength number is a stretching vibration of C-H at CH₃ that strengthened by a wave length number 2846.26 - 2851.23 /cm based on reference. The ethanol extract showed an intensity that was not found in those of leaves powder. This extract also showed a peak at wave number 1736.77 /cm where the peak at this wavelength was not found in the leaves powder and water extract. The functional group contained in this wavelength number is C=O. The spectrum results show uptake at wavelength numbers 1602.82 - 1635.99 /cm. The ethanol and water extracts showed relatively a higher intensity than those of leaves powder at this wavenumber. The functional group in the range of wavenumbers is C=O. There is absorption on the spectrum results at wavelength number 1028 - 1255.57 /cm. Peak was formed sharply in the three samples (leaves powder, water extract, or ethanol extract), its means that the three sample possessed functional group of C-O.

In the FTIR analysis, ethanol extract of A. bilimbi leaves showed more intensity in wavelength number 3282.29 – 3337.93 /cm that represented phenolic bound (OH). FTIR spectra have physical characteristics and unique characteristics so that different compounds will have different spectra, and the possibility of two compounds having the same spectra is less likely (Mierzwa-Hersztek et al., 2019). The area of the main functional group ranged 4000-1500 /cm wave number adsorption, while for fingerprint area is at 500-1500 /cm. For adsorption of 1500-500 /cm, it is difficult to identify a detected compound due to each compound gives a different pattern in this area (Dachriyanus, 2004). The spectrum of FTIR analysis can be influenced by the extraction method by maceration and the use of solvents for polar extraction, which can affect the absorption of O-H groups. These results were in agreement with (Putra, 2016) that reported the maceration method of A. bilimbi leaves could separated the highest amount of tannin compounds compared to other methods. Tannins are compounds that have many O-H bonds so that the results of the spectrum show the absorption of O-H groups with reasonably high intensity.

4 Conclusion

Based on above results, we found that the A. bilimbi leaves powder was rich of nutrient contents which carbohydrate was the highest content. Ethanol and water solvents gave negligible effects on the physical characteristics (pH and total acids) of A. bilimbi dried extracts. In mineral content analysis, potassium was detected as the major mineral content of the leaves powder. Compared to water extract, ethanol extract of A. bilimbi leaves demonstrated more inhibitory effects on antioxidant and antibacterial activities and it is proportional with the content of total phenols and flavonoids. Among of the functional group detected, hydroxyl (O-H) that might be belonging to phenolic group, showed more intensity in ethanol extract compared those in water extract. The color analysis demonstrated that the more yellow color in a leaves powder of A. bilimbi associated with the presence of flavonoids, a class of phenolic group. However, to detect the presence of active chemical group in A. bilimbi leaves required further analyses using different tools such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), or liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

• Practical Application: This research is preliminary stage in investigating of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of A. bilimbi. After pass further stages such as in vivo, preclinical, and clinical tests this plant could be used treat diseases related anti-oxidative stress and bacterial infections, and as an ingredient for functional food product development.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Mar 2021
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2021

History

• Received
  10 June 2020
• Accepted
  21 Oct 2020