A construção social e cultural do risco sexual, ou como fazer pesquisa (em sexualidade) em uma epidemia

Parker, Richard G.

doi:10.1590/S0103-73311995000100004

Resumos

Esse ensaio examina o desenvolvimento das pesquisas sobre sexualidade à luz da epidemia do HIV/AIOS. Ele sugere que, embora a AIOS tenha chamado atenção para a negligência histórica em relação às pesquisas sobre sexualidade e tomado disponíveis maiores recursos para o apoio às atividades de pesquisa direcionadas à sexualidade, a maioria do trabalho realizado em resposta à AIOS tem, entretanto, sido limitado por paradigmas teóricos e metodológicos antiquados, assim como pela ausência de uma agenda de pesquisas clara e coerente. Especialmente dentro do campo da Saúde Pública, os modelos biomédicos e as preocupações epidemiológicas têm estabelecido o tipo de atividades de pesquisa, mas falhado em fornecer dados e análises capazes de contribuir efetivamente para a prevenção da AIOS. Como alternativa às estruturas teoréticas tradicionais, o artigo chama atenção para um foco emergente sobre a construção social e cultural da experiência sexual, e indica a importância do desenvolvimento de uma nova agenda de pesquisa para o estudo da sexualidade que terá mais capacidade de se dedicar ao contexto intersubjetivo da educação sobre e da prevenção contra a AIOS.

This essay examines the development of research on sexuality in the wake of the HIV/AIOS epidemic. It suggests that although AIOS called attention to the historic neglect of sexuality research, and made available expanded resources for the support of research activities focusing on sexuality, the majority of the work carried out in responde to AIOS, has nonetheless been limited by inadequate and outmoded theoretical and methodological paradigms as well as by the lack of a clear and coherent research agenda. Particularly within the field of public health, biomedical models and epidemiological concerns have guided the design of research activities, but have falled to provide data and analyses capable of contributing effectively to AIOS prevention. As an alternative to traditional theoretical frameworks, the article calls attention to an emerging focus on the social and cultural construction of sexual experience, and points to the importance of developing a new research agenda for the study of sexuality that will be better able to address the intersubjective context of AIOS education and prevention.

Cet essai examine le développement des recherches sur Ia sexualité par rapport à I' épidémie de HIV /SIOA. Il estime que, bien que le SIOA ait attiré I' attention sur Ia négligence historique en ce qui concerne les recherches sur Ia sexualité et ait apporté plus de ressources pour l'appui aux activités de recherche liées à Ia sexualité, Ia majorité du travail réalisé en réponse au SIOA est, cependant, limité par des paradigmes théoriques et méthodologiques dépassés ainsi que par l'absence d'un programme de recherche clair et cohérent. Oans le domaine de Ia santé publique, les modeles biomédicaux et les préoccupations épidémiologiques déterminent le type d' activités de recherche, mais ne donnent pas assez d'éléments et d'analyses capables de vraiment contribuer à Ia prévention du SIDA. Comme une option aux structures théoriques traditionnelles, l'article attire I' attention sur un aspect important de Ia construction sociale et culturelle de l'expérience sexuelle et montre I'importance d'un nouveau programme de recherche pour I'étude de Ia sexualité qui sera plus capable de se vouer au contexte intersubjectif de I'éducation sur le SIDA et sa prévention.

A construção social e cultural do risco sexual, ou como fazer pesquisa (em sexualidade) em uma epidemia

The social and cultural construction of sexual risk, or how to have (sex) research in an epidemic

La construction sociale et culturelle du risque sexuel, ou comment faire de la recherche (en sexualité) dans une épidémie

Richard G. Parker

Prof. Adjunto do Instituto de Medicina Social da UERJ

RESUMO

Esse ensaio examina o desenvolvimento das pesquisas sobre sexualidade à luz da epidemia do HIV/AIOS. Ele sugere que, embora a AIOS tenha chamado atenção para a negligência histórica em relação às pesquisas sobre sexualidade e tomado disponíveis maiores recursos para o apoio às atividades de pesquisa direcionadas à sexualidade, a maioria do trabalho realizado em resposta à AIOS tem, entretanto, sido limitado por paradigmas teóricos e metodológicos antiquados, assim como pela ausência de uma agenda de pesquisas clara e coerente. Especialmente dentro do campo da Saúde Pública, os modelos biomédicos e as preocupações epidemiológicas têm estabelecido o tipo de atividades de pesquisa, mas falhado em fornecer dados e análises capazes de contribuir efetivamente para a prevenção da AIOS. Como alternativa às estruturas teoréticas tradicionais, o artigo chama atenção para um foco emergente sobre a construção social e cultural da experiência sexual, e indica a importância do desenvolvimento de uma nova agenda de pesquisa para o estudo da sexualidade que terá mais capacidade de se dedicar ao contexto intersubjetivo da educação sobre e da prevenção contra a AIOS.

ABSTRACT

This essay examines the development of research on sexuality in the wake of the HIV/AIOS epidemic. It suggests that although AIOS called attention to the historic neglect of sexuality research, and made available expanded resources for the support of research activities focusing on sexuality, the majority of the work carried out in responde to AIOS, has nonetheless been limited by inadequate and outmoded theoretical and methodological paradigms as well as by the lack of a clear and coherent research agenda. Particularly within the field of public health, biomedical models and epidemiological concerns have guided the design of research activities, but have falled to provide data and analyses capable of contributing effectively to AIOS prevention. As an alternative to traditional theoretical frameworks, the article calls attention to an emerging focus on the social and cultural construction of sexual experience, and points to the importance of developing a new research agenda for the study of sexuality that will be better able to address the intersubjective context of AIOS education and prevention.

RÉSUMÉ

Cet essai examine le développement des recherches sur Ia sexualité par rapport à I' épidémie de HIV /SIOA. Il estime que, bien que le SIOA ait attiré I' attention sur Ia négligence historique en ce qui concerne les recherches sur Ia sexualité et ait apporté plus de ressources pour l'appui aux activités de recherche liées à Ia sexualité, Ia majorité du travail réalisé en réponse au SIOA est, cependant, limité par des paradigmes théoriques et méthodologiques dépassés ainsi que par l'absence d'un programme de recherche clair et cohérent. Oans le domaine de Ia santé publique, les modeles biomédicaux et les préoccupations épidémiologiques déterminent le type d' activités de recherche, mais ne donnent pas assez d'éléments et d'analyses capables de vraiment contribuer à Ia prévention du SIDA. Comme une option aux structures théoriques traditionnelles, l'article attire I' attention sur un aspect important de Ia construction sociale et culturelle de l'expérience sexuelle et montre I'importance d'un nouveau programme de recherche pour I'étude de Ia sexualité qui sera plus capable de se vouer au contexte intersubjectif de I'éducation sur le SIDA et sa prévention.

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Full text available only in PDF format.

1 Ver, por exemplo, as discussões em P. R. Abramson, "Sexual Assessment and the Epidemiology of AIDS", The Joumal of Sex Research, nO 25, 1988, pp. 323-46; "Sexual Science: Emerging Discipline or Oxymoron?", The Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 147-65; e "Sex, Lies, and Ethnography", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of AIDS: Social Analysis. Theory. and Method, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1992; P. R. Abramson e G. Herdt, "The Assessment of Sexual Practices Relevant to the Transmission of AIDS: A Global Perspective", Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 215-32; A. Chouinard e J. Albert, eds., Human Sexuality: Research Perspectives in a World F acing AIDS, Ottawa, IRDC, 1990; J. H. Gagnon, "Sex Research and Sexual Conduct in the Era of AIDS", Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, nO 1,1988, pp. 593-601; G. HerdteS. Lindenbaum, eds., The Timeof.., op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Cultural Analysis, and AIDS Education in Brazil", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of..,op. cit.; R. G. Parker e M. CarbalIo, "Qualitative Research on Gay and Bisexual Behaviour Relevant to HIV! AIDS", Journol of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 497-525; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. Carballo, "Sexual Culture, HIV Transmission, and AIDS Research", Journal ofSex Research, n° 28, 1991, pp. 77-98; C. F. Turner, H. G. MiIler e L. E. Moses, AlDS, Sexual Behaviour, and Intravenous Drug Use, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1989; AlDS: The Second Decade, Washington, D.e., National Academy Press, 1990.

2. Ver, por exemplo, R. Bolton,"Mapping Terra Incognita: Sex Research for AIDS Prevention - An Urgent Agenda for the I 990s", in G. HerdteS. Lindenbaum,eds., The Timeof.., op. cit.; G. Herdt, "Introduction", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of.., op. cit..

3. Ver J. H. Gagnon, "Epidemics and Researchers: AIDS and the Practice of Social Studies", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of.., op. cit.

4. Ver. por exemplo. A. Chouinard e 1. Albert. eds.. Human Sexuality op. cit.; C. F. Turner. H. G. Miller e L. E. Moses. AIDS. Sexual Behaviour. op. cit.; AIDS: The Second. op.cit.

5. Ver P. R. Abramson. "Sex, Lies... op. cit.; P. R. Abramson eG. Herdt. "The Assessment of...... op. cit.; R. Bolton. "Mapping Terra...". op. cit.; R. G. Parker e M. Carballo, "Qualitative Research..., op.cit.; R. G Parker. G. Herdt e M. Carballo. "Sexual Culture...". op. cit.

6. Ver. por exemplo. WHO/GPAlSBR, Survey of Partner Relations: Research Package. Genebra. World Health Organization, 1989; M. Carballo et aUi. "A Cross-National Study of Patterns of Sexual Behaviour". Journal ofSex Research. n° 26. 1989. pp. 287-99.

7. Ver P. Robinson. The Modernization ofSex. Nova Iorque. Harper. 1976.

8. Idem; ver. também, J. Weeks. Sexo Politia. and Society: The Regulation ofSexuality since 1800. Nova Iorque, Longman, 1981; Sexuality and its the contents: Meanings. Myths. and Modern Sexualities. Londres. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985; e Sexuality, Londres. Tavistock. 1986.

9. VerP. Robinson. The Modernization of...op. cit.; C. F. Turner, H. G. MillereL. E. Moses.AlDS. Sexual Behaviour..., op. cil.

10. Ver, por exemplo, 1. H. Gagnon, Human Sexualities. Glenview, IL. Scott Foresman, 1977; G. Rubin, "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality", in C. Vance. ed.. Pleasure and Danger, Boston, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1984; 1. Weeks. Sexuality and its... op. cit.

11. Ver. por exemplo, J. H. Gagnon e W. Simon, Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality, Chicago, Aldine, 1973; G. Herdt e R. Stoller, Intimare Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. Nova Iorque, Columbia University Press, 1990; R. G. Parker. Corpos. Prazeres e PaixÜes: A Cultura Sexual no Brasil Contemporâneo, São Paulo, Editora Best-Seller, 1991; J. Weeks. Sex, Politics. and..., op. cit.; Sexuality and it.L., op. cit.; e Sexuality...op. cit.

12. Ver. P. R. Abramson e G. Herdt, "The Assessment of...", op. cit.; R. Bolton, "Mapping Terra...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt e M. Carballo, "Sexual Culture, HIV...", op. cit.

13. Ver C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller e L. E. Moses, AIDS. Sexual Behaviour..., op. cit.; e AIDS: The Second...,op. cit.

14. Ver, em particular, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Diversity...", op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo, "Qualitative Research...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. CarballO, "Sexual Culture...", op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduoodo, "Prostitutioo Viewed Cross-Culturally: Toward Re-Cootextualiziog Sex Work io AIDS loterveotioo Resarch", Joumal ofSex Research, 0° 28, 1991, pp. 223-48.

15. Ver R. G. Parker, "Sexual Diversity...", op. cit.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo, "Qualitative Research...",op. cit.; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt e M. Carballo, "Sexual Culture...", op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduoodo, "Prostitutioo Viewed...", op. cit.

16. Ver, por exemplo, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; J. M. Carrier e R. Magafia, "Use of Ethoosexual Data 00 Meo of Mexicao Origio for HIV/AIDS Preveotioo Programs", Journal of Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 189-202; G. Herdt. "Inlrüduction". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds.. The Time 0/... op. cit.; G. Herdt. W. L. Leap e M. Sovine. "Introduction: Anthropology. Sexuality. and AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 167-9; G. Herdt e A. Boxer. "Ethnographic Issues in the Study of AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 171-87; R. G. Parker. "Sexual Diversity... op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo. "Qualitative Research...". op. cit.; R. G. Parker. G. Herdt e M. CarbalIo. "Sexual Culture...". op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduondo. "Prostitution Viewed...". op. cit.

17. Ver J. M. Mann. D. J. M. Tarantola e T. W. Netter. orgs.. A AlDS no Mundo. Rio de Janeiro. ABINIMS-UERJ/Editora Relume-Dumará. 1993.

18. Ver H. Daniel e R. Parker, Sexuality, Polities, and AlDS in Brazil, Londres, The Falmer Press, 1993; S. Werasit, T. Brown e V. Surapone, "Patterns of Bisexuality in Thailand", in R. Tielman, M. Carballo e A. Hendricks, eds., Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS, Buffallo, NY, Prometheus Books, 1991; L. García et alii, "Bisexuality in Mexico: Current Perspectives", in R. Tielman, M. Carballo e A. Hendricks, eds., Bisexuality and..., op. cit.; T. A. Aina, "Patterns ofBisexuality in Sub-Saharan Africa", in R. Tielman, M. Carballo e A. Hendricks, eds., Bisexuality and..., op. cit.

19. Ver A. Choinard e J. Albert. eds.. Human Sexuality.. op. cit.; C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller e L. E. Moses. AIDS. Sexual Behaviour. op. cit.

20. Ver. por exemplo, J. M. Carrier e R. Magaõa. "Use of Ethnosexual...", op. cit.; S. Kane, "AIDS, Addiction, and Condom Use: Sources of Sexual Risk for Heterosexual Women", Joumal of Sex Research, vol. 27. n° 3. 1990, pp. 427-44; "Heterosexuals. AIDS. and the Heroin Subculture", Social Science and Medicine. vol. 32, n° 9. 1991. pp. 1037-50; S. Kane e T. Mason. "HIV Drug User's and 'Sex Partners': The Limits of Epidemiological Categories and the Ethnography of Risk". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds., The Time of... op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Acquired lmmunodeficiency Syndrome in Urban Brazil", Medical Anthropology Quaterly. vol. 1, n° 2, 1987, pp. 155-75; B. O. de Zalduondo, "Prostitution Viewed...", op. cit.

21. Ver, por exemplo, B. A. Misztal ed. Moss, eds.,Action onAIDS: National Policies in Comparative Perspective, Nova lorque, Greenwood Press, 1990.

22. Ver G. Herdt, "Introduction", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of.., op. cit.; G. Herdt, W. L. Leap e M. Sovine, "Introduction: Anthropology...", op. cit.

23. Ver J. M. Mann, D. J. M. Tarantola e T. W. Netter, orgs., A AlDS no Mundo..., op. cit.

¹
Ver, por exemplo, as discussões em P. R. Abramson, "Sexual Assessment and the Epidemiology of AIDS", The Joumal of Sex Research, nO 25, 1988, pp. 323-46; "Sexual Science: Emerging Discipline or Oxymoron?", The Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 147-65; e "Sex, Lies, and Ethnography", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of AIDS: Social Analysis. Theory. and Method, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1992; P. R. Abramson e G. Herdt, "The Assessment of Sexual Practices Relevant to the Transmission of AIDS: A Global Perspective", Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 215-32; A. Chouinard e J. Albert, eds., Human Sexuality: Research Perspectives in a World F acing AIDS, Ottawa, IRDC, 1990; J. H. Gagnon, "Sex Research and Sexual Conduct in the Era of AIDS", Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, nO 1,1988, pp. 593-601; G. HerdteS. Lindenbaum, eds., The Timeof.., op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Cultural Analysis, and AIDS Education in Brazil", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of..,op. cit.; R. G. Parker e M. CarbalIo, "Qualitative Research on Gay and Bisexual Behaviour Relevant to HIV! AIDS", Journol of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 497-525; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. Carballo, "Sexual Culture, HIV Transmission, and AIDS Research", Journal ofSex Research, n° 28, 1991, pp. 77-98; C. F. Turner, H. G. MiIler e L. E. Moses, AlDS, Sexual Behaviour, and Intravenous Drug Use, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1989; AlDS: The Second Decade, Washington, D.e., National Academy Press, 1990.
6. Ver. por exemplo. WHO/GPAlSBR, Survey of Partner Relations: Research Package. Genebra. World Health Organization, 1989; M. Carballo et aUi. "A Cross-National Study of Patterns of Sexual Behaviour". Journal ofSex Research. n° 26. 1989. pp. 287-99.
7. Ver P. Robinson. The Modernization ofSex. Nova Iorque. Harper. 1976.
8. Idem; ver. também, J. Weeks. Sexo Politia. and Society: The Regulation ofSexuality since 1800. Nova Iorque, Longman, 1981; Sexuality and its the contents: Meanings. Myths. and Modern Sexualities. Londres. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985; e Sexuality, Londres. Tavistock. 1986.
14. Ver, em particular, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Diversity...", op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo, "Qualitative Research...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. CarballO, "Sexual Culture...", op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduoodo, "Prostitutioo Viewed Cross-Culturally: Toward Re-Cootextualiziog Sex Work io AIDS loterveotioo Resarch", Joumal ofSex Research, 0° 28, 1991, pp. 223-48.
16. Ver, por exemplo, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; J. M. Carrier e R. Magafia, "Use of Ethoosexual Data 00 Meo of Mexicao Origio for HIV/AIDS Preveotioo Programs", Journal of Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 189-202; G. Herdt. "Inlrüduction". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds.. The Time 0/... op. cit.; G. Herdt. W. L. Leap e M. Sovine. "Introduction: Anthropology. Sexuality. and AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 167-9; G. Herdt e A. Boxer. "Ethnographic Issues in the Study of AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 171-87; R. G. Parker. "Sexual Diversity... op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo. "Qualitative Research...". op. cit.; R. G. Parker. G. Herdt e M. CarbalIo. "Sexual Culture...". op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduondo. "Prostitution Viewed...". op. cit.
17. Ver J. M. Mann. D. J. M. Tarantola e T. W. Netter. orgs.. A AlDS no Mundo. Rio de Janeiro. ABINIMS-UERJ/Editora Relume-Dumará. 1993.
20. Ver. por exemplo, J. M. Carrier e R. Magaõa. "Use of Ethnosexual...", op. cit.; S. Kane, "AIDS, Addiction, and Condom Use: Sources of Sexual Risk for Heterosexual Women", Joumal of Sex Research, vol. 27. n° 3. 1990, pp. 427-44; "Heterosexuals. AIDS. and the Heroin Subculture", Social Science and Medicine. vol. 32, n° 9. 1991. pp. 1037-50; S. Kane e T. Mason. "HIV Drug User's and 'Sex Partners': The Limits of Epidemiological Categories and the Ethnography of Risk". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds., The Time of... op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Acquired lmmunodeficiency Syndrome in Urban Brazil", Medical Anthropology Quaterly. vol. 1, n° 2, 1987, pp. 155-75; B. O. de Zalduondo, "Prostitution Viewed...", op. cit.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
23 Jun 2010
Data do Fascículo
1995

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
Ver, por exemplo, as discussões em P. R. Abramson, "Sexual Assessment and the Epidemiology of AIDS", The Joumal of Sex Research, nO 25, 1988, pp. 323-46; "Sexual Science: Emerging Discipline or Oxymoron?", The Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 147-65; e "Sex, Lies, and Ethnography", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of AIDS: Social Analysis. Theory. and Method, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1992; P. R. Abramson e G. Herdt, "The Assessment of Sexual Practices Relevant to the Transmission of AIDS: A Global Perspective", Journal of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 215-32; A. Chouinard e J. Albert, eds., Human Sexuality: Research Perspectives in a World F acing AIDS, Ottawa, IRDC, 1990; J. H. Gagnon, "Sex Research and Sexual Conduct in the Era of AIDS", Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, nO 1,1988, pp. 593-601; G. HerdteS. Lindenbaum, eds., The Timeof.., op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Cultural Analysis, and AIDS Education in Brazil", in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum, eds., The Time of..,op. cit.; R. G. Parker e M. CarbalIo, "Qualitative Research on Gay and Bisexual Behaviour Relevant to HIV! AIDS", Journol of Sex Research, n° 27, 1990, pp. 497-525; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. Carballo, "Sexual Culture, HIV Transmission, and AIDS Research", Journal ofSex Research, n° 28, 1991, pp. 77-98; C. F. Turner, H. G. MiIler e L. E. Moses, AlDS, Sexual Behaviour, and Intravenous Drug Use, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1989; AlDS: The Second Decade, Washington, D.e., National Academy Press, 1990.

[2] 6. Ver. por exemplo. WHO/GPAlSBR, Survey of Partner Relations: Research Package. Genebra. World Health Organization, 1989; M. Carballo et aUi. "A Cross-National Study of Patterns of Sexual Behaviour". Journal ofSex Research. n° 26. 1989. pp. 287-99.

[3] 7. Ver P. Robinson. The Modernization ofSex. Nova Iorque. Harper. 1976.

[4] 8. Idem; ver. também, J. Weeks. Sexo Politia. and Society: The Regulation ofSexuality since 1800. Nova Iorque, Longman, 1981; Sexuality and its the contents: Meanings. Myths. and Modern Sexualities. Londres. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985; e Sexuality, Londres. Tavistock. 1986.

[5] 14. Ver, em particular, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Sexual Diversity...", op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo, "Qualitative Research...", op. cit.; R. G. Parker, G. Herdt eM. CarballO, "Sexual Culture...", op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduoodo, "Prostitutioo Viewed Cross-Culturally: Toward Re-Cootextualiziog Sex Work io AIDS loterveotioo Resarch", Joumal ofSex Research, 0° 28, 1991, pp. 223-48.

[6] 16. Ver, por exemplo, R. Boltoo, "Mappiog Terra...", op. cit.; J. M. Carrier e R. Magafia, "Use of Ethoosexual Data 00 Meo of Mexicao Origio for HIV/AIDS Preveotioo Programs", Journal of Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 189-202; G. Herdt. "Inlrüduction". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds.. The Time 0/... op. cit.; G. Herdt. W. L. Leap e M. Sovine. "Introduction: Anthropology. Sexuality. and AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 167-9; G. Herdt e A. Boxer. "Ethnographic Issues in the Study of AIOS". lournal o.f Sex Research. n° 28. 1991. pp. 171-87; R. G. Parker. "Sexual Diversity... op. cie.; R. G. Paker e M. Carballo. "Qualitative Research...". op. cit.; R. G. Parker. G. Herdt e M. CarbalIo. "Sexual Culture...". op. cit.; B. O. de Zalduondo. "Prostitution Viewed...". op. cit.

[7] 17. Ver J. M. Mann. D. J. M. Tarantola e T. W. Netter. orgs.. A AlDS no Mundo. Rio de Janeiro. ABINIMS-UERJ/Editora Relume-Dumará. 1993.

[8] 20. Ver. por exemplo, J. M. Carrier e R. Magaõa. "Use of Ethnosexual...", op. cit.; S. Kane, "AIDS, Addiction, and Condom Use: Sources of Sexual Risk for Heterosexual Women", Joumal of Sex Research, vol. 27. n° 3. 1990, pp. 427-44; "Heterosexuals. AIDS. and the Heroin Subculture", Social Science and Medicine. vol. 32, n° 9. 1991. pp. 1037-50; S. Kane e T. Mason. "HIV Drug User's and 'Sex Partners': The Limits of Epidemiological Categories and the Ethnography of Risk". in G. Herdt e S. Lindenbaum. eds., The Time of... op. cit.; R. G. Parker, "Acquired lmmunodeficiency Syndrome in Urban Brazil", Medical Anthropology Quaterly. vol. 1, n° 2, 1987, pp. 155-75; B. O. de Zalduondo, "Prostitution Viewed...", op. cit.