Occurrence of hemoplasmas in free-ranging and captive wild felines

Dear Editor:

Hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas are defined as bacteria of reduced size and genome, which lack a cell wall. They are associated with the cytoplasmic membrane of erythrocytes in several hosts. In felines, three significant species are described: Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis.¹

Infected animals show illness of varying degrees, ranging from asymptomatic anemia to severe hemolytic attacks. The presence of compounding pathologies, individual susceptibility, and species of hemoplasma involved contribute to variation in the clinical presentation of feline hemoplasmosis.¹

Few studies report the occurrence of these microorganisms in wild felines, particularly in Brazil,² and reports about free-ranging animals are even more rare. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the three clinically relevant hemoplasma species in wild free-ranging and captive felines.

From August 2014 to August 2018, blood was collected from 23 wild felines according to "Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade" (SISBIO - nos. 40617-1 and 42303); their species and habitat are described in Table 1. Total blood DNA extraction of the samples was accomplished with a phenol/chloroform protocol.³ PCR was performed for each of the three microorganisms according to Makino et al.⁴ The product of a positive PCR was purified using GFX PCR DNA and a Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare UK Limited, Amersham, UK). It was then automatically sequenced (ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems). The sequence was compared to the GenBank database using the BLAST on the NCBI server (http: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST).

Table 1
PCR results of hemoplasmas according to species and habitat.

Identification	Species	Habitat	M. haemofelis	Candidatus M. haemominutum	Candidatus M. turicensis
M941/14	Leopardus colocolo	Free-ranging	-	-	+
M1446/15	Leopardus pardalis	Free-ranging	-	-	+
M382/16	Leopardus pardalis	Captive	-	-	+
M462/16	Leopardus pardalis	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M953/14	Leopardus pardalis	Captive	-	+	+
M1036/16	Leopardus pardalis	Captive	-	+	+
M1037/16	Leopardus pardalis	Captive	-	-	+
M1226/16	Leopardus pardalis	Free-ranging	-	+	-
M982/18	Leopardus pardalis	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M787/17	Leopardus wiedii	Captive	-	-	+
M1242/18	Panthera onca	Captive	-	-	+
M922/15	Panthera onca	Free-ranging	-	-	+
M1013/16	Panthera onca	Free-ranging	-	-	+
M1328/14	Puma concolor	Captive	-	-	-
M1102/16	Puma concolor	Captive	-	-	-
M474/15	Puma concolor	Free-ranging	-	-	+
M849/16	Puma concolor	Captive	-	-	-
M857/16	Puma concolor	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M75/17	Puma concolor	Captive	-	-	-
M1118/17	Puma concolor	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M1309/17	Puma concolor	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M937/18	Puma concolor	Free-ranging	-	-	-
M609/15	Puma yagouaroundi	Free-ranging	-	-	+
-	Total	-	0 (0%)	3 (12.5%)	12 (52.2%)

M. haemofelis was not detected in any sample. Candidatus M. haemominutum was detected in three felines (12.5%) of the species Leopardus pardalis; two animals were free-ranging and one was in captivity. Candidatus M. turicensis was present in 12 felines (52.2%): six free-ranging and six captive animals. All tested feline species showed at least one animal affected by the microorganism making this the first report on the occurrence of Candidatus M. turicensis in Leopardus colocolo, L. wiedii, Puma concolor, Panthera once, and Puma yagouaroundi.

Negative PCR results for M. haemofelis may not necessarily indicate that the cats were free of infection, considering the significant fluctuations of M. haemofelis presence in the blood.⁵

Candidatus M. haemominutum is the least pathogenic of these three species of hemoplasms. Wild felines are more resistant than domestic felines, and generally clear a Candidatus M. haemominutum infection after 1-2 years.² This finding lends support to the low rate of detection in the animals we tested.

The detection of Candidatus M. turicensis DNA in more than 50% of free-ranging and captive animals demonstrates the broad distribution capacity of this agent. Fleas and ticks are vectors of many hemoplasmas. However, Candidatus M. turicensis is more closely related to rodent hemoplasmas, making the possibility of interspecies transmission plausible.⁵

Although none of the animals tested positive for M. haemofelis, there were a few detected cases of Candidatus M. haemominutum and a high occurrence of Candidatus M. turicensis.

Zoonotic hemoplasma infections are emerging, with an increasing number of reported cases, particularly in immunocompromised patients.² This study in wild feline populations contributes to our understanding of the epidemiology of hemoplamosis and the importance of these animals as a source of infection in animal and human populations.

Disclaimers

The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to CAPES for financial support through a scholarship.

References

• ¹
  Sykes JE. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmas. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40:1157-70.
• ²
  Ribeiro CM, Matos AC, Richini-Pereira VB, et al. Occurrence and phylogenetic analysis of ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in wild felines from Paraná, Brazil. Semina Ciênc Agrár. 2017;38:2837-44.
• ³
  Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001. p. 2100.
• ⁴
  Makino H, Paula DAJ, Sousa VRF, et al. Natural hemoplasma infection of cats in Cuiaba Mato Grosso, Brazil. Semina Ciênc Agrár. 2018;39:875-80.
• ⁵
  Willi B, Filoni C, Catao-Dias JL, et al. Worldwide occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in wild felid species. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1159-66.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  18 July 2019
• Date of issue
  Mar-Apr 2019