Composition, species richness and patterns of nycthemeral vertical distribution of planktonic cladocereans in a black water Amazonian lake

Ghidini, André Ricardo; Santos-Silva, Edinaldo Nelson dos

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify patterns of vertical distribution of planktonic cladocerean populations throughout the diel cycle, during the low and high water periods, and its ecological implications for a black water Amazonian lake. Tupé Lake is a black water lake located near the Brazilian city of Manaus. A channel links the lake with the Negro River and its flood pulse. This study was performed in a low-water period (November 2005) and in a high-water period (June 2006). Samples were taken on a 24-hour cycle, every 4 hours and at each meter of the water column, using a Schindler-Patalas trap equipped with a 55µm size mesh. A total of 16 species were registered during the low water period, wherein Bosminopsis deitersi, Moina minuta, and Ceriodaphnia cornuta were the most abundant species. B. deitersi migrated to the bottom during the afternoon, while M. minuta, Moina reticulata, and Holopedium amazonicum remained at the bottom for the entire diel cycle. During the high-water period, a total of 18 species were observed, and B. deitersi, C. cornuta, and Diaphanosoma polyspina were the most abundant species. During both sampling periods, no pattern was detected for C. cornuta. Generally, vertical patterns of distribution were less evident in the high water period, due to the mixing of the lake.

Black water lake; Central Amazon; Cladocera; Vertical migration

Aprile, F.M. and Darwich, A.J. 2005. Modelos geomorfológicos para o lago Tupé. p. 3-18. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia Central. Manaus: Editora INPA.
Arcifa-Zago, M.S. 1978. Vertical migration of Daphnia gessneri Herbst, 1967, in Americana Reservoir, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 20: 1720-1726.
Bezerra-Neto, J.F.; Melo, N.A.S.T.; Maia-Barbosa, P.M. and Pinto-Coelho, R.M. 2009. The role of predation in the diel vertical migration of zooplankton in two tropical freshwater ecosystems. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 21(1): 45-56.
Brandorff, G.O. 1976. A new species of Bosminopsis (Crustacea, Cladocera) from the Rio Negro. Acta Amazonica, 6(1): 109-114.
Brandorff, G.O. and Andrade, E.R. 1978. The relationship between the water level of the Amazon River and the fate of the zooplankton population in lago Jacaretinga. a várzea lake in the Central Amazon. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 13: 63-70.
Carvalho, M.L. 1983. Efeitos da flutuação do nível da água sobre a densidade e composição do zooplâncton em um lago de várzea da Amazônia, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 13(5-6): 715-724.
Cushing, D.H. 1951. The vertical migration of planktonic crustacea. Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 26: 158-192.
Darwich, A.J.; Aprile, F.M. and Robertson, B.A. 2005. Variáveis limnológicas: contribuição ao estudo espaço-temporal de águas pretas amazônicas. p. 19-34. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia Central. Manaus: Editora INPA.
DeBernardi, R.; Giussani, G. and Manca, M. 1987. Cladocera: predators and prey. Hydrobiologia, 145: 225-243.
Demeester, L. and Weider, L.J. 1999. Depth selection behavior: fish kairomones, and the life histories of Daphnia hyaline x galeata hybrid clones. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(5): 1248-1258.
Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. 1997. Manual de Identificação de Cladóceros Límnicos do Brasil. Brasília, Universa, 156 p.
Fisher, T.R.; Melack, J.M.; Robertson, B.; Hardy, E.R. and Alves, L.F. 1983. Vertical distribution of zooplankton and physico-chemical conditions during a 24-hour period in an Amazon floodplain lake – Lago Calado, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, 13(3-4): 475-487.
Gliwic, Z.M. 1969a. The share of Algae, Bacteria and Trypton in the food of the pelagic zooplankton of Lakes with various trophic characteristics. Bulletin de l'acadêmie polonaise des sciences, 17(3): 159-165.
Gliwicz, Z.M. 1969b. Studies on the feeding of pelagic zooplankton in lakes with varying trophy. Ekologia Polska, 17(36): 663-706.
Gosselin, A. and Hare, L. 2003. Burrowing behaviour of Chaoborus flavicans larvae and its ecological significance. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 22(4): 575-581.
Hamilton, S.K.; Sippel, S.J.; Lewis, W.M. Jr and Saunders, J.F.I. 1990. Zooplankton abundance and evidence for its reduction by macrophyte mats in two Orinoco floodplain lakes. Journal of Plankton Research, 12(2): 345-363.
Hollwedel, W.; Kotov, A. A. and Brandorff, G.O. 2003. Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Pantanal, Brazil. Arthropoda Selecta, 12(2): 67-93.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1967. A treatise on limnology, 2: Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1115 p.
Keppeller, E.C. and Hardy, E.R. 2004. Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the water column of Lago Amapá, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 21(2): 169-177.
Lampert, W. 1989. Essay Review: The adaptative significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton. Functional Ecology, 3: 21-27.
Lampert, W. and Sommer, U. 1997. Limnoecology: the ecology of lakes and streams. New York, Oxford University Press, 400 p.
Lansac-Tôha, F.A.; Thomaz, S.M.; Lima, A.F.; Roberto, M.D.C. and Garcia, A.P.P. 1995. Vertical distribution of some planktonic crustaceans in a "Várzea" lake (Lake Pousada das Garças) of the floodplain of High River Paraná, MS, Brazil. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 21: 67-78.
Lansac-Tôha, F.A.; Bonecker, C.C. and Velho, L.F.M. 2004. Composition, Species richness and abundance of the zooplankton community. p. 145-190. In: Thomaz, S.M.; Agostinho, A.A. and Hahn, N.S. (eds), The upper Paraná River and its floodplain: physical aspects, ecology and conservation. Leiden, Blackhuys Publishers.
Lauridsen, T.L. and Buenki, I. 1996. Diel changes in the horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the littoral zone of two shallow eutrophic lakes. Archives of Hydrobiology, 137(2): 161-176.
Matsumura-Tundisi, T.; Tundisi, J.G. and Tavares, L.S. 1984. Diel migration and vertical distribution of Cladocera in Lake D. Helvecio (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Hydrobiologia, 113: 299-306.
McNair. J.N. 1980. Moina rostrata: a new species of Moinidae (Cladocera). Natulae naturae, 457: 1-6.
Melão, M.G.G. and Rocha, O. 2006. Life history, population dynamics, standing biomass and production of Bosminopsis deitersi (Cladocera) in a shallow tropical reservoir. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 18(4): 433-450.
Monakov, A.V. 1972. Review of studies on feeding of aquatic invertebrates conducted at the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Academy of Science, USSR. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29: 363-383.
Monakov, A.V. 2003. Feeding of Freshwater Invertebrates. Ghent, Kenobi Productions, 335 p.
Neill, W.E. 1981. Impact of Chaoborus predation upon the structure and dynamics of a crustacean zooplankton community. Oecologia, 48: 164-177.
Nogueira, M.G. and Panarelli, E. 1997. Estudo da migração vertical das populações zooplanctônicas na represa de Jurumirim (Rio Paranapanema – São Paulo, Brasil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 9: 55-81.
Paggi, J.C. and José de Paggi, S. 1990. Zooplâncton de ambientes lóticos e lênticos do Rio Paraná médio. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 3: 685-719.
Perticarrari, A.; Arcifa, M.S. and Rodrigues, R.A. 2003. Diel vertical migration of cladocerans in a tropical lake. Nauplius, 11(1): 15-25.
Pinel-Alloul, B. 1995. Spatial heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of zooplankton community. Hydrobiologia, 300/301: 17-42.
Previatelli, D.; Santos-Silva, E.N. and Darwich, A.J. 2005. Distribuição vertical do zooplâncton e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais. p. 109-121. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Manaus: Editora INPA.
Rai, H.; Hill, G. 1981. Physical and chemical studies o Lago Tupé; a Central Amazonian black water "Ria Lake". Internationale Revne ges Hydrobiologia, 66(1): 37-82.
Ramos-Jiliberto, R.; Carvajal, J.L.; Carter, M. and Zúñiga, L.R. 2004. Diel vertical migration patterns of three zooplankton populations in an Chilean lake. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 77: 29-41.
Rejas, D; Meester, L.; Ferrufino, L; Maldonado, M. and Ollevier, F. 2007. Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in an Amazonian várzea Lake (Laguna Bufeos, Bolivia). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 42(1): 71-81.
Rey, J. and Vasquez, E. 1989. Bosminopsis brandorffi n. sp. (Crustacea, Cladocera) une novelle espéce de Bosminidae des systémes Amazone et Orénoque. Anales de Limnologie, 25(3): 215-218.
Robertson, B.A. and Hardy, E.R. 1984. Zooplankton of Amazonia lakes and rivers. p. 337-352. In: Sioli, H. (ed), The Amazon. Dodrecht, Springer-Verlag.
Rowe, C.L. 2000. Global distribution, phylogeny and taxonomy of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium. MSc Thesis in Zoology. University of Guelph, Guelph. 323p.
Silva, A.M.A. da; Medeiros, P.R. de; Silva, M.C.B.C. and Barbosa, J.E.L. 2009. Diel vertical migration and distribution of zooplankton in a tropical Brazilian reservoir. Biotemas, 22(1): 49-57.
Smirnov, N.N. 1996. Cladocera: the Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the World. In: Dumont. H.J.F. (ed), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing, 197p.
Sterza, J.M.; Suzuki, M.S. and Taouil, A. 2002. Resposta do zooplâncton a adição de nutrients inorgânicos (N e P) em mesocosmos na lagoa do Açu, Campos dos Goytacazes/São João da Barra, RJ. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 14(2): 87-94.
Tollrian, R. and Dodson, S.I. 1999. Inducible defenses in Cladocera: constraints, costs and multipredator environments. p. 177-202. In: Tollrian, R and Harvell, C.D. (eds), The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Vandamme, K.; Chiambeng, J.; Maiphae, S. and Dumont, H.J. 2003. New species in the rheophilous genus Nicsmirnovius Chiambeng and Dumont, 1999 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and reassignment of Alona eximia Kiser, 1948 and Alonella fitzpatricki Chien, 1970. Hydrobiologia, 499: 25-49.
Velho, L.F.M.; Lansac-Tôha, F.A. and Bonecker, C.C. 2000. New record of planktonic cladoceran to the upper Paraná River, Brasil: Bosmina huaroensis Delachaux, 1918. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60(4): 633-636.
Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. 2ª Ed. New York, CBS College Publishers, 767p.
Whiteside, M.C.; Willians, J.B. and White, P. 1978. Seasonal abundance and pattern of Chydorid Cladocera in mud and vegetative habitats. Ecology, 59(6): 1177-1188.
Zaret, T.M. 1972. Predator-Prey interaction in a tropical lacustrine ecosystem. Ecology, 53: 248-257.
Zaret, T.M. and Kerfoot, W.C. 1975. Fish predation on Bosmina longirostris: Body size selection versus visibility selection. Ecology, 56: 232-237.
Zaret, T.M. and Suffern, J.S. 1976. Vertical migration in zooplankton as a predator avoidance mechanism. Limnology and Oceanography, 21: 804-813.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
27 Jan 2015
Date of issue
Dec 2011

History

Received
06 May 2011
Accepted
30 Nov 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Aprile, F.M. and Darwich, A.J. 2005. Modelos geomorfológicos para o lago Tupé. p. 3-18. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia Central. Manaus: Editora INPA.

[2] Arcifa-Zago, M.S. 1978. Vertical migration of Daphnia gessneri Herbst, 1967, in Americana Reservoir, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 20: 1720-1726.

[3] Bezerra-Neto, J.F.; Melo, N.A.S.T.; Maia-Barbosa, P.M. and Pinto-Coelho, R.M. 2009. The role of predation in the diel vertical migration of zooplankton in two tropical freshwater ecosystems. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 21(1): 45-56.

[4] Brandorff, G.O. 1976. A new species of Bosminopsis (Crustacea, Cladocera) from the Rio Negro. Acta Amazonica, 6(1): 109-114.

[5] Brandorff, G.O. and Andrade, E.R. 1978. The relationship between the water level of the Amazon River and the fate of the zooplankton population in lago Jacaretinga. a várzea lake in the Central Amazon. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 13: 63-70.

[6] Carvalho, M.L. 1983. Efeitos da flutuação do nível da água sobre a densidade e composição do zooplâncton em um lago de várzea da Amazônia, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 13(5-6): 715-724.

[7] Cushing, D.H. 1951. The vertical migration of planktonic crustacea. Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 26: 158-192.

[8] Darwich, A.J.; Aprile, F.M. and Robertson, B.A. 2005. Variáveis limnológicas: contribuição ao estudo espaço-temporal de águas pretas amazônicas. p. 19-34. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia Central. Manaus: Editora INPA.

[9] DeBernardi, R.; Giussani, G. and Manca, M. 1987. Cladocera: predators and prey. Hydrobiologia, 145: 225-243.

[10] Demeester, L. and Weider, L.J. 1999. Depth selection behavior: fish kairomones, and the life histories of Daphnia hyaline x galeata hybrid clones. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(5): 1248-1258.

[11] Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. 1997. Manual de Identificação de Cladóceros Límnicos do Brasil. Brasília, Universa, 156 p.

[12] Fisher, T.R.; Melack, J.M.; Robertson, B.; Hardy, E.R. and Alves, L.F. 1983. Vertical distribution of zooplankton and physico-chemical conditions during a 24-hour period in an Amazon floodplain lake – Lago Calado, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, 13(3-4): 475-487.

[13] Gliwic, Z.M. 1969a. The share of Algae, Bacteria and Trypton in the food of the pelagic zooplankton of Lakes with various trophic characteristics. Bulletin de l'acadêmie polonaise des sciences, 17(3): 159-165.

[14] Gliwicz, Z.M. 1969b. Studies on the feeding of pelagic zooplankton in lakes with varying trophy. Ekologia Polska, 17(36): 663-706.

[15] Gosselin, A. and Hare, L. 2003. Burrowing behaviour of Chaoborus flavicans larvae and its ecological significance. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 22(4): 575-581.

[16] Hamilton, S.K.; Sippel, S.J.; Lewis, W.M. Jr and Saunders, J.F.I. 1990. Zooplankton abundance and evidence for its reduction by macrophyte mats in two Orinoco floodplain lakes. Journal of Plankton Research, 12(2): 345-363.

[17] Hollwedel, W.; Kotov, A. A. and Brandorff, G.O. 2003. Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Pantanal, Brazil. Arthropoda Selecta, 12(2): 67-93.

[18] Hutchinson, G.E. 1967. A treatise on limnology, 2: Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1115 p.

[19] Keppeller, E.C. and Hardy, E.R. 2004. Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the water column of Lago Amapá, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 21(2): 169-177.

[20] Lampert, W. 1989. Essay Review: The adaptative significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton. Functional Ecology, 3: 21-27.

[21] Lampert, W. and Sommer, U. 1997. Limnoecology: the ecology of lakes and streams. New York, Oxford University Press, 400 p.

[22] Lansac-Tôha, F.A.; Thomaz, S.M.; Lima, A.F.; Roberto, M.D.C. and Garcia, A.P.P. 1995. Vertical distribution of some planktonic crustaceans in a "Várzea" lake (Lake Pousada das Garças) of the floodplain of High River Paraná, MS, Brazil. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 21: 67-78.

[23] Lansac-Tôha, F.A.; Bonecker, C.C. and Velho, L.F.M. 2004. Composition, Species richness and abundance of the zooplankton community. p. 145-190. In: Thomaz, S.M.; Agostinho, A.A. and Hahn, N.S. (eds), The upper Paraná River and its floodplain: physical aspects, ecology and conservation. Leiden, Blackhuys Publishers.

[24] Lauridsen, T.L. and Buenki, I. 1996. Diel changes in the horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the littoral zone of two shallow eutrophic lakes. Archives of Hydrobiology, 137(2): 161-176.

[25] Matsumura-Tundisi, T.; Tundisi, J.G. and Tavares, L.S. 1984. Diel migration and vertical distribution of Cladocera in Lake D. Helvecio (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Hydrobiologia, 113: 299-306.

[26] McNair. J.N. 1980. Moina rostrata: a new species of Moinidae (Cladocera). Natulae naturae, 457: 1-6.

[27] Melão, M.G.G. and Rocha, O. 2006. Life history, population dynamics, standing biomass and production of Bosminopsis deitersi (Cladocera) in a shallow tropical reservoir. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 18(4): 433-450.

[28] Monakov, A.V. 1972. Review of studies on feeding of aquatic invertebrates conducted at the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Academy of Science, USSR. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29: 363-383.

[29] Monakov, A.V. 2003. Feeding of Freshwater Invertebrates. Ghent, Kenobi Productions, 335 p.

[30] Neill, W.E. 1981. Impact of Chaoborus predation upon the structure and dynamics of a crustacean zooplankton community. Oecologia, 48: 164-177.

[31] Nogueira, M.G. and Panarelli, E. 1997. Estudo da migração vertical das populações zooplanctônicas na represa de Jurumirim (Rio Paranapanema – São Paulo, Brasil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 9: 55-81.

[32] Paggi, J.C. and José de Paggi, S. 1990. Zooplâncton de ambientes lóticos e lênticos do Rio Paraná médio. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 3: 685-719.

[33] Perticarrari, A.; Arcifa, M.S. and Rodrigues, R.A. 2003. Diel vertical migration of cladocerans in a tropical lake. Nauplius, 11(1): 15-25.

[34] Pinel-Alloul, B. 1995. Spatial heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of zooplankton community. Hydrobiologia, 300/301: 17-42.

[35] Previatelli, D.; Santos-Silva, E.N. and Darwich, A.J. 2005. Distribuição vertical do zooplâncton e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais. p. 109-121. In: Santos-Silva, E.N.; Aprile, F.M.; Scudeller, V.V. and Melo, S. (eds), Biotupé: meio físico, diversidade biológica e sócio-cultural do baixo Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Manaus: Editora INPA.

[36] Rai, H.; Hill, G. 1981. Physical and chemical studies o Lago Tupé; a Central Amazonian black water "Ria Lake". Internationale Revne ges Hydrobiologia, 66(1): 37-82.

[37] Ramos-Jiliberto, R.; Carvajal, J.L.; Carter, M. and Zúñiga, L.R. 2004. Diel vertical migration patterns of three zooplankton populations in an Chilean lake. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 77: 29-41.

[38] Rejas, D; Meester, L.; Ferrufino, L; Maldonado, M. and Ollevier, F. 2007. Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in an Amazonian várzea Lake (Laguna Bufeos, Bolivia). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 42(1): 71-81.

[39] Rey, J. and Vasquez, E. 1989. Bosminopsis brandorffi n. sp. (Crustacea, Cladocera) une novelle espéce de Bosminidae des systémes Amazone et Orénoque. Anales de Limnologie, 25(3): 215-218.

[40] Robertson, B.A. and Hardy, E.R. 1984. Zooplankton of Amazonia lakes and rivers. p. 337-352. In: Sioli, H. (ed), The Amazon. Dodrecht, Springer-Verlag.

[41] Rowe, C.L. 2000. Global distribution, phylogeny and taxonomy of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium. MSc Thesis in Zoology. University of Guelph, Guelph. 323p.

[42] Silva, A.M.A. da; Medeiros, P.R. de; Silva, M.C.B.C. and Barbosa, J.E.L. 2009. Diel vertical migration and distribution of zooplankton in a tropical Brazilian reservoir. Biotemas, 22(1): 49-57.

[43] Smirnov, N.N. 1996. Cladocera: the Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the World. In: Dumont. H.J.F. (ed), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing, 197p.

[44] Sterza, J.M.; Suzuki, M.S. and Taouil, A. 2002. Resposta do zooplâncton a adição de nutrients inorgânicos (N e P) em mesocosmos na lagoa do Açu, Campos dos Goytacazes/São João da Barra, RJ. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 14(2): 87-94.

[45] Tollrian, R. and Dodson, S.I. 1999. Inducible defenses in Cladocera: constraints, costs and multipredator environments. p. 177-202. In: Tollrian, R and Harvell, C.D. (eds), The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Princeton, Princeton University Press.

[46] Vandamme, K.; Chiambeng, J.; Maiphae, S. and Dumont, H.J. 2003. New species in the rheophilous genus Nicsmirnovius Chiambeng and Dumont, 1999 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and reassignment of Alona eximia Kiser, 1948 and Alonella fitzpatricki Chien, 1970. Hydrobiologia, 499: 25-49.

[47] Velho, L.F.M.; Lansac-Tôha, F.A. and Bonecker, C.C. 2000. New record of planktonic cladoceran to the upper Paraná River, Brasil: Bosmina huaroensis Delachaux, 1918. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60(4): 633-636.

[48] Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. 2ª Ed. New York, CBS College Publishers, 767p.

[49] Whiteside, M.C.; Willians, J.B. and White, P. 1978. Seasonal abundance and pattern of Chydorid Cladocera in mud and vegetative habitats. Ecology, 59(6): 1177-1188.

[50] Zaret, T.M. 1972. Predator-Prey interaction in a tropical lacustrine ecosystem. Ecology, 53: 248-257.

[51] Zaret, T.M. and Kerfoot, W.C. 1975. Fish predation on Bosmina longirostris: Body size selection versus visibility selection. Ecology, 56: 232-237.

[52] Zaret, T.M. and Suffern, J.S. 1976. Vertical migration in zooplankton as a predator avoidance mechanism. Limnology and Oceanography, 21: 804-813.

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Composition, species richness and patterns of nycthemeral vertical distribution of planktonic cladocereans in a black water Amazonian lake

Abstract

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History