Diet, activity and reproduction of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Bernard, Enrico

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752002000100016

Abstract

The diet, activity and reproductive patterns of several species of bats were investigated in primary forests of Central Amazon. Between August 1996 and August 1997, using mist nets set both at canopy and understorey levels, 936 bats, belonging to 51 species, 31 genera and 6 families were captured. Fecal samples from 35 species were examined, with four food categories and 25 food items identified. Time of captures indicate a wide variation, but the major part of the species presented a peak of activity around the first hour after sunset. Three reproductive peaks were observed: October-November; January-February; and July-August, but reproductive patterns varied among the families. The structure of the bat fauna in Manaus is similar to other sites in the Amazon and Central America, the main common points being: a) a high diversity of bat species, usually more than 40 species representing 6-8 families; b) 3-4 very common and geographically widespread species; c) most species are represented by a few captures; d) frugivorous species dominate the fauna and insectivorous species are less often captured; and e) most species cluster in 2-3 guilds, dominated by small (< 12 g) species.

Chiroptera; activity patterns; bats; biodiversity; Amazon Forest; Brazil; diet; guilds; primary forests; reproductive patterns

Diet, activity and reproduction of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Enrico Bernard

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. Present address: Department of Biology, York University. 4700 Keele SI., Toronto, Ontario Canada M3J 1 P3. E-mail: ebernard@yorku.ca

ABSTRACT

The diet, activity and reproductive patterns of several species of bats were investigated in primary forests of Central Amazon. Between August 1996 and August 1997, using mist nets set both at canopy and understorey levels, 936 bats, belonging to 51 species, 31 genera and 6 families were captured. Fecal samples from 35 species were examined, with four food categories and 25 food items identified. Time of captures indicate a wide variation, but the major part of the species presented a peak of activity around the first hour after sunset. Three reproductive peaks were observed: October-November; January-February; and July-August, but reproductive patterns varied among the families. The structure of the bat fauna in Manaus is similar to other sites in the Amazon and Central America, the main common points being: a) a high diversity of bat species, usually more than 40 species representing 6-8 families; b) 3-4 very common and geographically widespread species; c) most species are represented by a few captures; d) frugivorous species dominate the fauna and insectivorous species are less often captured; and e) most species cluster in 2-3 guilds, dominated by small (< 12 g) species.

Key words: Chiroptera, activity patterns, bats, biodiversity, Amazon Forest, Brazil, diet, guilds, primary forests, reproductive patterns

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thanks Drs. CO. Handley, E.K.V. Kalko, and E.M. Sampaio for their comments on bat identification and field protocol. Dr. C. Gascon provided logistical support and useful comments. Dr. W.E. Magnusson provided suggestions and comments. J.T. Andes, A.M. dos Reis, and F.M. Bezerra helped in field work. Dr. M.B. Fenton revised this manuscript and provided useful comments. Financial support for the field work come from grants of CNPq (Masters Program), Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP-INPA/SI), and Bat Conservation International. This is publication number 303 of BDFFP's Technical Series.

Recebido em 12.IV.2001; aceito em 18.II.2002.

Alencar, J.C.; R.A. Almeida & N.P. Fernandes. 1979. Fenología de especies florestais em floresta tropical úmida de terra firme da Amazonia Central. Acta Amazónica 9 (1): 163-198.
August, P.V. 1981. Fig consumption and seed dispersal by Artibeus jamaicensis in the llanos of Venezuela. Biotropica 13: 70-76.
Bernard, E. 1997. Folivory in Artibeus concolor (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): a new evidence. Chiroptera Neotrop. 3 (2):77-79.
______. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 17: 115-126.
Bogdanowicz, W.; M.B. Fenton & K. Daleszczyk. 1999. The relations between echolocation calls, morphology and diet in insectivorous bats. Jour. Zool. London 247 (3): 381-393.
Bonaccorso, F.J. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bui. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sc. 24: 359-408.
Bowie-Rauri, C.K.; D.S. Jacobs & P.J. Taylor. 1999. Resource using by two morphologically similar insectivorous bats (Nycteris thebaica and Hipposideros caffer). S. Afr. Jour. Zool. 34 (1): 27-33.
Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique. 1990. The bats of French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509-559.
Brosset, A.; P. Charles-Dominique; A. Cockle; J.F. Cosson & D. Masson. 1996. Bat communities and deforestation in French Guiana. Can. Jour. Zool. 74: 1974-1982.
Charles-Dominique, P. 1986. Inter-relations between frugivorous vertebrates and pioneer plants: Cecropia, birds and bats in French Guyana, p. 119-135. In: A. Estrada & T.H. Fleming (Eds). Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Junk Publ., The Netherlands. 392p.
Cummino, G.S. & R.T.F. Bernard. 1997. Rainfall, food abundance and timing of parturition in African bats. Oecologia 111: 309-317.
Dinerstein, E. 1986. Reproductive ecology of fruit bats and the seasonality of fruit production in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Biotropica 18 (4): 307-318
Emmons, L.H. & F. Feer. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., p. 44-94.
Erkert, H.G. 1982. Ecological aspects of bat activity rhythms, p. 201-242. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.
Fenton, M.B. 1990. Foraging behavior and ecology of animal eating bats. Can. Jour. Zool. 68:411-422.
______. 1995. Constraint and flexibility - bats as predators, bats as prey. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 67: 277-289.
Findley, J.S. 1993. Bats: a community perspective. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 167p.
Fleming, T.H. 1986. The structure of Neotropical bat communities: a preliminary analysis. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 59: 135-150.
______. 1988. The short-tailed fruit bat. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 365p.
Fleming, T.H. & A. Estrada. 1993. Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 392p.
Fleming, T.H.; E.T. Hooper & DE. Wilson. 1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycle, and movement patterns. Ecology 53: 555-569.
Gardner, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. Baker; J.K. Jones & D.C. Carter (Eds). Biology of bats of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part II Spec. Publ. Texas Tech Univ. 13, 364p.
Gorchov, D.L.; F. Cornejo; C. Ascorra & M. Jaramillo. 1993. The role of seed dispersal in the natural revegetation of rain forest after strip-cutting in the Peruvian Amazon, p. 339-349. In: T.H. Fleming & A. Estrada (Eds). Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 392p.
Gribel. R.; P.E. Gibbs & A.L. Queiroz. 1999. Flowering phenology and pollination biology of Ceiba petandra (Bombacaceae) in Central Amazonia. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 15 (3): 247-263.
Gribel, R. & V.A. Taddei. 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonalia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. Jour. Mammal. 70: 871-873.
Handley, CO. 1967. Bats of the canopy of an Amazonian forest. Atas Simp. Biota Amaz. 5: 211-215.
______. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., 20 (5): 1-91.
Handley, CO.; D.E. Wilson & A.L. Gardner. 1991. Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat, A rtibeus jamaicensis, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smith. Contr. Zool. 511: 1 -173p.
Heithaus, E.R. 1982. Coevolution between bats and plants, p. 327-367. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.
Heithaus, E.R.; T.H. Fleming & P. A. Opler. 1975. Patterns of foraging and resource utilization in seven species of bats in a seasonal tropical forest. Ecology 56: 841-854.
Herrera, L.G.; T.H. Fleming & L.S. Steinberg. 1998. Trophic relationships in a neotropical bat community: a preliminary study using carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. Trop. Ecol. 39 (1): 23-29.
Humphrey, P.S.; D. Bridge & T.E. Lovejoy. 1968. A technique for mist-netting in the forest canopy. Bird-Banding 39 (1): 43-50.
Humphrey, S.R. & F.J. Bonaccorso. 1979. Population and community ecology, p. 409-441. In: J.R. Baker; J.K. Jones & D.C. Carter (Eds). Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part III. Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 16, 441p.
Kalko, E.K.V.; CO. Handley & D. Handley. 1996a. Organization, diversity, and long-term dynamics of a neotropical bat community, p. 503-553. In: M.L. Cody & J. A. Smallwood (Eds). Long term studies in vertebrate communities. San Diego, Acad. Press, 597p.
Kalko, E.K.V.; E.A. Herre & CO. Handley. 1996b. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. Jour. Biogeog. 23 (4): 565-576.
Koopman, K.F. 1993. Chiroptera, p. 137-241. In: D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder (Eds). Mammalian species of the World Washington, DC, Smith. Inst. Press, 1206p.
Kunz, T.H. 1982. Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.
Kunz, T.H. & C.A. Diaz. 1995. Folivory in fruit-eating bats, with new evidence from Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae). Biotropica 27: 106-120.
LaVal, R.K. & H.S. Fitch. 1977. Structure, movements and reproduction in three Costa Rican bat communities. Occ. Papers Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 69: 1-28.
Marinho-Filho, J. & I. Sazima. 1998. Brazilian bats and Conservation Biology: a first survey, p. 282-294. In: T.H. Kunz & P.A. Racey (Eds). Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington, DC, Smith. Inst. Press, 365p.
Marinho-Filho, J. & J. Vasconcellos-Neto. 1994. Dispersão de sementes de Vismia cayennensis (Guttiferae) por morcegos na região de Manaus. Acta Bot. Bras. 8: 87-96.
Marques, S.A. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding, and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Par. E. Goeldi (Zool.) 2: 159-180.
McCraken, G.F. & J.W. Bradburry. 1981. Social organization and kinship in the polygynous bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8: 11-34.
Morrison, D.W. 1978. Foraging ecology and energetics of the frugivorous bat Artibeus jamaicensis. Ecology 59: 716-723.
Myers, P. 1977. Patterns of reproduction in four species of vespertilionid bats in Paraguay. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 107: 1-41.
Norbero, U.M. & M.B. Fenton. 1988. Carnivorous bats? Biol. Jour. Linnean Soc. 33: 383-394.
Norberg, U.M.; T.H. Kunz; J.F. Steffensen; Y. Winter & O. von Helversen. 1993. The cost of hovering and forward flight in a nectar-feeding bat, Glossophaga soricina, estimated from aerodynamic theory. Jour. Exp. Biol. 182: 207-227.
Racey, P.A. & AC. Entwistle. 2000. Life-history and reproductive strategies of bats, p. 363-414. In: E.G. Crichton & P.H. Krutzch (Eds). Reproductive biology of bats. San Diego, Acad. Press, 510 p.
Reis, N.R. 1984. Estrutura de comunidades de morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44: 247-254.
Sazima, I. & M. Sazima. 1978. Bat pollination in the passion flower Passiflora mucronata, in southern Brazil. Biotropica 10: 100-109.
Simmons, N.S. & R.S. Voss. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1: Bats. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 237: 1-219.
Tuttle, M.D & M.J. Ryan. 1981. Bat predation and the evolution of frog vocalization in the neotropics. Science 214: 677-678.
Uieda, W. & J. Vasconcellos-Neto. 1985. Dispersão de Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) por morcegos, na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 2: 449-458.
Verhencamp, S.L.; F.G. Stiles & J.W. Bradbury. 1977. Observations on the foraging behavior and avian prey on the neotropical carnivorous bat, Vampyrum spectrum. Jour. Mammal. 58: 469-478.
Wilson, D.E. 1971. Ecology of Myolis nigricans (Mammalia: Chiroptera) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Jour. Zool. London 163: 1-13.
Zortea. M. & S.L. Mendes. 1993. Folivory in the big fruit-eating bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in eastern Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 9: 117-120.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
19 May 2009
Date of issue
Mar 2002

History

Received
12 Apr 2001
Accepted
18 Feb 2002

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Alencar, J.C.; R.A. Almeida & N.P. Fernandes. 1979. Fenología de especies florestais em floresta tropical úmida de terra firme da Amazonia Central. Acta Amazónica 9 (1): 163-198.

[2] August, P.V. 1981. Fig consumption and seed dispersal by Artibeus jamaicensis in the llanos of Venezuela. Biotropica 13: 70-76.

[3] Bernard, E. 1997. Folivory in Artibeus concolor (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): a new evidence. Chiroptera Neotrop. 3 (2):77-79.

[4] ______. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 17: 115-126.

[5] Bogdanowicz, W.; M.B. Fenton & K. Daleszczyk. 1999. The relations between echolocation calls, morphology and diet in insectivorous bats. Jour. Zool. London 247 (3): 381-393.

[6] Bonaccorso, F.J. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bui. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sc. 24: 359-408.

[7] Bowie-Rauri, C.K.; D.S. Jacobs & P.J. Taylor. 1999. Resource using by two morphologically similar insectivorous bats (Nycteris thebaica and Hipposideros caffer). S. Afr. Jour. Zool. 34 (1): 27-33.

[8] Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique. 1990. The bats of French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509-559.

[9] Brosset, A.; P. Charles-Dominique; A. Cockle; J.F. Cosson & D. Masson. 1996. Bat communities and deforestation in French Guiana. Can. Jour. Zool. 74: 1974-1982.

[10] Charles-Dominique, P. 1986. Inter-relations between frugivorous vertebrates and pioneer plants: Cecropia, birds and bats in French Guyana, p. 119-135. In: A. Estrada & T.H. Fleming (Eds). Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Junk Publ., The Netherlands. 392p.

[11] Cummino, G.S. & R.T.F. Bernard. 1997. Rainfall, food abundance and timing of parturition in African bats. Oecologia 111: 309-317.

[12] Dinerstein, E. 1986. Reproductive ecology of fruit bats and the seasonality of fruit production in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Biotropica 18 (4): 307-318

[13] Emmons, L.H. & F. Feer. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., p. 44-94.

[14] Erkert, H.G. 1982. Ecological aspects of bat activity rhythms, p. 201-242. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.

[15] Fenton, M.B. 1990. Foraging behavior and ecology of animal eating bats. Can. Jour. Zool. 68:411-422.

[16] ______. 1995. Constraint and flexibility - bats as predators, bats as prey. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 67: 277-289.

[17] Findley, J.S. 1993. Bats: a community perspective. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 167p.

[18] Fleming, T.H. 1986. The structure of Neotropical bat communities: a preliminary analysis. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 59: 135-150.

[19] ______. 1988. The short-tailed fruit bat. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 365p.

[20] Fleming, T.H. & A. Estrada. 1993. Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 392p.

[21] Fleming, T.H.; E.T. Hooper & DE. Wilson. 1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycle, and movement patterns. Ecology 53: 555-569.

[22] Gardner, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. Baker; J.K. Jones & D.C. Carter (Eds). Biology of bats of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part II Spec. Publ. Texas Tech Univ. 13, 364p.

[23] Gorchov, D.L.; F. Cornejo; C. Ascorra & M. Jaramillo. 1993. The role of seed dispersal in the natural revegetation of rain forest after strip-cutting in the Peruvian Amazon, p. 339-349. In: T.H. Fleming & A. Estrada (Eds). Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 392p.

[24] Gribel. R.; P.E. Gibbs & A.L. Queiroz. 1999. Flowering phenology and pollination biology of Ceiba petandra (Bombacaceae) in Central Amazonia. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 15 (3): 247-263.

[25] Gribel, R. & V.A. Taddei. 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonalia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. Jour. Mammal. 70: 871-873.

[26] Handley, CO. 1967. Bats of the canopy of an Amazonian forest. Atas Simp. Biota Amaz. 5: 211-215.

[27] ______. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., 20 (5): 1-91.

[28] Handley, CO.; D.E. Wilson & A.L. Gardner. 1991. Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat, A rtibeus jamaicensis, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smith. Contr. Zool. 511: 1 -173p.

[29] Heithaus, E.R. 1982. Coevolution between bats and plants, p. 327-367. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.

[30] Heithaus, E.R.; T.H. Fleming & P. A. Opler. 1975. Patterns of foraging and resource utilization in seven species of bats in a seasonal tropical forest. Ecology 56: 841-854.

[31] Herrera, L.G.; T.H. Fleming & L.S. Steinberg. 1998. Trophic relationships in a neotropical bat community: a preliminary study using carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. Trop. Ecol. 39 (1): 23-29.

[32] Humphrey, P.S.; D. Bridge & T.E. Lovejoy. 1968. A technique for mist-netting in the forest canopy. Bird-Banding 39 (1): 43-50.

[33] Humphrey, S.R. & F.J. Bonaccorso. 1979. Population and community ecology, p. 409-441. In: J.R. Baker; J.K. Jones & D.C. Carter (Eds). Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part III. Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 16, 441p.

[34] Kalko, E.K.V.; CO. Handley & D. Handley. 1996a. Organization, diversity, and long-term dynamics of a neotropical bat community, p. 503-553. In: M.L. Cody & J. A. Smallwood (Eds). Long term studies in vertebrate communities. San Diego, Acad. Press, 597p.

[35] Kalko, E.K.V.; E.A. Herre & CO. Handley. 1996b. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. Jour. Biogeog. 23 (4): 565-576.

[36] Koopman, K.F. 1993. Chiroptera, p. 137-241. In: D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder (Eds). Mammalian species of the World Washington, DC, Smith. Inst. Press, 1206p.

[37] Kunz, T.H. 1982. Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, 425p.

[38] Kunz, T.H. & C.A. Diaz. 1995. Folivory in fruit-eating bats, with new evidence from Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae). Biotropica 27: 106-120.

[39] LaVal, R.K. & H.S. Fitch. 1977. Structure, movements and reproduction in three Costa Rican bat communities. Occ. Papers Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 69: 1-28.

[40] Marinho-Filho, J. & I. Sazima. 1998. Brazilian bats and Conservation Biology: a first survey, p. 282-294. In: T.H. Kunz & P.A. Racey (Eds). Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington, DC, Smith. Inst. Press, 365p.

[41] Marinho-Filho, J. & J. Vasconcellos-Neto. 1994. Dispersão de sementes de Vismia cayennensis (Guttiferae) por morcegos na região de Manaus. Acta Bot. Bras. 8: 87-96.

[42] Marques, S.A. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding, and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Par. E. Goeldi (Zool.) 2: 159-180.

[43] McCraken, G.F. & J.W. Bradburry. 1981. Social organization and kinship in the polygynous bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8: 11-34.

[44] Morrison, D.W. 1978. Foraging ecology and energetics of the frugivorous bat Artibeus jamaicensis. Ecology 59: 716-723.

[45] Myers, P. 1977. Patterns of reproduction in four species of vespertilionid bats in Paraguay. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 107: 1-41.

[46] Norbero, U.M. & M.B. Fenton. 1988. Carnivorous bats? Biol. Jour. Linnean Soc. 33: 383-394.

[47] Norberg, U.M.; T.H. Kunz; J.F. Steffensen; Y. Winter & O. von Helversen. 1993. The cost of hovering and forward flight in a nectar-feeding bat, Glossophaga soricina, estimated from aerodynamic theory. Jour. Exp. Biol. 182: 207-227.

[48] Racey, P.A. & AC. Entwistle. 2000. Life-history and reproductive strategies of bats, p. 363-414. In: E.G. Crichton & P.H. Krutzch (Eds). Reproductive biology of bats. San Diego, Acad. Press, 510 p.

[49] Reis, N.R. 1984. Estrutura de comunidades de morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44: 247-254.

[50] Sazima, I. & M. Sazima. 1978. Bat pollination in the passion flower Passiflora mucronata, in southern Brazil. Biotropica 10: 100-109.

[51] Simmons, N.S. & R.S. Voss. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1: Bats. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 237: 1-219.

[52] Tuttle, M.D & M.J. Ryan. 1981. Bat predation and the evolution of frog vocalization in the neotropics. Science 214: 677-678.

[53] Uieda, W. & J. Vasconcellos-Neto. 1985. Dispersão de Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) por morcegos, na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 2: 449-458.

[54] Verhencamp, S.L.; F.G. Stiles & J.W. Bradbury. 1977. Observations on the foraging behavior and avian prey on the neotropical carnivorous bat, Vampyrum spectrum. Jour. Mammal. 58: 469-478.

[55] Wilson, D.E. 1971. Ecology of Myolis nigricans (Mammalia: Chiroptera) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Jour. Zool. London 163: 1-13.

[56] Zortea. M. & S.L. Mendes. 1993. Folivory in the big fruit-eating bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in eastern Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 9: 117-120.

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Diet, activity and reproduction of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Abstract

Publication Dates

History