Defesas químicas de plantas: fitoalexinas

Braga, Márcia Regina; Dietrich, Sônia M.C

doi:10.1590/S0102-33061987000100002

Resumos

A resistência de plantas ao ataque de microorganismos causadores de doenças relaciona-se à presença de barreiras físicas e (juímicas de defesa. Dentre as barreiras químicas destacam-se as fitoalexinas, substâncias fungitoxicas sintetizadas de novo pelas plantas principalmente após a invasão ou o contato de seus tecidos com microorganismos, Essas substâncias englobam vários grupos compostos naturais tais como terpenos, isoflavonóides e poliacetilenos e seu acúmulo pode ser induzido por organismos vivos, seus produtos (elíciadores) ou ainda agentes químicos, como sais de metais pesados, ou físicos (congelamento, luz U.U.). Alguns aspectos abordados nesta revisão são: a ocorrência de fitoalexinas em angiospermas, a relação entre sua natureza química e o grupo taxonômico das plantas que as produzem, a sua ação sobre organismos pró e eucarióticos. São descritas também os fatores que interferem nas respostas das plantas aos agentes indutores e as técnicas usuais para a indução e detecção de fitoalexinas. O papel dos eliciadores na indução da sâitese de fitoalexinas e o mecanismo pelo qual exercem sua função indutora são discutidos. Nesse contexto está incluída a teoria das oligossacarinas, fragmentos de parede celular que parecem controlar não só a resposta de defesa em plantas mas também outros fenômenos fisiológicos em plantas.

fitoalexinas; defesas; eliciadores

Chemical defense of plants: phytoalexins - This review describes the concept of phytoalexins as a chemical defense of plants against microorganisms as well as a response of plants to chemical or physical agents. The current information on phytoalexins is presented, regarding the following aspects: occurrence in angiosperms; relation-snips between chemical composition and taxonomy; toxicity; factors affecting plant response; techniques for induction and detection of phytoalexins; role of elicitors and mechanisms of action. The latter includes the oligosaccharins-fragments of cell wall polysaccharides which seem to control the defense response as well as other physiological fenomena in plants.

Phytoalexin; defense; elicitors

MINI-REVISÃO

Defesas químicas de plantas: fitoalexinas

Chemical defense of plants: phytoalexins

Márcia Regina Braga^I; Sônia M.C Dietrich^II

^IEstagiária da Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, Bolsista da CAPES

^IIPesquisadora Científica VI, Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, Instituto de Botânica. Caixa Postal 4005. CEP 01000 - São Paulo, SP - Brasil

RESUMO

A resistência de plantas ao ataque de microorganismos causadores de doenças relaciona-se à presença de barreiras físicas e (juímicas de defesa. Dentre as barreiras químicas destacam-se as fitoalexinas, substâncias fungitoxicas sintetizadas de novo pelas plantas principalmente após a invasão ou o contato de seus tecidos com microorganismos, Essas substâncias englobam vários grupos compostos naturais tais como terpenos, isoflavonóides e poliacetilenos e seu acúmulo pode ser induzido por organismos vivos, seus produtos (elíciadores) ou ainda agentes químicos, como sais de metais pesados, ou físicos (congelamento, luz U.U.).

Alguns aspectos abordados nesta revisão são: a ocorrência de fitoalexinas em angiospermas, a relação entre sua natureza química e o grupo taxonômico das plantas que as produzem, a sua ação sobre organismos pró e eucarióticos.

São descritas também os fatores que interferem nas respostas das plantas aos agentes indutores e as técnicas usuais para a indução e detecção de fitoalexinas.

O papel dos eliciadores na indução da sâitese de fitoalexinas e o mecanismo pelo qual exercem sua função indutora são discutidos.

Nesse contexto está incluída a teoria das oligossacarinas, fragmentos de parede celular que parecem controlar não só a resposta de defesa em plantas mas também outros fenômenos fisiológicos em plantas.

Palavras-chaves: fitoalexinas, defesas e eliciadores.

ABSTRACT

Chemical defense of plants: phytoalexins - This review describes the concept of phytoalexins as a chemical defense of plants against microorganisms as well as a response of plants to chemical or physical agents.

The current information on phytoalexins is presented, regarding the following aspects: occurrence in angiosperms; relation-snips between chemical composition and taxonomy; toxicity; factors affecting plant response; techniques for induction and detection of phytoalexins; role of elicitors and mechanisms of action. The latter includes the oligosaccharins-fragments of cell wall polysaccharides which seem to control the defense response as well as other physiological fenomena in plants.

Key-words: Phytoalexin, defense, elicitors.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Referencias Bibliograficas

ABAWI, G.S.; VANETTEN, H.D. & MAI, W.F. 1971. Phaseollin production induced by Pratylenchus penetrans in Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Nematol. 3:301.

ALBERSHEIM, P. & ANDERSON-PROUTY, A. 1975. Carbohydrates, proteins, cell surfaces, and the biochemistry of pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26:31-52.

ALBERSHEIM, P. & DARVILL, A.G. 1985. Oligosaccharins. Scientific American 255(3):58-64.

ALBERSHEIM, P.; DARVILL, A.G.; McNEIL, M.; VALENT, B.S.; SHARP, J.K.; NOTHNAGEL, E.E.; DAVIS, K.R.; YAMAZAKI, N.; GOLLIN, D.J.; YORK, W.S.; DUDMAN, W.F.; DARVILL, J.E. & DELL, A. 1983. Oligosaccharins: naturally occurring carbohydrates with biological regulatory functions, p. 293-312. In: Structure and function of plant genomes. O Ciferri and L. Dure III (ed). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.

ALBERSHEIM, P. & VALENT, B.S. 1978. Host-pathogen interactions in plants. Plants Whem exposed to oligosaccharides of fungal origen defend them selves by accumulating antibiotics. J. Cell Biol 75:627-643.

ANDERSON, A.J. 1978. Isolation from three species of Colletotrichum of glucan-containing polysaccharides that elicit browning and phytoalexin production in bean. Phytopathology. 65:189-194.

AYERS, A.R.; EBEL, J.; VALENT, B. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1976. Host-Pathogen Interactions X. Fractionation and Biological activity of an elicitor isolated from the myceleal walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 57:760-765.

BAILEY, J.A. 1982. Mechanisms of phytoalexin accumulation, pp.288-317. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. BAILEY; J.W. MANSFIELD (ed.), Blackie, London.

BAILEY, J. & BURDEN, R.S. 1973. Biochemical changes and phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris following cellular browing caused tabacco necrosis virus. Physiol Plant Pathol. 3: 171-177.

BAILEY, J.A.; CARTER, G.A. & SKIPP, R.A. 1976a. The use and interpretation of bioassays for fungitoxicity of phytoalexins in agar media. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:189-194.

BAILEY, J.A.; VINCENT, G.G. & BURDEN, R.S. 1976b. The antifungical activity of glutinosome and capsidiol e their accumulation in virus-infected tabacco species. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:35-41.

BATEMAN, D.F. & MILLAR, R.L. 1966. Pectec enzymes in tissue degradation. Ann. Rev. Phytopathology. 4:119-146.

BELL, A.A. 1981. Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 32:21-81.

BICKOFF, S.M.; LOPER, G.M.; HANSON, C.H.; GRAHAM, J.H.; WITT, S.C. & SPENGER, R.R. 1967. Effect of common leafspot on coumestans and flavones in alfafa. Crop. Sci 7:259-261.

BOSTECK, R.M.; KÚC, J. & LAINE, R.A. 1981. Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from Phytophthora infestans elicit fungitoxic sesquiterpenes in potato. Science. 212:61-69.

BRAGA, M.R.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; PONTE, J.V.A.; DIETRICH, S.M.C.; EMERENCIANO, V.P. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Phytoalexin Induction in Plants of tropical environment Biochem. Syst. Ecol 14(5):507-514.

BRUCE, R.J. & WEST, C.A. 1982. Elicitation of casbene synthetase activity in caster bean. The role of pectic fragments of the plant cell wall in elicitation by a fungal endopolygalacturonase. Plant Physiol. 69:1181-1188.

BRYAN, LB.; RATHMELL, W.G. & FRIEND, J. 1985. The role of lipid and non-lipid components of Phytophthora infestans in the elicitation of the hypersensitive response in potato tuber tissue Physiol. Plant Pathol 26:331-341.

BULL, C.A. 1981. Studies on the fungitoxicity and relevance to desease resistance of the phytoalexin. Kievitone PhD thesis, University of Hull, U.K.

CAIN, R.O. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1979. Biosynthesis of the phytoalexin wyerove in Vicia faba. Phytochemistry. 18:322-323.

CHEEMA, A.S. & HAARD, N.F. 1978. Induction of restritin and lubimin in potato tuber disc by nonspecific elicitor and the influence of storage conditions. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13:233-240.

CHRISTENSEN, T.G. 1972. A study of the resistance of Gingko biloba L. to fungi: phytoalexin production induced by Batrytis allii Munn. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 32:4340.

COXON, D.T. 1982. Phytoalexins from other families, pp.106-129. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J. W. Mansfield (ed), Blackie, London.

COXON, D.T.; O'NEILL, T.M.; MANSFIELD, J.W. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1980. Identification of three hydronyflavan phytoalexins from daffobil bulbs. Phytochemistry. 19:889-891.

CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1960. Isolation of a phytoalexin from Pisum sativum L. Nature. 187:799-800.

CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1963. Studies on phytoalexins. VI. Pisatin: the effect of some factors on its formation in Pisum sativum L., and the significance of pisatim in desease resistance. Aust. J. Biol. Sci, 16:111-28.

CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1968. The isolation and partial chracterization of monilualin A, a polypeptide with phaseollin - inducing activity from Manilinia fluctícola. Life Sci,. 7: 449-458.

CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1971. Studies on phytoalexins XI. The induction, antimicrobial spectrum and chemical assay of phaseollin. Phytopath z. 70:209-229.

DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Phytoalexins and their elicitors - A defense Against Microbial Infection in Plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:243-275.

DIETRICH, S.M.C.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; NACCACHE, V.M.; BRAGA, M.R. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Fitoalexinas. Ciência e Cultura (no prelo).

DIXON, R.A. & LAMB, C.J. 1979. Stimulation of de novo synthesis of L-phenylalanine ammonialyase in relation to phytoalexin accumulation in Calletotrichum lindemuthuanuns elicitortreated cell suspension cultures of french bean. Bioch. Biqphys. Acta. 586: 453-463.

FRAILE, A.; GARCIA-ARENAL, F. & SAGASTA, E.M. 1980. Phytoalexin accumulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) after infection with Botrytis cinérea and treatment with mercurec chlaride. Physiol Plant Pathol 16:9-18.

GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & PATIL, S.S. 1977. Accumulation of antibacterial isoflavonoids in hyper-sensitively responding bean leaf tissues inoculated with Pseudomonas phaseolicala. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:159-168.

GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & SMITH, D.A. 1980. Selective toxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytopathology. 894-896.

GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1981. Selective toxicity of wyerane and other phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytochemistry. 20:997-1000.

GOLLIN, D.J.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Plant cell fragments inhibit flowering and promote vegetative growth in Lemna gibba G₃. Biol. Cell. 51:275-280.

GOODMAN, R.N.; HUANG, Pi-Yu; HUANG, J.S. & THAIPANICH, V. 1976. Induced resistance to bacterial infection. In: Biochemistry andf cytology of plant parasite interaction, pp.35-42. J.M. Tamijama & I. Daly eds. Kodansha Ltd. Tóquio.

HADWIGER, L.A.; JAFRI, A.; Von BROEMBSENS & EDDY, R. Jr. 1974. Mode of pisatin induction. Plant Physiol. 53:52-63.

HAHLBROCK, K.; LAMB, C.J.; PURWIN, C; EBEL, J.; FAUTZ E. & SCHAFER, E. 1981. Rapid response of suspension cultured parsley cells to the elicitor from phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 6 7:768-773.

HAHN, M.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1978. Host-cathogen interations XIV, Isolation and partial characterization of on elicitor from yeast extract. Plant Physiol. 62:107-111.

HAHN, M.G.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1981. Host-pathogen Interactions. XIX. The endogenous elicitor, a fragment of a plant cell wall polysaccharide that elicits phytoalexin accumulation in soybeans. Plant Physiol. 68:1161-1169.

HALVERSON, L.J. & STACEY, G. 1986. Signal exchange in plant-microbe interactions. Microbiological Review. 50(2): 193-225.

HANKIN, L. & ANAGNOTTAKIS, S.L. 1975. The use of solid media for detection of enzyme production by fungi. Mycologia. 67(3):597-607.

HARBORNE, J.B. 1982. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. 2^th edition. Academic Press, London pp. 227-264.

HARDING, V.K. & HEALE, J.B. 1980. Isolation and identification of the antifungical compounds accumulating in the induced resistance response of carrot root slices to Botrytis cinérea. Physiol Plant Pathol. 277-289.

HARGREAVES, J.A. 1979. Investigations into the mechanism of mercuric chlaride stimulated phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 15:279-287.

HARGREAVES, J.A. 1980. A possible mechanism for the phytotoxicity of the phytoalexin phaseollin. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:351-357.

HARGREAVES, J.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1978. Phytoalexin production by hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris in response to constituve metabolites released damaged bean cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol 13:89-100.

HARRIS, J.E. & DENNIS, C. 1977. The effect of post-infectional potato tuber metabolites and surfactants on zoospores of Oomycetes. Physiol Plant Pathol. 11:163-169.

HARTMANN, G. & NIENHAUS, F. 1974. The isolation of xanthoxylin from the bark of Phytophthora - and Hendersonula infected Citrus limar and its fungitoxic effect Phytopathol Z. 81:97-113.

HIGGINS, V.J. & MILLAR, R.L. 1968. Phytoalexin production by alfafa in response to infection by Colletotrichum phomoides, Helmenthosporum turcicum. Phytopathology. 58:1377-1383.

HODGKIN, T. & LYON, G.D. 1979. Inhibition of Solanum pollen germination in vitro by phytoalexin reslutin. Ann. Bot. 44:253-255.

HOMANS, A.L. & FUCHS, A. 1970. Direct bioautography onthin-layer chromatograms as a methods for detecting fungitoxic substances. J. Chromatog. 51:327-329.

INGHAM, J.L. 1973. Disease resistance in higher plants. The concept of pre-infectional and post-infectional resistance. Phytopathol. Z. 78:314-335.

INGHAM, J.L. 1976a. Fungal modification of pterocarpan phytoalexins from Melilotus alba and Trifolium pratense. Phytochemistry. 15:1489-1495.

INGHAM. J.L. 1976b. Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected stems of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Z. Naturfarsch. 31C:504-508.

INGHAM, J.L. 1976c. Induced and constitutive isoflavonoids from stems of chechpeas (Cicer arictinum L.) inoculated with spores of Helminthosporium carbonum Ullstrup. Phytopath. Z. 87:353-367.

INGHAM, J.L. 1979. Phytoalexin production by flowers of garden pea (Pisum sativum). Z. Naturforsch. 34c: 296-298.

INGHAM, J.L. 1981. Phytoalexin induction and its taxonomic significance in the Leguminosae (subfamily Papilionoideae). Proc. Internal Legume Conf. Kew. 1978. (Adv. Legume Systematics). 599-626.

INGHAM, J.L. 1982. Phytaolexin Production by Ononis species. Bioch. Syst Ecol. 10(3):233-237.

INGHAM, J.L. & DEWICK, P.M. 1980. Sparticarpen: a pterocarpan phytoalexin from Spartium juncum. Z. Naturforsch. 35c: 197-200.

INGHAM, J.L. & HARBORNE, J.B. 1976. Phytoalexin induction as a new dynamic approach to the study of systematic relationships among higher plants. Nature, 260:241-243.

INGHAM, J.L.; KEEN, N.T.; MARKHAM, K.R. & MULHEIRN, L.J. 1981. Dolichins A and B, two new pterocarpans from bacteria-treated leaves of Dolichas biflorus. Phytochemistry. 20:807-809.

ISHIGURI, J.; TOMIYAMA, K.; MURAI, A.; KATSUI, N. & MASAMUNE, T. 1978. Toxicity of rishitin, rishitin-M-1, and rishitin-M-2 to Phytophthora infestans and potato tissue. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 44:52-56.

KAPLAN, D.T.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1980. Studies on the mode of action of glyceollin en soybean. Imcompatibility to the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:319-325,

KATO, T.; YAMAGUCHI, Y.; UYEHARA, T.; YOKOYAMA, T.; NAMAI, T. & YAMANAKA, S. 1983. Defense mechanism of the rice plant against rice beast desease. Naturwissensch 70:200-201.

KEEN, N.T. 1971. Hydroxyphaseolin production by soybeans resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1:265-275.

KEEN, N.T. 1975. Specific elicitors of plant phytoalexin production determinants of race specificity in pathogens. Science. 187:74-75.

KEEN, N.T. 1978. Phytoalexins: efficient extraction from leaves by a facilited diffusion technique. Phytopathology. 68:1237-1239.

KEEN, N.T. & LEGRAND, M, 1980. Surface glycoproteins: evidence that they may function as the race specific phytoalexin elicitors of P. megasperma sp. glycenea. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 17:175-192.

KEEN, N.T. & LITTLEFIELD, L.J. 1979. The possible association of phytoalexins with resistance gene expression in flax to Melampsora lini. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 14:265-280.

KÚC, J. 1982. Phytoalexins from the solananceae pp.81-100. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed.). Blackie, London.

KUMAR, S.; SHUKLA, R.S.; SINGH, K.P.; PAXTON, J.D. & HUSAIN, A. 1984. Glycoellin: a phytoalexin in leaf blight of Costus speciosus. Phytopathology. 74:1349-1352.

LANGCAKE, P. 1981. Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of the stress metabolites res veratrol, E-veniferin, α-veniferin and pterostilbene. Physiol Plant Pathol. 18:213-226.

LANGCAKE, P. & PRYCE, R.J. 1976. The production of resveratrol by Vitis venifera and other members of the Vitaceae as a response to infection or injury. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 9:77-86.

LEE, S.C. & WEST, CA. 1981. Polygalacturonase from Rhizopus stolonifer is an elicitor of casbene synthase activity in Castor bean seedlings. Plant Physiol. 67:633-639.

LETCHER, R.M.; WIDDOWSON, D.A.; DEVERALL, B.J. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1970. Identification and activity of wyerone acid as a phytoalexin in broad bean (Vicia faba) after infection by Botrytis. Phytochemistry 9:249-252.

LEWIS, D.H. 1980. Are there inter-relations between the metabolic role of baron, synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins and the germination of pollen. New Phytol. 84:261-270.

LYON, G.D. & MAYO, M.A. 1978. The phytoalexin rishitin affects the viability to isolated plant protoplasts. Phytopath. Z. 92:294-304.

MOESTA, P. & GRISEBACH, H. 1980. Effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on phytoalexin metabolism in soybean. Nature. 256:710-711.

MÜLLER, K.O. & BÖRGER, H. 1940. Experim en telle untersuchungen über die Phytophthora - Resistenz der Kartoffel. Arb Biol. Anst. Reichsanst (Berl.) 23:289-231.

OBA, K.; NAKAMURA, A. & IWAIKAWA, J. 1984. Isolation of furanoterpene - containing partules from Ceratocystis flm brata - infected sweet potato tissue. J. Biochem. 96:1951-1954.

OKU, H.; SHIRAISHI, T. & OUCHI, S. 1973. Phytoalexin induction by some agricultural fungicides and phytotoxic metabolites of pathogenic fungi. Sci Rep. Fac. Agr. Okayama Univ. 42:17-20.

PERRIN, D.R. & CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. 1965. Studies on phytoalexins VII Chemical stimulation of pisatin formation in Pisum sativum L. Aust. J. Biol Sci. 18:803-816.

PONCHET, M.; MARTIN-TANGUY, J.; MARAIS, A. & POUPET, A. 1984. Dianthramides A and B, two N. benzoylanthranilic acid derivatives from elicited tissues of Dianthus caryophyllus. Phytochemistry. 23:1901-1903.

RAHE, J.E. & ARNOLD, R.M. 1975. Injury-related phaseollin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and its implications with regard to specificity of host parasite interaction. Can. J. Bot. 53:921-928.

RICH, J.R.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1977. Association of coumestans with hypersensiturty of lima roots of Pratylenchus scribneri. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 12:329-338.

ROBESON, D.J. 1978. Furanoacetylene and isoflavonoid phytoalexins in Lens culinaris. Phytochemistry. 17:807-808.

RODRIGUES, Jr., C.J. 1980. Resistência das Plantas aos Agentes Patogênicos. Junta de Investigações científicas do Ultramar-Lisboa, 67p.

ROYLE, D.J. 1976. Structural Features of Resistance to Plant Diseases, pp.161-190. In: Biochemical Aspects of Plant-Parasite Relationships. J. Fiend & D.R. Trelfall eds. pp. 161-190.

SANDER, C.B. HADWIGER, L.A. 1979. L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pisatim induction by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in Pisum sativum. Biochem. Biophys Acta. 563:278-292.

SAKAI, S.; TOMIYAMA, K. & DOKEN, 1979. Synthesis of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin in non-infected tissue from various parts of potato plants immediately after slicing. Ann Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 45:705-711.

SCHEEL, L.D.; PERONE, V.B.; LARKIN, R.L.;& KUPEL, R.E. 1963. The isolation and characterization of two phytotoxic furanocoumarins (psoralens) from diseased celery. Biochemistry. 2:1127-1131.

SCHONBECK, F. & SCHLOSSER, E. 1976. Preformed substancs as potential protectants, pp.653-673. In: Physiological plant pathology, ed. R. Heitefuss, P.H. Williams, Springer-Verlag, Berlim.

SCHWOCHALL, M.E. & HADWIGER, L.A. 1968. Stimulation of pisatin production in Pisum sativum by actimomycin D and other compounds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126:731-733.

SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1976. The effect of phaseollin on the growth of Colletotriehum lindemuthianum in bioassays designed to measure fungitoxicity. Physiol Plant Pathol. 9:253-263.

SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. The fungitoxicitv of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10. 101-112.

SKIPP, R.A.; SELBY, C. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. Toxic effects of phaseollin on plant cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:221-227.

SMITH, D.A. 1982. Toxicity of phytoalexins pp.218-247. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed). Blackie, London.

SITTON, D. & WEST, C.A. 1975. Casbene: an antifungical diterpene produced in cell-free extracts of Ricimus communis seedlings. Phytochemistry. 14:1921-1925.

STOESSL, A. 1976. Secondary Plant metabolities in plant disease resistance part II. Phytoalexins. Fitopatol. bras. 11:25-53.

SUTHERLAND, O.R.W.; RUSSELL, G.B.; BIGGS. D.R. & LANE, G.A. 1980. insect feeding determent activity of phytoalexin isoflavonoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8:73-75.

TAKASUGE, M.; ANETAI, M.; MASAMUNET, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1980. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moracede 2. Broussonins A and B, new phytoalexins from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett. 339-340.

TAKASUGE, M.; NIINO, N.; MASAKI, A.; MASAMUNE, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1984. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moraceae. 14. Strucutre of stress metabolites, spiro broussanins A and B, from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett, 693-694.

TIETJEN, K.G. & MATERN, U. 1984. Induction and suppresion of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured cells of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., by metabolites of Alternaria carthami Chowddhury. Arch. Biochem. Biophs. 229:136-144.

TRAN, T. van; TOABART, K.P.; COUSSON, A.; DARVILL, A.G.; GOLLIN. D.J.; CHELF, P. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1985. Manipulation of the morphogenetic pathways of tobacco explants by oligosaccharins. Nature (London). 314:615-617.

TURNER, E.M.C. 1961. An enzymic basis for pahtogenic specificity in Ophiobolus graminix. J. Exp. Botany, 12:169-175.

UEGAKI, R.; FUJIMORI, T.; KANEKO, H.; KUBO, S. & KATO, K. 1980. Phytuberin and phytuberol, sesquiterpenes from Nicotiana tabacum treated with etrel. Phytochemistry 19:1543-1544.

URITANI, I.; OBA, K.; KOJIMA, M.; KIM, W.K.; OGUNI, I. & SUZUKI, H. 1976. Primary and secondary defense actions of sweet potato in response to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata strains. In: Biochemistry and Cytology of Plant-carasite interaction, pp.239-242. Kodansha Ltd., Tóquio.

VANETTEN, H.D. 1973. Differential sensitivity of fungi to pisatin and to phaseollin. Phytopathology 63:1477-1482.

VANETTEN, H.D.; PUEPPKE, S.G. & KELSEY, T.C. 1975. 3,6a-dihydroxy-8,9-methylenedroxypterocarpan as a metabolite of pisatin produced by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Phytochemistry 14: 1103-1105.

VARNS, J.L.; KÚC, J. & WILLIAMS, E.B. 1971. Terpenoid accumulation as a biochemical response of the potato tuber to Phytophthora infestans. Phytopathology, 61:174-177.

VEECH, J.A. 1978. An apparent relationship between methoxy substituted terpenoid aldelydes with the resistance of cotton to Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica 24:81-87.

WADE, M. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1979. Race specific molecules that protect soybeans from Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. 76:4433-4437.

WALKER, J.C. & STAHAMANN, M.A. 1955. Chemical nature of disease resistance in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 6:351-366.

WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H.; ROCK, G.L. & STOESSL, A. 1976. Post-infectional inhibitos from plants XXIII. Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins from friut capsules of Datura stramonium Can. J. Bot. 54:25-29.

WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H. & STOESSL, A. 1975. Loroglassol: an archid phytoalexin. Phytopathology 65:632-633.

WIJNSMA, R.; GO, J.T.K.A.; VAN WEERDEN, I.N.; HARKES, P.A.A.; VERPOORTE, R.; BAIRHEM SUENDSEN, A. 1985. Anthraquinones as phytoalexins in cell and tissue cultures of Chinchona species. Plant Cell Rep. 4(5):241-244.

YORK, W.S.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Inhibition of 2,4-D-stimulated elongation of pea and sten segments by a xyloglucan oligosaccharide. Plant Physiol. 75:295-297.

YOSHIKAWA, M. 1978. Diverse modes of action of biotic and abiotic phytoalexin elicitors. Nature, 275:546-547.

ZERINGUE, H.J. 1984. The accumulation of five fluorescent compounds in the cotton leaf induced by cell-free extracts of Aspergillus flavus. Phytochemistry, 23:2501-2503.

Recebido em 26.12.86.

Aceito em 30.12.86.

ABAWI, G.S.; VANETTEN, H.D. & MAI, W.F. 1971. Phaseollin production induced by Pratylenchus penetrans in Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Nematol 3:301.
ALBERSHEIM, P. & ANDERSON-PROUTY, A. 1975. Carbohydrates, proteins, cell surfaces, and the biochemistry of pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26:31-52.
ALBERSHEIM, P. & DARVILL, A.G. 1985. Oligosaccharins. Scientific American 255(3):58-64.
ALBERSHEIM, P.; DARVILL, A.G.; McNEIL, M.; VALENT, B.S.; SHARP, J.K.; NOTHNAGEL, E.E.; DAVIS, K.R.; YAMAZAKI, N.; GOLLIN, D.J.; YORK, W.S.; DUDMAN, W.F.; DARVILL, J.E. & DELL, A. 1983. Oligosaccharins: naturally occurring carbohydrates with biological regulatory functions, p. 293-312. In: Structure and function of plant genomes. O Ciferri and L. Dure III (ed). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
ALBERSHEIM, P. & VALENT, B.S. 1978. Host-pathogen interactions in plants. Plants Whem exposed to oligosaccharides of fungal origen defend them selves by accumulating antibiotics. J. Cell Biol 75:627-643.
ANDERSON, A.J. 1978. Isolation from three species of Colletotrichum of glucan-containing polysaccharides that elicit browning and phytoalexin production in bean. Phytopathology. 65:189-194.
AYERS, A.R.; EBEL, J.; VALENT, B. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1976. Host-Pathogen Interactions X. Fractionation and Biological activity of an elicitor isolated from the myceleal walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 57:760-765.
BAILEY, J.A. 1982. Mechanisms of phytoalexin accumulation, pp.288-317. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. BAILEY; J.W. MANSFIELD (ed.), Blackie, London.
BAILEY, J. & BURDEN, R.S. 1973. Biochemical changes and phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris following cellular browing caused tabacco necrosis virus. Physiol Plant Pathol. 3: 171-177.
BAILEY, J.A.; CARTER, G.A. & SKIPP, R.A. 1976a. The use and interpretation of bioassays for fungitoxicity of phytoalexins in agar media. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:189-194.
BAILEY, J.A.; VINCENT, G.G. & BURDEN, R.S. 1976b. The antifungical activity of glutinosome and capsidiol e their accumulation in virus-infected tabacco species. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:35-41.
BATEMAN, D.F. & MILLAR, R.L. 1966. Pectec enzymes in tissue degradation. Ann. Rev. Phytopathology. 4:119-146.
BELL, A.A. 1981. Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 32:21-81.
BICKOFF, S.M.; LOPER, G.M.; HANSON, C.H.; GRAHAM, J.H.; WITT, S.C. & SPENGER, R.R. 1967. Effect of common leafspot on coumestans and flavones in alfafa. Crop. Sci 7:259-261.
BOSTECK, R.M.; KÚC, J. & LAINE, R.A. 1981. Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from Phytophthora infestans elicit fungitoxic sesquiterpenes in potato. Science. 212:61-69.
BRAGA, M.R.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; PONTE, J.V.A.; DIETRICH, S.M.C.; EMERENCIANO, V.P. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Phytoalexin Induction in Plants of tropical environment Biochem. Syst. Ecol 14(5):507-514.
BRUCE, R.J. & WEST, C.A. 1982. Elicitation of casbene synthetase activity in caster bean. The role of pectic fragments of the plant cell wall in elicitation by a fungal endopolygalacturonase. Plant Physiol. 69:1181-1188.
BRYAN, LB.; RATHMELL, W.G. & FRIEND, J. 1985. The role of lipid and non-lipid components of Phytophthora infestans in the elicitation of the hypersensitive response in potato tuber tissue Physiol. Plant Pathol 26:331-341.
BULL, C.A. 1981. Studies on the fungitoxicity and relevance to desease resistance of the phytoalexin. Kievitone PhD thesis, University of Hull, U.K.
CAIN, R.O. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1979. Biosynthesis of the phytoalexin wyerove in Vicia faba. Phytochemistry. 18:322-323.
CHEEMA, A.S. & HAARD, N.F. 1978. Induction of restritin and lubimin in potato tuber disc by nonspecific elicitor and the influence of storage conditions. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13:233-240.
CHRISTENSEN, T.G. 1972. A study of the resistance of Gingko biloba L. to fungi: phytoalexin production induced by Batrytis allii Munn. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 32:4340.
COXON, D.T. 1982. Phytoalexins from other families, pp.106-129. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J. W. Mansfield (ed), Blackie, London.
COXON, D.T.; O'NEILL, T.M.; MANSFIELD, J.W. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1980. Identification of three hydronyflavan phytoalexins from daffobil bulbs. Phytochemistry. 19:889-891.
CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1960. Isolation of a phytoalexin from Pisum sativum L. Nature. 187:799-800.
CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1963. Studies on phytoalexins. VI. Pisatin: the effect of some factors on its formation in Pisum sativum L., and the significance of pisatim in desease resistance. Aust. J. Biol. Sci, 16:111-28.
CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1968. The isolation and partial chracterization of monilualin A, a polypeptide with phaseollin - inducing activity from Manilinia fluctícola. Life Sci,. 7: 449-458.
CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1971. Studies on phytoalexins XI. The induction, antimicrobial spectrum and chemical assay of phaseollin. Phytopath z. 70:209-229.
DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Phytoalexins and their elicitors - A defense Against Microbial Infection in Plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:243-275.
DIETRICH, S.M.C.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; NACCACHE, V.M.; BRAGA, M.R. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Fitoalexinas. Ciência e Cultura (no prelo).
DIXON, R.A. & LAMB, C.J. 1979. Stimulation of de novo synthesis of L-phenylalanine ammonialyase in relation to phytoalexin accumulation in Calletotrichum lindemuthuanuns elicitortreated cell suspension cultures of french bean. Bioch. Biqphys. Acta. 586: 453-463.
FRAILE, A.; GARCIA-ARENAL, F. & SAGASTA, E.M. 1980. Phytoalexin accumulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) after infection with Botrytis cinérea and treatment with mercurec chlaride. Physiol Plant Pathol 16:9-18.
GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & PATIL, S.S. 1977. Accumulation of antibacterial isoflavonoids in hyper-sensitively responding bean leaf tissues inoculated with Pseudomonas phaseolicala. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:159-168.
GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & SMITH, D.A. 1980. Selective toxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytopathology. 894-896.
GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1981. Selective toxicity of wyerane and other phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytochemistry. 20:997-1000.
GOLLIN, D.J.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Plant cell fragments inhibit flowering and promote vegetative growth in Lemna gibba G₃ Biol. Cell. 51:275-280.
GOODMAN, R.N.; HUANG, Pi-Yu; HUANG, J.S. & THAIPANICH, V. 1976. Induced resistance to bacterial infection. In: Biochemistry andf cytology of plant parasite interaction, pp.35-42. J.M. Tamijama & I. Daly eds. Kodansha Ltd. Tóquio.
HADWIGER, L.A.; JAFRI, A.; Von BROEMBSENS & EDDY, R. Jr. 1974. Mode of pisatin induction. Plant Physiol. 53:52-63.
HAHLBROCK, K.; LAMB, C.J.; PURWIN, C; EBEL, J.; FAUTZ E. & SCHAFER, E. 1981. Rapid response of suspension cultured parsley cells to the elicitor from phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 6 7:768-773.
HAHN, M.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1978. Host-cathogen interations XIV, Isolation and partial characterization of on elicitor from yeast extract. Plant Physiol. 62:107-111.
HAHN, M.G.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1981. Host-pathogen Interactions. XIX. The endogenous elicitor, a fragment of a plant cell wall polysaccharide that elicits phytoalexin accumulation in soybeans. Plant Physiol. 68:1161-1169.
HALVERSON, L.J. & STACEY, G. 1986. Signal exchange in plant-microbe interactions. Microbiological Review. 50(2): 193-225.
HANKIN, L. & ANAGNOTTAKIS, S.L. 1975. The use of solid media for detection of enzyme production by fungi. Mycologia. 67(3):597-607.
HARBORNE, J.B. 1982. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. 2^th edition. Academic Press, London pp. 227-264.
HARDING, V.K. & HEALE, J.B. 1980. Isolation and identification of the antifungical compounds accumulating in the induced resistance response of carrot root slices to Botrytis cinérea. Physiol Plant Pathol. 277-289.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 1979. Investigations into the mechanism of mercuric chlaride stimulated phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 15:279-287.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 1980. A possible mechanism for the phytotoxicity of the phytoalexin phaseollin. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:351-357.
HARGREAVES, J.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1978. Phytoalexin production by hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris in response to constituve metabolites released damaged bean cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol 13:89-100.
HARRIS, J.E. & DENNIS, C. 1977. The effect of post-infectional potato tuber metabolites and surfactants on zoospores of Oomycetes. Physiol Plant Pathol. 11:163-169.
HARTMANN, G. & NIENHAUS, F. 1974. The isolation of xanthoxylin from the bark of Phytophthora - and Hendersonula infected Citrus limar and its fungitoxic effect Phytopathol Z. 81:97-113.
HIGGINS, V.J. & MILLAR, R.L. 1968. Phytoalexin production by alfafa in response to infection by Colletotrichum phomoides, Helmenthosporum turcicum. Phytopathology. 58:1377-1383.
HODGKIN, T. & LYON, G.D. 1979. Inhibition of Solanum pollen germination in vitro by phytoalexin reslutin. Ann. Bot. 44:253-255.
HOMANS, A.L. & FUCHS, A. 1970. Direct bioautography onthin-layer chromatograms as a methods for detecting fungitoxic substances. J. Chromatog. 51:327-329.
INGHAM, J.L. 1973. Disease resistance in higher plants. The concept of pre-infectional and post-infectional resistance. Phytopathol. Z. 78:314-335.
INGHAM, J.L. 1976a. Fungal modification of pterocarpan phytoalexins from Melilotus alba and Trifolium pratense. Phytochemistry. 15:1489-1495.
INGHAM. J.L. 1976b. Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected stems of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Z. Naturfarsch. 31C:504-508.
INGHAM, J.L. 1976c. Induced and constitutive isoflavonoids from stems of chechpeas (Cicer arictinum L.) inoculated with spores of Helminthosporium carbonum Ullstrup. Phytopath. Z. 87:353-367.
INGHAM, J.L. 1979. Phytoalexin production by flowers of garden pea (Pisum sativum). Z. Naturforsch. 34c: 296-298.
INGHAM, J.L. 1981. Phytoalexin induction and its taxonomic significance in the Leguminosae (subfamily Papilionoideae). Proc. Internal Legume Conf. Kew. 1978. (Adv. Legume Systematics). 599-626.
INGHAM, J.L. 1982. Phytaolexin Production by Ononis species. Bioch. Syst Ecol. 10(3):233-237.
INGHAM, J.L. & DEWICK, P.M. 1980. Sparticarpen: a pterocarpan phytoalexin from Spartium juncum. Z. Naturforsch. 35c: 197-200.
INGHAM, J.L. & HARBORNE, J.B. 1976. Phytoalexin induction as a new dynamic approach to the study of systematic relationships among higher plants. Nature, 260:241-243.
INGHAM, J.L.; KEEN, N.T.; MARKHAM, K.R. & MULHEIRN, L.J. 1981. Dolichins A and B, two new pterocarpans from bacteria-treated leaves of Dolichas biflorus. Phytochemistry. 20:807-809.
ISHIGURI, J.; TOMIYAMA, K.; MURAI, A.; KATSUI, N. & MASAMUNE, T. 1978. Toxicity of rishitin, rishitin-M-1, and rishitin-M-2 to Phytophthora infestans and potato tissue. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 44:52-56.
KAPLAN, D.T.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1980. Studies on the mode of action of glyceollin en soybean. Imcompatibility to the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:319-325,
KATO, T.; YAMAGUCHI, Y.; UYEHARA, T.; YOKOYAMA, T.; NAMAI, T. & YAMANAKA, S. 1983. Defense mechanism of the rice plant against rice beast desease. Naturwissensch 70:200-201.
KEEN, N.T. 1971. Hydroxyphaseolin production by soybeans resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1:265-275.
KEEN, N.T. 1975. Specific elicitors of plant phytoalexin production determinants of race specificity in pathogens. Science. 187:74-75.
KEEN, N.T. 1978. Phytoalexins: efficient extraction from leaves by a facilited diffusion technique. Phytopathology. 68:1237-1239.
KEEN, N.T. & LEGRAND, M, 1980. Surface glycoproteins: evidence that they may function as the race specific phytoalexin elicitors of P. megasperma sp. glycenea. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 17:175-192.
KEEN, N.T. & LITTLEFIELD, L.J. 1979. The possible association of phytoalexins with resistance gene expression in flax to Melampsora lini. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 14:265-280.
KÚC, J. 1982. Phytoalexins from the solananceae pp.81-100. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed.). Blackie, London.
KUMAR, S.; SHUKLA, R.S.; SINGH, K.P.; PAXTON, J.D. & HUSAIN, A. 1984. Glycoellin: a phytoalexin in leaf blight of Costus speciosus. Phytopathology. 74:1349-1352.
LANGCAKE, P. 1981. Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of the stress metabolites res veratrol, E-veniferin, α-veniferin and pterostilbene. Physiol Plant Pathol. 18:213-226.
LANGCAKE, P. & PRYCE, R.J. 1976. The production of resveratrol by Vitis venifera and other members of the Vitaceae as a response to infection or injury. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 9:77-86.
LEE, S.C. & WEST, CA. 1981. Polygalacturonase from Rhizopus stolonifer is an elicitor of casbene synthase activity in Castor bean seedlings. Plant Physiol. 67:633-639.
LETCHER, R.M.; WIDDOWSON, D.A.; DEVERALL, B.J. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1970. Identification and activity of wyerone acid as a phytoalexin in broad bean (Vicia faba) after infection by Botrytis. Phytochemistry 9:249-252.
LEWIS, D.H. 1980. Are there inter-relations between the metabolic role of baron, synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins and the germination of pollen. New Phytol. 84:261-270.
LYON, G.D. & MAYO, M.A. 1978. The phytoalexin rishitin affects the viability to isolated plant protoplasts. Phytopath. Z. 92:294-304.
MOESTA, P. & GRISEBACH, H. 1980. Effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on phytoalexin metabolism in soybean. Nature. 256:710-711.
MÜLLER, K.O. & BÖRGER, H. 1940. Experim en telle untersuchungen über die Phytophthora - Resistenz der Kartoffel. Arb Biol. Anst. Reichsanst (Berl.) 23:289-231.
OBA, K.; NAKAMURA, A. & IWAIKAWA, J. 1984. Isolation of furanoterpene - containing partules from Ceratocystis flm brata - infected sweet potato tissue. J. Biochem. 96:1951-1954.
OKU, H.; SHIRAISHI, T. & OUCHI, S. 1973. Phytoalexin induction by some agricultural fungicides and phytotoxic metabolites of pathogenic fungi. Sci Rep. Fac. Agr. Okayama Univ. 42:17-20.
PERRIN, D.R. & CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. 1965. Studies on phytoalexins VII Chemical stimulation of pisatin formation in Pisum sativum L. Aust. J. Biol Sci 18:803-816.
PONCHET, M.; MARTIN-TANGUY, J.; MARAIS, A. & POUPET, A. 1984. Dianthramides A and B, two N. benzoylanthranilic acid derivatives from elicited tissues of Dianthus caryophyllus. Phytochemistry. 23:1901-1903.
RAHE, J.E. & ARNOLD, R.M. 1975. Injury-related phaseollin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and its implications with regard to specificity of host parasite interaction. Can. J. Bot. 53:921-928.
RICH, J.R.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1977. Association of coumestans with hypersensiturty of lima roots of Pratylenchus scribneri. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 12:329-338.
ROBESON, D.J. 1978. Furanoacetylene and isoflavonoid phytoalexins in Lens culinaris. Phytochemistry. 17:807-808.
RODRIGUES, Jr., C.J. 1980. Resistência das Plantas aos Agentes Patogênicos. Junta de Investigações científicas do Ultramar-Lisboa, 67p.
ROYLE, D.J. 1976. Structural Features of Resistance to Plant Diseases, pp.161-190. In: Biochemical Aspects of Plant-Parasite Relationships. J. Fiend & D.R. Trelfall eds. pp. 161-190.
SANDER, C.B. HADWIGER, L.A. 1979. L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pisatim induction by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in Pisum sativum. Biochem. Biophys Acta. 563:278-292.
SAKAI, S.; TOMIYAMA, K. & DOKEN, 1979. Synthesis of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin in non-infected tissue from various parts of potato plants immediately after slicing. Ann Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 45:705-711.
SCHEEL, L.D.; PERONE, V.B.; LARKIN, R.L.;& KUPEL, R.E. 1963. The isolation and characterization of two phytotoxic furanocoumarins (psoralens) from diseased celery. Biochemistry. 2:1127-1131.
SCHONBECK, F. & SCHLOSSER, E. 1976. Preformed substancs as potential protectants, pp.653-673. In: Physiological plant pathology, ed. R. Heitefuss, P.H. Williams, Springer-Verlag, Berlim.
SCHWOCHALL, M.E. & HADWIGER, L.A. 1968. Stimulation of pisatin production in Pisum sativum by actimomycin D and other compounds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126:731-733.
SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1976. The effect of phaseollin on the growth of Colletotriehum lindemuthianum in bioassays designed to measure fungitoxicity. Physiol Plant Pathol. 9:253-263.
SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. The fungitoxicitv of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10. 101-112.
SKIPP, R.A.; SELBY, C. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. Toxic effects of phaseollin on plant cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:221-227.
SMITH, D.A. 1982. Toxicity of phytoalexins pp.218-247. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed). Blackie, London.
SITTON, D. & WEST, C.A. 1975. Casbene: an antifungical diterpene produced in cell-free extracts of Ricimus communis seedlings. Phytochemistry. 14:1921-1925.
STOESSL, A. 1976. Secondary Plant metabolities in plant disease resistance part II. Phytoalexins. Fitopatol. bras. 11:25-53.
SUTHERLAND, O.R.W.; RUSSELL, G.B.; BIGGS. D.R. & LANE, G.A. 1980. insect feeding determent activity of phytoalexin isoflavonoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8:73-75.
TAKASUGE, M.; ANETAI, M.; MASAMUNET, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1980. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moracede 2. Broussonins A and B, new phytoalexins from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett. 339-340.
TAKASUGE, M.; NIINO, N.; MASAKI, A.; MASAMUNE, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1984. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moraceae. 14. Strucutre of stress metabolites, spiro broussanins A and B, from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett, 693-694.
TIETJEN, K.G. & MATERN, U. 1984. Induction and suppresion of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured cells of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., by metabolites of Alternaria carthami Chowddhury. Arch. Biochem. Biophs. 229:136-144.
TRAN, T. van; TOABART, K.P.; COUSSON, A.; DARVILL, A.G.; GOLLIN. D.J.; CHELF, P. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1985. Manipulation of the morphogenetic pathways of tobacco explants by oligosaccharins. Nature (London). 314:615-617.
TURNER, E.M.C. 1961. An enzymic basis for pahtogenic specificity in Ophiobolus graminix. J. Exp. Botany, 12:169-175.
UEGAKI, R.; FUJIMORI, T.; KANEKO, H.; KUBO, S. & KATO, K. 1980. Phytuberin and phytuberol, sesquiterpenes from Nicotiana tabacum treated with etrel. Phytochemistry 19:1543-1544.
URITANI, I.; OBA, K.; KOJIMA, M.; KIM, W.K.; OGUNI, I. & SUZUKI, H. 1976. Primary and secondary defense actions of sweet potato in response to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata strains. In: Biochemistry and Cytology of Plant-carasite interaction, pp.239-242. Kodansha Ltd., Tóquio.
VANETTEN, H.D. 1973. Differential sensitivity of fungi to pisatin and to phaseollin. Phytopathology 63:1477-1482.
VANETTEN, H.D.; PUEPPKE, S.G. & KELSEY, T.C. 1975. 3,6a-dihydroxy-8,9-methylenedroxypterocarpan as a metabolite of pisatin produced by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Phytochemistry 14: 1103-1105.
VARNS, J.L.; KÚC, J. & WILLIAMS, E.B. 1971. Terpenoid accumulation as a biochemical response of the potato tuber to Phytophthora infestans. Phytopathology, 61:174-177.
VEECH, J.A. 1978. An apparent relationship between methoxy substituted terpenoid aldelydes with the resistance of cotton to Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica 24:81-87.
WADE, M. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1979. Race specific molecules that protect soybeans from Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci 76:4433-4437.
WALKER, J.C. & STAHAMANN, M.A. 1955. Chemical nature of disease resistance in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 6:351-366.
WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H.; ROCK, G.L. & STOESSL, A. 1976. Post-infectional inhibitos from plants XXIII. Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins from friut capsules of Datura stramonium Can. J. Bot. 54:25-29.
WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H. & STOESSL, A. 1975. Loroglassol: an archid phytoalexin. Phytopathology 65:632-633.
WIJNSMA, R.; GO, J.T.K.A.; VAN WEERDEN, I.N.; HARKES, P.A.A.; VERPOORTE, R.; BAIRHEM SUENDSEN, A. 1985. Anthraquinones as phytoalexins in cell and tissue cultures of Chinchona species. Plant Cell Rep. 4(5):241-244.
YORK, W.S.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Inhibition of 2,4-D-stimulated elongation of pea and sten segments by a xyloglucan oligosaccharide. Plant Physiol. 75:295-297.
YOSHIKAWA, M. 1978. Diverse modes of action of biotic and abiotic phytoalexin elicitors. Nature, 275:546-547.
ZERINGUE, H.J. 1984. The accumulation of five fluorescent compounds in the cotton leaf induced by cell-free extracts of Aspergillus flavus. Phytochemistry, 23:2501-2503.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
14 Jun 2011
Data do Fascículo
Jan 1987

Histórico

Aceito
30 Dez 1986
Recebido
26 Dez 1986

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ABAWI, G.S.; VANETTEN, H.D. & MAI, W.F. 1971. Phaseollin production induced by Pratylenchus penetrans in Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Nematol 3:301.

[2] ALBERSHEIM, P. & ANDERSON-PROUTY, A. 1975. Carbohydrates, proteins, cell surfaces, and the biochemistry of pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26:31-52.

[3] ALBERSHEIM, P. & DARVILL, A.G. 1985. Oligosaccharins. Scientific American 255(3):58-64.

[4] ALBERSHEIM, P.; DARVILL, A.G.; McNEIL, M.; VALENT, B.S.; SHARP, J.K.; NOTHNAGEL, E.E.; DAVIS, K.R.; YAMAZAKI, N.; GOLLIN, D.J.; YORK, W.S.; DUDMAN, W.F.; DARVILL, J.E. & DELL, A. 1983. Oligosaccharins: naturally occurring carbohydrates with biological regulatory functions, p. 293-312. In: Structure and function of plant genomes. O Ciferri and L. Dure III (ed). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.

[5] ALBERSHEIM, P. & VALENT, B.S. 1978. Host-pathogen interactions in plants. Plants Whem exposed to oligosaccharides of fungal origen defend them selves by accumulating antibiotics. J. Cell Biol 75:627-643.

[6] ANDERSON, A.J. 1978. Isolation from three species of Colletotrichum of glucan-containing polysaccharides that elicit browning and phytoalexin production in bean. Phytopathology. 65:189-194.

[7] AYERS, A.R.; EBEL, J.; VALENT, B. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1976. Host-Pathogen Interactions X. Fractionation and Biological activity of an elicitor isolated from the myceleal walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 57:760-765.

[8] BAILEY, J.A. 1982. Mechanisms of phytoalexin accumulation, pp.288-317. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. BAILEY; J.W. MANSFIELD (ed.), Blackie, London.

[9] BAILEY, J. & BURDEN, R.S. 1973. Biochemical changes and phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris following cellular browing caused tabacco necrosis virus. Physiol Plant Pathol. 3: 171-177.

[10] BAILEY, J.A.; CARTER, G.A. & SKIPP, R.A. 1976a. The use and interpretation of bioassays for fungitoxicity of phytoalexins in agar media. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:189-194.

[11] BAILEY, J.A.; VINCENT, G.G. & BURDEN, R.S. 1976b. The antifungical activity of glutinosome and capsidiol e their accumulation in virus-infected tabacco species. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:35-41.

[12] BATEMAN, D.F. & MILLAR, R.L. 1966. Pectec enzymes in tissue degradation. Ann. Rev. Phytopathology. 4:119-146.

[13] BELL, A.A. 1981. Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 32:21-81.

[14] BICKOFF, S.M.; LOPER, G.M.; HANSON, C.H.; GRAHAM, J.H.; WITT, S.C. & SPENGER, R.R. 1967. Effect of common leafspot on coumestans and flavones in alfafa. Crop. Sci 7:259-261.

[15] BOSTECK, R.M.; KÚC, J. & LAINE, R.A. 1981. Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from Phytophthora infestans elicit fungitoxic sesquiterpenes in potato. Science. 212:61-69.

[16] BRAGA, M.R.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; PONTE, J.V.A.; DIETRICH, S.M.C.; EMERENCIANO, V.P. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Phytoalexin Induction in Plants of tropical environment Biochem. Syst. Ecol 14(5):507-514.

[17] BRUCE, R.J. & WEST, C.A. 1982. Elicitation of casbene synthetase activity in caster bean. The role of pectic fragments of the plant cell wall in elicitation by a fungal endopolygalacturonase. Plant Physiol. 69:1181-1188.

[18] BRYAN, LB.; RATHMELL, W.G. & FRIEND, J. 1985. The role of lipid and non-lipid components of Phytophthora infestans in the elicitation of the hypersensitive response in potato tuber tissue Physiol. Plant Pathol 26:331-341.

[19] BULL, C.A. 1981. Studies on the fungitoxicity and relevance to desease resistance of the phytoalexin. Kievitone PhD thesis, University of Hull, U.K.

[20] CAIN, R.O. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1979. Biosynthesis of the phytoalexin wyerove in Vicia faba. Phytochemistry. 18:322-323.

[21] CHEEMA, A.S. & HAARD, N.F. 1978. Induction of restritin and lubimin in potato tuber disc by nonspecific elicitor and the influence of storage conditions. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13:233-240.

[22] CHRISTENSEN, T.G. 1972. A study of the resistance of Gingko biloba L. to fungi: phytoalexin production induced by Batrytis allii Munn. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 32:4340.

[23] COXON, D.T. 1982. Phytoalexins from other families, pp.106-129. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J. W. Mansfield (ed), Blackie, London.

[24] COXON, D.T.; O'NEILL, T.M.; MANSFIELD, J.W. & PORTER, A.E.A. 1980. Identification of three hydronyflavan phytoalexins from daffobil bulbs. Phytochemistry. 19:889-891.

[25] CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1960. Isolation of a phytoalexin from Pisum sativum L. Nature. 187:799-800.

[26] CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1963. Studies on phytoalexins. VI. Pisatin: the effect of some factors on its formation in Pisum sativum L., and the significance of pisatim in desease resistance. Aust. J. Biol. Sci, 16:111-28.

[27] CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1968. The isolation and partial chracterization of monilualin A, a polypeptide with phaseollin - inducing activity from Manilinia fluctícola. Life Sci,. 7: 449-458.

[28] CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. & PERRIN, D.R. 1971. Studies on phytoalexins XI. The induction, antimicrobial spectrum and chemical assay of phaseollin. Phytopath z. 70:209-229.

[29] DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Phytoalexins and their elicitors - A defense Against Microbial Infection in Plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:243-275.

[30] DIETRICH, S.M.C.; YOUNG, M.C.M.; NACCACHE, V.M.; BRAGA, M.R. & GOTTLIEB, O.R. 1986. Fitoalexinas. Ciência e Cultura (no prelo).

[31] DIXON, R.A. & LAMB, C.J. 1979. Stimulation of de novo synthesis of L-phenylalanine ammonialyase in relation to phytoalexin accumulation in Calletotrichum lindemuthuanuns elicitortreated cell suspension cultures of french bean. Bioch. Biqphys. Acta. 586: 453-463.

[32] FRAILE, A.; GARCIA-ARENAL, F. & SAGASTA, E.M. 1980. Phytoalexin accumulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) after infection with Botrytis cinérea and treatment with mercurec chlaride. Physiol Plant Pathol 16:9-18.

[33] GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & PATIL, S.S. 1977. Accumulation of antibacterial isoflavonoids in hyper-sensitively responding bean leaf tissues inoculated with Pseudomonas phaseolicala. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:159-168.

[34] GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & SMITH, D.A. 1980. Selective toxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytopathology. 894-896.

[35] GNANAMANICKAM, S.S. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1981. Selective toxicity of wyerane and other phytoalexins to Gran-positive bacteria. Phytochemistry. 20:997-1000.

[36] GOLLIN, D.J.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Plant cell fragments inhibit flowering and promote vegetative growth in Lemna gibba G₃ Biol. Cell. 51:275-280.

[37] GOODMAN, R.N.; HUANG, Pi-Yu; HUANG, J.S. & THAIPANICH, V. 1976. Induced resistance to bacterial infection. In: Biochemistry andf cytology of plant parasite interaction, pp.35-42. J.M. Tamijama & I. Daly eds. Kodansha Ltd. Tóquio.

[38] HADWIGER, L.A.; JAFRI, A.; Von BROEMBSENS & EDDY, R. Jr. 1974. Mode of pisatin induction. Plant Physiol. 53:52-63.

[39] HAHLBROCK, K.; LAMB, C.J.; PURWIN, C; EBEL, J.; FAUTZ E. & SCHAFER, E. 1981. Rapid response of suspension cultured parsley cells to the elicitor from phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 6 7:768-773.

[40] HAHN, M.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1978. Host-cathogen interations XIV, Isolation and partial characterization of on elicitor from yeast extract. Plant Physiol. 62:107-111.

[41] HAHN, M.G.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1981. Host-pathogen Interactions. XIX. The endogenous elicitor, a fragment of a plant cell wall polysaccharide that elicits phytoalexin accumulation in soybeans. Plant Physiol. 68:1161-1169.

[42] HALVERSON, L.J. & STACEY, G. 1986. Signal exchange in plant-microbe interactions. Microbiological Review. 50(2): 193-225.

[43] HANKIN, L. & ANAGNOTTAKIS, S.L. 1975. The use of solid media for detection of enzyme production by fungi. Mycologia. 67(3):597-607.

[44] HARBORNE, J.B. 1982. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. 2^th edition. Academic Press, London pp. 227-264.

[45] HARDING, V.K. & HEALE, J.B. 1980. Isolation and identification of the antifungical compounds accumulating in the induced resistance response of carrot root slices to Botrytis cinérea. Physiol Plant Pathol. 277-289.

[46] HARGREAVES, J.A. 1979. Investigations into the mechanism of mercuric chlaride stimulated phytoalexin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 15:279-287.

[47] HARGREAVES, J.A. 1980. A possible mechanism for the phytotoxicity of the phytoalexin phaseollin. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:351-357.

[48] HARGREAVES, J.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1978. Phytoalexin production by hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris in response to constituve metabolites released damaged bean cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol 13:89-100.

[49] HARRIS, J.E. & DENNIS, C. 1977. The effect of post-infectional potato tuber metabolites and surfactants on zoospores of Oomycetes. Physiol Plant Pathol. 11:163-169.

[50] HARTMANN, G. & NIENHAUS, F. 1974. The isolation of xanthoxylin from the bark of Phytophthora - and Hendersonula infected Citrus limar and its fungitoxic effect Phytopathol Z. 81:97-113.

[51] HIGGINS, V.J. & MILLAR, R.L. 1968. Phytoalexin production by alfafa in response to infection by Colletotrichum phomoides, Helmenthosporum turcicum. Phytopathology. 58:1377-1383.

[52] HODGKIN, T. & LYON, G.D. 1979. Inhibition of Solanum pollen germination in vitro by phytoalexin reslutin. Ann. Bot. 44:253-255.

[53] HOMANS, A.L. & FUCHS, A. 1970. Direct bioautography onthin-layer chromatograms as a methods for detecting fungitoxic substances. J. Chromatog. 51:327-329.

[54] INGHAM, J.L. 1973. Disease resistance in higher plants. The concept of pre-infectional and post-infectional resistance. Phytopathol. Z. 78:314-335.

[55] INGHAM, J.L. 1976a. Fungal modification of pterocarpan phytoalexins from Melilotus alba and Trifolium pratense. Phytochemistry. 15:1489-1495.

[56] INGHAM. J.L. 1976b. Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected stems of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Z. Naturfarsch. 31C:504-508.

[57] INGHAM, J.L. 1976c. Induced and constitutive isoflavonoids from stems of chechpeas (Cicer arictinum L.) inoculated with spores of Helminthosporium carbonum Ullstrup. Phytopath. Z. 87:353-367.

[58] INGHAM, J.L. 1979. Phytoalexin production by flowers of garden pea (Pisum sativum). Z. Naturforsch. 34c: 296-298.

[59] INGHAM, J.L. 1981. Phytoalexin induction and its taxonomic significance in the Leguminosae (subfamily Papilionoideae). Proc. Internal Legume Conf. Kew. 1978. (Adv. Legume Systematics). 599-626.

[60] INGHAM, J.L. 1982. Phytaolexin Production by Ononis species. Bioch. Syst Ecol. 10(3):233-237.

[61] INGHAM, J.L. & DEWICK, P.M. 1980. Sparticarpen: a pterocarpan phytoalexin from Spartium juncum. Z. Naturforsch. 35c: 197-200.

[62] INGHAM, J.L. & HARBORNE, J.B. 1976. Phytoalexin induction as a new dynamic approach to the study of systematic relationships among higher plants. Nature, 260:241-243.

[63] INGHAM, J.L.; KEEN, N.T.; MARKHAM, K.R. & MULHEIRN, L.J. 1981. Dolichins A and B, two new pterocarpans from bacteria-treated leaves of Dolichas biflorus. Phytochemistry. 20:807-809.

[64] ISHIGURI, J.; TOMIYAMA, K.; MURAI, A.; KATSUI, N. & MASAMUNE, T. 1978. Toxicity of rishitin, rishitin-M-1, and rishitin-M-2 to Phytophthora infestans and potato tissue. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 44:52-56.

[65] KAPLAN, D.T.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1980. Studies on the mode of action of glyceollin en soybean. Imcompatibility to the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16:319-325,

[66] KATO, T.; YAMAGUCHI, Y.; UYEHARA, T.; YOKOYAMA, T.; NAMAI, T. & YAMANAKA, S. 1983. Defense mechanism of the rice plant against rice beast desease. Naturwissensch 70:200-201.

[67] KEEN, N.T. 1971. Hydroxyphaseolin production by soybeans resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1:265-275.

[68] KEEN, N.T. 1975. Specific elicitors of plant phytoalexin production determinants of race specificity in pathogens. Science. 187:74-75.

[69] KEEN, N.T. 1978. Phytoalexins: efficient extraction from leaves by a facilited diffusion technique. Phytopathology. 68:1237-1239.

[70] KEEN, N.T. & LEGRAND, M, 1980. Surface glycoproteins: evidence that they may function as the race specific phytoalexin elicitors of P. megasperma sp. glycenea. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 17:175-192.

[71] KEEN, N.T. & LITTLEFIELD, L.J. 1979. The possible association of phytoalexins with resistance gene expression in flax to Melampsora lini. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 14:265-280.

[72] KÚC, J. 1982. Phytoalexins from the solananceae pp.81-100. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed.). Blackie, London.

[73] KUMAR, S.; SHUKLA, R.S.; SINGH, K.P.; PAXTON, J.D. & HUSAIN, A. 1984. Glycoellin: a phytoalexin in leaf blight of Costus speciosus. Phytopathology. 74:1349-1352.

[74] LANGCAKE, P. 1981. Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of the stress metabolites res veratrol, E-veniferin, α-veniferin and pterostilbene. Physiol Plant Pathol. 18:213-226.

[75] LANGCAKE, P. & PRYCE, R.J. 1976. The production of resveratrol by Vitis venifera and other members of the Vitaceae as a response to infection or injury. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 9:77-86.

[76] LEE, S.C. & WEST, CA. 1981. Polygalacturonase from Rhizopus stolonifer is an elicitor of casbene synthase activity in Castor bean seedlings. Plant Physiol. 67:633-639.

[77] LETCHER, R.M.; WIDDOWSON, D.A.; DEVERALL, B.J. & MANSFIELD, J.W. 1970. Identification and activity of wyerone acid as a phytoalexin in broad bean (Vicia faba) after infection by Botrytis. Phytochemistry 9:249-252.

[78] LEWIS, D.H. 1980. Are there inter-relations between the metabolic role of baron, synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins and the germination of pollen. New Phytol. 84:261-270.

[79] LYON, G.D. & MAYO, M.A. 1978. The phytoalexin rishitin affects the viability to isolated plant protoplasts. Phytopath. Z. 92:294-304.

[80] MOESTA, P. & GRISEBACH, H. 1980. Effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on phytoalexin metabolism in soybean. Nature. 256:710-711.

[81] MÜLLER, K.O. & BÖRGER, H. 1940. Experim en telle untersuchungen über die Phytophthora - Resistenz der Kartoffel. Arb Biol. Anst. Reichsanst (Berl.) 23:289-231.

[82] OBA, K.; NAKAMURA, A. & IWAIKAWA, J. 1984. Isolation of furanoterpene - containing partules from Ceratocystis flm brata - infected sweet potato tissue. J. Biochem. 96:1951-1954.

[83] OKU, H.; SHIRAISHI, T. & OUCHI, S. 1973. Phytoalexin induction by some agricultural fungicides and phytotoxic metabolites of pathogenic fungi. Sci Rep. Fac. Agr. Okayama Univ. 42:17-20.

[84] PERRIN, D.R. & CRUICKSHANK, I.A.M. 1965. Studies on phytoalexins VII Chemical stimulation of pisatin formation in Pisum sativum L. Aust. J. Biol Sci 18:803-816.

[85] PONCHET, M.; MARTIN-TANGUY, J.; MARAIS, A. & POUPET, A. 1984. Dianthramides A and B, two N. benzoylanthranilic acid derivatives from elicited tissues of Dianthus caryophyllus. Phytochemistry. 23:1901-1903.

[86] RAHE, J.E. & ARNOLD, R.M. 1975. Injury-related phaseollin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and its implications with regard to specificity of host parasite interaction. Can. J. Bot. 53:921-928.

[87] RICH, J.R.; KEEN, N.T. & THOMASON, I.J. 1977. Association of coumestans with hypersensiturty of lima roots of Pratylenchus scribneri. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 12:329-338.

[88] ROBESON, D.J. 1978. Furanoacetylene and isoflavonoid phytoalexins in Lens culinaris. Phytochemistry. 17:807-808.

[89] RODRIGUES, Jr., C.J. 1980. Resistência das Plantas aos Agentes Patogênicos. Junta de Investigações científicas do Ultramar-Lisboa, 67p.

[90] ROYLE, D.J. 1976. Structural Features of Resistance to Plant Diseases, pp.161-190. In: Biochemical Aspects of Plant-Parasite Relationships. J. Fiend & D.R. Trelfall eds. pp. 161-190.

[91] SANDER, C.B. HADWIGER, L.A. 1979. L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pisatim induction by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in Pisum sativum. Biochem. Biophys Acta. 563:278-292.

[92] SAKAI, S.; TOMIYAMA, K. & DOKEN, 1979. Synthesis of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin in non-infected tissue from various parts of potato plants immediately after slicing. Ann Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 45:705-711.

[93] SCHEEL, L.D.; PERONE, V.B.; LARKIN, R.L.;& KUPEL, R.E. 1963. The isolation and characterization of two phytotoxic furanocoumarins (psoralens) from diseased celery. Biochemistry. 2:1127-1131.

[94] SCHONBECK, F. & SCHLOSSER, E. 1976. Preformed substancs as potential protectants, pp.653-673. In: Physiological plant pathology, ed. R. Heitefuss, P.H. Williams, Springer-Verlag, Berlim.

[95] SCHWOCHALL, M.E. & HADWIGER, L.A. 1968. Stimulation of pisatin production in Pisum sativum by actimomycin D and other compounds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126:731-733.

[96] SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1976. The effect of phaseollin on the growth of Colletotriehum lindemuthianum in bioassays designed to measure fungitoxicity. Physiol Plant Pathol. 9:253-263.

[97] SKIPP, R.A. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. The fungitoxicitv of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10. 101-112.

[98] SKIPP, R.A.; SELBY, C. & BAILEY, J.A. 1977. Toxic effects of phaseollin on plant cells. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10:221-227.

[99] SMITH, D.A. 1982. Toxicity of phytoalexins pp.218-247. In: Phytoalexins. J.A. Bailey, J.W. Mansfield (ed). Blackie, London.

[100] SITTON, D. & WEST, C.A. 1975. Casbene: an antifungical diterpene produced in cell-free extracts of Ricimus communis seedlings. Phytochemistry. 14:1921-1925.

[101] STOESSL, A. 1976. Secondary Plant metabolities in plant disease resistance part II. Phytoalexins. Fitopatol. bras. 11:25-53.

[102] SUTHERLAND, O.R.W.; RUSSELL, G.B.; BIGGS. D.R. & LANE, G.A. 1980. insect feeding determent activity of phytoalexin isoflavonoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8:73-75.

[103] TAKASUGE, M.; ANETAI, M.; MASAMUNET, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1980. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moracede 2. Broussonins A and B, new phytoalexins from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett. 339-340.

[104] TAKASUGE, M.; NIINO, N.; MASAKI, A.; MASAMUNE, T.; SHIRATA, A. & TAKAHASHI, K. 1984. Studies on the phytoalexins of the Moraceae. 14. Strucutre of stress metabolites, spiro broussanins A and B, from diseased paper mulberry. Chem. Lett, 693-694.

[105] TIETJEN, K.G. & MATERN, U. 1984. Induction and suppresion of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured cells of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., by metabolites of Alternaria carthami Chowddhury. Arch. Biochem. Biophs. 229:136-144.

[106] TRAN, T. van; TOABART, K.P.; COUSSON, A.; DARVILL, A.G.; GOLLIN. D.J.; CHELF, P. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1985. Manipulation of the morphogenetic pathways of tobacco explants by oligosaccharins. Nature (London). 314:615-617.

[107] TURNER, E.M.C. 1961. An enzymic basis for pahtogenic specificity in Ophiobolus graminix. J. Exp. Botany, 12:169-175.

[108] UEGAKI, R.; FUJIMORI, T.; KANEKO, H.; KUBO, S. & KATO, K. 1980. Phytuberin and phytuberol, sesquiterpenes from Nicotiana tabacum treated with etrel. Phytochemistry 19:1543-1544.

[109] URITANI, I.; OBA, K.; KOJIMA, M.; KIM, W.K.; OGUNI, I. & SUZUKI, H. 1976. Primary and secondary defense actions of sweet potato in response to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata strains. In: Biochemistry and Cytology of Plant-carasite interaction, pp.239-242. Kodansha Ltd., Tóquio.

[110] VANETTEN, H.D. 1973. Differential sensitivity of fungi to pisatin and to phaseollin. Phytopathology 63:1477-1482.

[111] VANETTEN, H.D.; PUEPPKE, S.G. & KELSEY, T.C. 1975. 3,6a-dihydroxy-8,9-methylenedroxypterocarpan as a metabolite of pisatin produced by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Phytochemistry 14: 1103-1105.

[112] VARNS, J.L.; KÚC, J. & WILLIAMS, E.B. 1971. Terpenoid accumulation as a biochemical response of the potato tuber to Phytophthora infestans. Phytopathology, 61:174-177.

[113] VEECH, J.A. 1978. An apparent relationship between methoxy substituted terpenoid aldelydes with the resistance of cotton to Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica 24:81-87.

[114] WADE, M. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1979. Race specific molecules that protect soybeans from Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci 76:4433-4437.

[115] WALKER, J.C. & STAHAMANN, M.A. 1955. Chemical nature of disease resistance in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 6:351-366.

[116] WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H.; ROCK, G.L. & STOESSL, A. 1976. Post-infectional inhibitos from plants XXIII. Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins from friut capsules of Datura stramonium Can. J. Bot. 54:25-29.

[117] WARD, E.W.B.; UNWIN, C.H. & STOESSL, A. 1975. Loroglassol: an archid phytoalexin. Phytopathology 65:632-633.

[118] WIJNSMA, R.; GO, J.T.K.A.; VAN WEERDEN, I.N.; HARKES, P.A.A.; VERPOORTE, R.; BAIRHEM SUENDSEN, A. 1985. Anthraquinones as phytoalexins in cell and tissue cultures of Chinchona species. Plant Cell Rep. 4(5):241-244.

[119] YORK, W.S.; DARVILL, A.G. & ALBERSHEIM, P. 1984. Inhibition of 2,4-D-stimulated elongation of pea and sten segments by a xyloglucan oligosaccharide. Plant Physiol. 75:295-297.

[120] YOSHIKAWA, M. 1978. Diverse modes of action of biotic and abiotic phytoalexin elicitors. Nature, 275:546-547.

[121] ZERINGUE, H.J. 1984. The accumulation of five fluorescent compounds in the cotton leaf induced by cell-free extracts of Aspergillus flavus. Phytochemistry, 23:2501-2503.