Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated fatty acid

Freitas Júnior, Jose Esler de; Rennó, Francisco Palma; Gandra, Jefferson Rodrigues; Rennó, Luciana Navajás; Rodrigues, Gustavo Henrique; Santos, Marcos Veiga dos; Oliveira, Mauro Dal Secco de

Abstracts

The objective was to evaluate the effect of unsaturated fatty acid sources supplementation on nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows. Twelve Brazilian Holstein cows in the mid lactation (mean of 128 days) and (580 ± 20kg of weight; mean ± SD) with milk yield of 25kg/d were assigned randomly into three 4 x 4 Latin square, fed the following diets: control (C); refined soybean oil; (SO); whole soybean raw (WS) and; calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA). Milk yield was 26.6; 26.4; 24.1 and 25.7 to the diets CO, SO, WS and CSFA respectively. Cows fed the WS treatment produced less milk (1.95kg/d of milk), fat and lactose than did cows fed the SO and CSFA. Cows fed the CSFA treatment showed less blood, urine (g/d) concentrations of N more energetic efficiency and intake of energy than did cows fed the SO treatment. Cows fed the unsaturated fatty acids sources showed more C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-C18:1 FA concentration in milk than did cows fed the CO treatment. Diets with whole soybeans and soybeans oil provide more efficient digestive processes, and increase milk composition of unsaturated fatty acids.

digestibility; lipids; performance; whole raw soybeans

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados nas rações de vacas leiteiras sobre o balanço de nutrientes e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas no terço médio de lactação (média de 128 dias) e (580 ± 20 kg de peso; média ± DP) com produção média de leite de 25kg/dia distribuídas aleatoriamente em três quadrados latinos balanceados 4 x 4 alimentadas com as seguintes dietas: controle (C); óleo de soja refinado; (OS); grão de soja integral (GS) e; sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos insaturados (SCAG). A produção de leite obtida foi de 26,6; 26,4; 24,1 e 25,7kg/dia para as dietas CO, OS, GS e SCAG respectivamente. As vacas alimentadas com a dieta GS produziram menos leite (1,95kg/dia), gordura e lactose em relação às vacas alimentadas com as dietas OS e SCAG. As vacas alimentadas com a dieta SCFA, apresentaram menores concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no sangue, leite, urina (g/dia), maior eficiência do uso de nitrogênio e consumo de energia em relação a dieta OS. As vacas alimentadas com as dietas contendo fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados demonstraram maiores concentrações no leite dos ácidos graxos C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 e C18:1, trans-11, em relação as vacas alimentadas com a dieta CO. O uso de grão de soja integral e óleo de soja promovem maior eficiência dos processos digestivos e aumentam as concentrações de ácidos graxos insaturados no leite de vacas leiteiras.

desempenho; digestibilidade; grão de soja integral; lipídios

ALLEN, M.S.; BRADFORD, B.J.; HARVATINE, K.J. The cow as a model to study food intake regulation. Annimal Revew Nutrition, v. 25, p.523-547, 2005.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS - AOAC. Official methods of analysis 17^th ed. Gaithersburg, 2006.
CASALI, A.O.; DETMANN, E.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; PEREIRA, J.C.; HENRIQUES, L.T.; FREITAS, S.G.; PAULINO, M.F. Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.6, p.335-342, 2008.
CHIZZOTTI, M.L.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; CHIZZOTTI, F.H.M.; MARCONDES, M.I.; FONSECA, M.A. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein cows with different Milk production levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, n.8, p.138-146, 2007.
CÔRTES C.; SILVA-KAZAMA, D.C.; KAZAMA R.;. GAGNON, N.; BENCHAAR C.; SANTOS G.T.D.; ZEOULA, L.; PETIT M.H.V. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science, v.93, p.3146–3157, 2010.
FENG, S.; LOCK, A.L.; GARNSWORTHY, P.C. A rapid method for determining fatty acid composition of milk. Journal of Dairy Science, v.87, p.3785–3788, 2004.
FOLCH, J.; LEES, M.; STANLEY, G. H. S. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues, Journal of Biological Chemistry, v,226, p,497–509, 1957.
FREITAS JÚNIOR, J.E.; RENNÓ, F.P.; SANTOS, M.V.; GANDRA, J.R.; FILHO, M.M.; VENTURELLI, B. C. Productive performance and composition of milk protein fraction in dairy cows supplemented with fat sources. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.4, p.845-852, 2010.
GLASSER, F.; FERLAY, A.; CHILLIARD, Y. Oilseed Lipid Supplements and Fatty Acid Composition of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Dairy Science, v.91, p.4687-4703, 2008.
GONZÁLEZ-RONQUILLO, M.; BALCELLS, J.; GUADA, J.A. Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, n.8, p.1282-1291, 2003.
GOZHO, G.N.; MUTSVANGWA, T. Influence of carbohydrate source on ruminal fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science, v. 91, p.2726-2735, 2008.
HALL, M.B. Calculation of non-estructural carbohydrate content of feeds that contain non-protein nitrogen Gainesville: University of Florida, 2000. p.25. (Bulletin, 339)
HARVATINE, K.J.; ALLEN, M.S. Effects of fatty acid supplements on milk yield and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.89,p.1081-1091, 2006.
JENKINS, T.C.; BRIDGES W.C. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Europe Journal Lipid Science technology, v 109, p.778-789, 2007.
KRAMER, J.K.G.; FELLNER, V.; DUGAN, M.E.R. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of Milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids, v.32, p.1219– 1228, 1997.
LOOR, J.J.; HERBEIN, J.H. Reduced fatty acid synthesis and desaturation due to exogenous trans10,cis12-CLA in cows fed oleic or linoleic oil. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, p.1354–1369, 2003.
MACKLE, T.R.; KAY, J.K.; AULDIST, M.J.; MCGIBBON, A.K.H.; PHILPOTT, B. A.; BAUMGARD, L.H.; BAUMAN, D.E. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, p.644–652, 2003.
MERTENS, D.R. Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. Internacional Journal AOAC, v.85, p.1217-1240, 2002.
MOALLEM, U.; KATZ, M.; ARIELI, A.; LEHRER, H. Effects of peripartum propylene glycol or fats differing in fatty acid profiles on feed intake, production, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.90, p.3846-3856, 2007.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7thed. rev. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2001.
PALMQUIST, D. Biohydrogenation then and now. Europe Journal Science Technology, v. 109, p. 737-739, 2007.
PETERSON, D.G.; MATITASHVILI, E.A.; BAUMAN, D.E. Diet induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinated suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. Journal Nutrition, v.133, p.3098–3102, 2003.
RABIEE, A.R.; BREINHILD, K.; SCOTT, W.; GOLDER H.M.; BLOCK, E.; LEAN, I.J. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Dairy Science, v.95, p.3225–3247, 2012.
RENNÓ, L.N.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; PAULINO, M.F.; RENNÓ, F.P.; SILVA, P.A. Urea levels in diet for steers of four genetic groups: microbial protein production by the urinary purine derivatives, using two collection methodologies. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.10, p.546-555, 2008.
SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; Van SOEST, P.S.; RUSSELL, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, n.11, p.3562-3577, 1992.
SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide Release 9.0. Cary, NC, 2004.
SPANGHERO, M.Z.; KOWALSKI, Z.M. Critical analysis of N balance experiments with lactating cows, Livestock Prodution Science, v.52, p.113-122, 1997.
WEISS, W.P.; CONRAD, H.R.; PIERRE, N.R.S.T. A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science Technology, v.39, p.95-110, 1992.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Aug 2013
Date of issue
June 2013

History

Received
20 Feb 2013
Accepted
05 June 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALLEN, M.S.; BRADFORD, B.J.; HARVATINE, K.J. The cow as a model to study food intake regulation. Annimal Revew Nutrition, v. 25, p.523-547, 2005.

[2] ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS - AOAC. Official methods of analysis 17^th ed. Gaithersburg, 2006.

[3] CASALI, A.O.; DETMANN, E.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; PEREIRA, J.C.; HENRIQUES, L.T.; FREITAS, S.G.; PAULINO, M.F. Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.6, p.335-342, 2008.

[4] CHIZZOTTI, M.L.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; CHIZZOTTI, F.H.M.; MARCONDES, M.I.; FONSECA, M.A. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein cows with different Milk production levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, n.8, p.138-146, 2007.

[5] CÔRTES C.; SILVA-KAZAMA, D.C.; KAZAMA R.;. GAGNON, N.; BENCHAAR C.; SANTOS G.T.D.; ZEOULA, L.; PETIT M.H.V. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science, v.93, p.3146–3157, 2010.

[6] FENG, S.; LOCK, A.L.; GARNSWORTHY, P.C. A rapid method for determining fatty acid composition of milk. Journal of Dairy Science, v.87, p.3785–3788, 2004.

[7] FOLCH, J.; LEES, M.; STANLEY, G. H. S. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues, Journal of Biological Chemistry, v,226, p,497–509, 1957.

[8] FREITAS JÚNIOR, J.E.; RENNÓ, F.P.; SANTOS, M.V.; GANDRA, J.R.; FILHO, M.M.; VENTURELLI, B. C. Productive performance and composition of milk protein fraction in dairy cows supplemented with fat sources. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.4, p.845-852, 2010.

[9] GLASSER, F.; FERLAY, A.; CHILLIARD, Y. Oilseed Lipid Supplements and Fatty Acid Composition of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Dairy Science, v.91, p.4687-4703, 2008.

[10] GONZÁLEZ-RONQUILLO, M.; BALCELLS, J.; GUADA, J.A. Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, n.8, p.1282-1291, 2003.

[11] GOZHO, G.N.; MUTSVANGWA, T. Influence of carbohydrate source on ruminal fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science, v. 91, p.2726-2735, 2008.

[12] HALL, M.B. Calculation of non-estructural carbohydrate content of feeds that contain non-protein nitrogen Gainesville: University of Florida, 2000. p.25. (Bulletin, 339)

[13] HARVATINE, K.J.; ALLEN, M.S. Effects of fatty acid supplements on milk yield and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.89,p.1081-1091, 2006.

[14] JENKINS, T.C.; BRIDGES W.C. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Europe Journal Lipid Science technology, v 109, p.778-789, 2007.

[15] KRAMER, J.K.G.; FELLNER, V.; DUGAN, M.E.R. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of Milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids, v.32, p.1219– 1228, 1997.

[16] LOOR, J.J.; HERBEIN, J.H. Reduced fatty acid synthesis and desaturation due to exogenous trans10,cis12-CLA in cows fed oleic or linoleic oil. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, p.1354–1369, 2003.

[17] MACKLE, T.R.; KAY, J.K.; AULDIST, M.J.; MCGIBBON, A.K.H.; PHILPOTT, B. A.; BAUMGARD, L.H.; BAUMAN, D.E. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, p.644–652, 2003.

[18] MERTENS, D.R. Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. Internacional Journal AOAC, v.85, p.1217-1240, 2002.

[19] MOALLEM, U.; KATZ, M.; ARIELI, A.; LEHRER, H. Effects of peripartum propylene glycol or fats differing in fatty acid profiles on feed intake, production, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.90, p.3846-3856, 2007.

[20] NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7thed. rev. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2001.

[21] PALMQUIST, D. Biohydrogenation then and now. Europe Journal Science Technology, v. 109, p. 737-739, 2007.

[22] PETERSON, D.G.; MATITASHVILI, E.A.; BAUMAN, D.E. Diet induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinated suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. Journal Nutrition, v.133, p.3098–3102, 2003.

[23] RABIEE, A.R.; BREINHILD, K.; SCOTT, W.; GOLDER H.M.; BLOCK, E.; LEAN, I.J. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Dairy Science, v.95, p.3225–3247, 2012.

[24] RENNÓ, L.N.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; PAULINO, M.F.; RENNÓ, F.P.; SILVA, P.A. Urea levels in diet for steers of four genetic groups: microbial protein production by the urinary purine derivatives, using two collection methodologies. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.10, p.546-555, 2008.

[25] SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; Van SOEST, P.S.; RUSSELL, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, n.11, p.3562-3577, 1992.

[26] SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide Release 9.0. Cary, NC, 2004.

[27] SPANGHERO, M.Z.; KOWALSKI, Z.M. Critical analysis of N balance experiments with lactating cows, Livestock Prodution Science, v.52, p.113-122, 1997.

[28] WEISS, W.P.; CONRAD, H.R.; PIERRE, N.R.S.T. A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science Technology, v.39, p.95-110, 1992.

Brasil

Brasil

Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated fatty acid

Balanço de nutrientes e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas leiteiras no terço médio de lactação suplementadas com ácidos graxos insaturados

Abstracts

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History