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INDIVIDUAL ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN SUCCESSORS OF RURAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

This study sought to explore the association between the constructs individual absorptive capacity and entrepreneurial intention in successors of rural properties in a cooperative system.

Originality/value:

The contribution presented expands the field of entrepreneurship studies and family succession, as well as it brings elements for the management of rural properties. Empirically, the results offer new elements for managers of cooperatives and other similar organizations to formulate strategies to assist in the preparation of the successors’ dilemma.

Design/methodology/approach:

The design of the adopted method followed a quantitative approach, of descriptive level, of the type survey, and transverse section. The study included 84 successors of rural properties, who were participants in a Skills Development Program for the continuity of young people in the management of properties. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the constructs of individual absorptive capacity and entrepreneurial intention. The statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis with the Dunn post hoc adjusted by the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method, Spearman correlation, and modeling structural equations with estimation by Partial Least Squares.

Findings:

The main conclusion of the study suggests that the successors with greater perceived behavioral control assimilate and transform more knowledge with applicability potential in the succession management in rural properties.

KEYWORDS
Individual absorptive capacity; Entrepreneurial intent; Family businesses; Successors; Rural properties

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Este estudo buscou explorar a associação entre os construtos capacidade absortiva individual e intenção empreendedora em sucessores de propriedades rurais em sistema cooperativista.

Originalidade/valor:

A contribuição apresentada expande o campo de estudos de empreendedorismo e da sucessão familiar, bem como traz elementos para a gestão de propriedades rurais. Empiricamente, os resultados oferecem novos elementos para gestores de cooperativas e outras organizações similares para formulação de estratégias, visando auxiliar no dilema do preparo de sucessores.

Design/metodologia/abordagem:

O desenho do método adotado seguiu abordagem quantitativa, de nível descritivo, do tipo survey e corte transversal. Participaram do estudo 84 sucessores de propriedades rurais, os quais foram participantes de um Programa de Desenvolvimento de Competências para continuidade dos jovens na gestão das propriedades. Utilizaram-se questionários para avaliar os construtos capacidade absortiva individual e intenção empreendedora. A análise estatística utilizou as provas de Kruskal-Wallis com o post hoc de Dunn ajustado pelo método FDR de Benjamini-Hochberg, a correlação de Spearman e a modelagem de equações estruturais com estimação por mínimos quadrados parciais.

Resultados:

A principal conclusão do estudo sugere que os sucessores com maior controle comportamental percebido assimilam e transformam mais conhecimento com potencial de aplicação na gestão da sucessão em propriedades rurais.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Capacidade absortiva individual; Intenção empreendedora; Empresas familiares; Sucessores; Propriedades rurais

1. INTRODUCTION

The absorptive capacity, associated with innovation and learning, is a type of dynamic capacity that leads to the creation and use of knowledge, which can improve a company’s ability to obtain and sustain competitive advantage (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.; Yildiz, Murtic, Zander, & Richtnér, 2019Yildiz, H. E., Murtic, A., Zander, U., & Richtnér, A. (2019). What fosters individual-level absorptive capacity in MNCs? An extended motivation-ability-opportunity framework. Management International Review, 59(1), 93-129. doi:10.1007/s11575-018-0367-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0367-...
; Zahra & George, 2002Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
). Other studies have broadened the approach of the phenomenon by focusing on the influence of the individuals’ ability to absorb knowledge and use them for organizational purposes (Jones, 2006Jones, O. (2006). Developing absorptive capacity in mature organizations: The change agent’s role. Management Learning, 37(3), 355-376.; Lowik, Kraaijenbrink, & Groen, 2016Lowik, S., Kraaijenbrink, J., & Groen, A. (2016). The team absorptive capacity triad: A configurational study of individual, enabling, and motivating factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 1083-1103, doi:10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433...
). However, studies at this level of analysis of the phenomenon are still restricted to demonstrate the ability of individuals to promote change (Volberda, Foss, & Lyles, 2010Volberda, H. W., Foss, N. J., & Lyles, M. A. (2010). Absorbing the concept of absorptive capacity: How to realize its potential in the organization field. Organization Science, 21(4), 931-951. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0503
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0503...
; Gilstrap & Hart, 2012Gilstrap, J. B., & Hart, T. A. (2012). How employee behaviors contribute to firms’ absorptive capacities. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1, 1. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2012.316
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2012.316...
) companies and entrepreneurial opportunities.

Entrepreneurial intent (EI) is one of the determinants of starting a new business or of identifying and exploiting opportunities (Shapero & Sokol, 1982Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneur -ship. In A. K. Calvin, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper . Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. ), being a predictor of organizational activity (Obschonka, Silbereinsen, & Schmitt-Rodermund, 2010Obschonka, M., Silbereinsen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63-72.). In general, studies on this theme are based on Ajzen’s (1985)Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.). Action-control: From cognitions of behavior (pp. 11-39). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985. theory of planned behavior (TPB), which advocates that the action of individuals results from desire, viability and propensity to act. As a subjective process, entrepreneurial intent continues to be the object of studies that seek to broaden the explanation of TPB and include other variables such as self-efficacy (Moraes, Iizuka, & Pedro, 2018Moraes, G. H. S. M., Iizuka, E. S., & Pedro, M. (2018). Effects of entrepreneurial characteristics and university environment on entrepreneurial intention. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 22(2), 226-248.). The association between entrepreneurial intent and individual absorptive capacity (IAC) has not been the subject of previous studies, although there is evidence that the IAC knowledge is associated with desired ends (Bolisani & Bratianu, 2018Bolisani E., & Bratianu, C. (2018) Generic knowledge strategies. In E. Bolisani & C. Bratianu. Emergent knowledge strategies: Strategic thinking in knowledge management (pp. 147-174). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60 657-6_7
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60 657...
; Koerich, Cancellier, & Tezza, 2015Koerich, G. V., Cancellier, E. L. P. L., & Tezza, R. (2015). Capacidade de absorção, turbulência ambiental e desempenho organizacional: Um estudo em empresas varejistas catarinenses. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 16(3), 238-267. doi:10.1590/1678-69712015/administracao.v16n3p238-267
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712015/ad...
; Hotho, Becker-Ritterspach, & Saka-Helmhout, 2012Hotho, J. J., Becker-Ritterspach, F., & Saka-Helmhout, A. (2012). Enriching absorptive capacity through social interaction. British Journal of Management, 23(3), 383-401.; Minbaeva, Pedersen, Björkman, & Fey, 2014Minbaeva, D., Pedersen, T., Björkman, I., & Fey, C. F. (2014). A retrospective on: MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 52-62.).

In this way, this research aimed to explore the association between the constructs IAC and entrepreneurial intention in successors of rural family enterprises. To achieve this objective, a comparison of the dimensions of the constructs with the age categories of the participants was carried out, then, the correlation between the dimensions of the constructs was verified and, finally, the relation between the items of the constructs dimensions was evaluated.

Family succession is important for the survival of rural enterprises and lacks additional studies, as young people residing on rural properties are opting for migration to urban centers (Matte, Spanevello, Lago, & Andreatta, 2019Matte, A., Spavenello, R. M., Lago, A., & Andreatta, T. (2019). Agricultura e pecuária familiar: (Des)continuidade na reprodução social e na gestão dos negócios. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(1), 19-33.). Keeping family involvement in rural property results in other benefits, such as trust among members and trustworthiness of information (Oliveira & Vieira Filho, 2018Oliveira, W. M., & Vieira Filho, J. E. R. (2018). Sucessão nas fazendas familiares: Problemas e desafios (Texto para discussão). Brasília: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Retrieved from http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/8358/1/td_2385.pdf
http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream...
). The IAC is important for the preparation of successors of rural enterprises, because it concerns the preparation of the successor to seek external knowledge and apply them in the management of the property (Lowik et al., 2016Lowik, S., Kraaijenbrink, J., & Groen, A. (2016). The team absorptive capacity triad: A configurational study of individual, enabling, and motivating factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 1083-1103, doi:10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433...
), and it can also favor the development of successors’ abilities (Sciascia, D’Oria, Bruni, & Larrañeta, 2014Sciascia, S., D’Oria, L., Bruni, M., & Larrañeta, B. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation in low-and medium-tech industries: The need for absorptive capacity to increase performance. European Management Journal, 32(5), 761-769. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.00...
). Entrepreneurial intent, in turn, has its relevance associated with the ability of successors to identify and exploit opportunities, which can favor innovation and growth of enterprises (Shapero & Sokol, 1982Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneur -ship. In A. K. Calvin, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper . Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. ).

This article presents the results of the research carried out with small successors of enterprises and is structured in six sections, beginning with this introduction. Next, a theoretical review is presented, addressing the themes of absorptive capacity and entrepreneurial intention. Following, the methodological procedures are shown, followed by the presentation and discussion of the research results and, then, the considerations.

2. THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Absorptive capability

The capacity for absorption of knowledge or, absorptive capacity, emerged with the need to obtain external knowledge and incorporate it into organizations while maintaining competitiveness. The absorptive capacity (Acap) construct began in the late 1980s, based on Cohen and Levinthal’s (1989)Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1989). Innovation and learning: The two faces of R&D. The Economic Journal, 99(397), 569-596. research, defined as the company’s ability to identify, assimilate, and apply knowledge.

On the basis of Cohen and Levinthal (1989)Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1989). Innovation and learning: The two faces of R&D. The Economic Journal, 99(397), 569-596. seminal definition, other researchers (Lane, Koka, & Pathak, 2006Lane, P., Koka, B., & Pathak, S. (2006). The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863, 2006. doi:10.2307/20159255
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159255...
; Van Den Bosch, Volberda, & Boer, 1999Van Den Bosch, F., Volberda, H. W., & Boer, M. de (1999). Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment: Organizational forms and combinative capabilities. Organization Science, 10, 551-568.; Zahra & George, 2002Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
) have provided alternative contributions to the construct. Different constituent dimensions have been identified and a new definition for absorptive capacity has been proposed as “a set of routines and organizational processes by which companies acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit knowledge to produce dynamic training” (Zahra & George, 2002Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
, p. 186). However, operationalizing it is a complex task and requires a multidisciplinary approach (Jansen, Van Den Bosch, & Volberda, 2005Jansen, J., Van Den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2005). Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedent’s matter? Academy of Management Journal, 6(48), 999-1015.; Volberda et al., 2010Volberda, H. W., Foss, N. J., & Lyles, M. A. (2010). Absorbing the concept of absorptive capacity: How to realize its potential in the organization field. Organization Science, 21(4), 931-951. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0503
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0503...
; Flatten, Engelen, Zahra, & Brettel, 2011Flatten, T., Engelen, A., Zahra, S. A., & Brettel, M. (2011). A measure of absorptive capacity: Development and validation. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 29(2), 98-116. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2010.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.11.00...
).

Zahra and George (2002)Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
suggest that the construct should be understood from two natures and four distinct but complementary capacities that make up the ability to absorb knowledge:

  • Acquisition: it represents the company’s ability to identify externally generated knowledge that impacts its activities.

  • Assimilation: ability to analyze, process, interpret and understand the information obtained through external sources.

  • Transformation: the organization’s ability, based on assimilated knowledge, to redefine actions by combining new and existing knowledge (this dimension has a fundamental role in identifying new opportunities and in changing the way the organization relates to the environment).

  • Exploration: ability to refine and take advantage of assimilated knowledge.

Jones (2006)Jones, O. (2006). Developing absorptive capacity in mature organizations: The change agent’s role. Management Learning, 37(3), 355-376. extends the work of Zahra and George (2002)Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
, giving greater emphasis to individual agency to understand how organizations absorb new knowledge. Lane et al. (2006)Lane, P., Koka, B., & Pathak, S. (2006). The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863, 2006. doi:10.2307/20159255
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159255...
, in an attempt to stimulate contributions on absorptive capacity, developed a study, in which they analyzed 289 articles on absorptive capacity. They assessed how the construct had been used and identified substantial contributions to the literature.

A critical article on Zahra and George’s model (2002)Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
arose proposing substantive changes in this, based on empirical research. Todorova and Durisin (2007)Todorova, G., & Durisin, B. (2007). Absorptive capacity: Valuing a reconceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 774-786. doi:10.2307/20159334
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159334...
demonstrate the reintroduction of recognizing value, alternative understanding of transformation, clarification of the potential for absorption capacity, and elaboration of the socialization mechanisms impacts, questioning power relations and the inclusion of feedback loops in a dynamic model.

Fundamentally, the absorptive capacity of an organization depends on the ability of its members to recognize external knowledge, align it with organizational capabilities, and promote its use in the organization (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.). The firm’s internal learning processes are the basic elements of the absorptive capacity, which are related to a continuous acquisition, distribution and use of relevant external knowledge within the company (Versiani, Cruz, Castro, Ferreira, & Guimarães, 2010Versiani, A. F., Cruz, M. A., Castro, J. M., Ferreira, M. A. T., & Guimarães, L.O. (2010). Mensuração da capacidade absortiva: até que ponto a litera tura avançou? Anais do Encontro Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Brasil, 26.). The understanding and interpretation of the knowledge acquired in the external environment are dependent on the assimilation capacity of each individual in the organization (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.; Silva et al., 2016Silva, E. R., D’Arrigo, F. P., Furlan, J. Ganzer, P. P., Olea, P. M., Larentis, F., Dorion, E. C. H., Nodari, C. H., Radaelli, A. A. P., & Prodanov, C. C. (2016). Capacidade absortiva individual: Uma perspectiva com alunos de Administração. Revista Espacios, 37(1), 2-11.; Fuchs, Rosseto, & Carvalho, 2016Fuchs, J. P. S., Rossetto, C. R., & Carvalho, C. E. (2016). A influência da capacidade absortiva realizada no desempenho da PME vitivinícola. Revista Desenvolvimento em Questão, 14(37), 144-167, 2016. doi:10.21527/2237-6453.2016.37.144-167
https://doi.org/10.21527/2237-6453.2016....
). Flatten, Greve, and Brettel (2011)Flatten, T. C., Greve, G. I., & Brettel, M. (2011). Absorptive capacity and firm performance in SMEs: The mediating influence of strategic alliances. European Management Review, 8, 137-152. emphasize that the individual and collective absorptive capacity depends on the experience accumulated in dealing with the different market situations and their alternations over time, making internal structures and routines more prepared to absorb knowledge. In this sense, Fuchs et al. (2016, p. 150)Fuchs, J. P. S., Rossetto, C. R., & Carvalho, C. E. (2016). A influência da capacidade absortiva realizada no desempenho da PME vitivinícola. Revista Desenvolvimento em Questão, 14(37), 144-167, 2016. doi:10.21527/2237-6453.2016.37.144-167
https://doi.org/10.21527/2237-6453.2016....
clarify that

[...] the total absorptive capacity of the firm will depend on the articulation previously developed in the routines and processes, to facilitate its dissemination and cooperation among the people in the organization, in the continued success of generation of changes and adaptations.

For Lowik et al. (2016)Lowik, S., Kraaijenbrink, J., & Groen, A. (2016). The team absorptive capacity triad: A configurational study of individual, enabling, and motivating factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 1083-1103, doi:10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433...
, the individual and collective characteristics of the team com plement each other, and knowledge creation is a complex phenomenon that includes interactions between individual and group factors.

Most of the studies are based on country analyzes, at the intraorganizational and inter-organizational group levels (Lane et al., 2006Lane, P., Koka, B., & Pathak, S. (2006). The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863, 2006. doi:10.2307/20159255
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159255...
; Volberda et al., 2010Volberda, H. W., Foss, N. J., & Lyles, M. A. (2010). Absorbing the concept of absorptive capacity: How to realize its potential in the organization field. Organization Science, 21(4), 931-951. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0503
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0503...
). However, it is understood that individual observations are more adequate arguments to better explain the micro fundamentals of organizational change (Gilstrap & Hart, 2012Gilstrap, J. B., & Hart, T. A. (2012). How employee behaviors contribute to firms’ absorptive capacities. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1, 1. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2012.316
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2012.316...
; Tian & Soo, 2014Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
; Lowik et al., 2016Lowik, S., Kraaijenbrink, J., & Groen, A. (2016). The team absorptive capacity triad: A configurational study of individual, enabling, and motivating factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 1083-1103, doi:10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2015-0433...
).

Therefore, the present study, based on Tian and Soo (2014)Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
model, focuses on the role of individuals in acquisition (AQ), assimilation (AS), transformation (TR), and application (AP) knowledge, addressing what Lane et al. (2006)Lane, P., Koka, B., & Pathak, S. (2006). The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863, 2006. doi:10.2307/20159255
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159255...
and Volberba et al. (2010)Volberda, H. W., Foss, N. J., & Lyles, M. A. (2010). Absorbing the concept of absorptive capacity: How to realize its potential in the organization field. Organization Science, 21(4), 931-951. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0503
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0503...
have already argued to be a pressing need for understanding the absorptive capacity.

The ICA considers memory as associative, and this contributes to improving the learning process, enhancing knowledge. This process has a cumulative character (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.; Vega-Jurado, Gutiérrez-Gracia, & Fernández-de-Lucio, 2008Vega-Jurado, J., Gutiérrez-Gracia, A., & Fernández-de-Lucio, I. (2008). Analyzing the determinants of firm’s absorptive capacity: Beyond R&D. R&D Management, 38, 392-405. ). The absorptive capacity of the organization resides in the individual structures, being applied in the groups and in the organization as a whole (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.).

The absorptive capacity of the organization is dependent on the individual skills and knowledge that compose it. In this sense, it is considered as one of the main determinants of the creation and sharing of knowledge within organizations (Tian & Soo, 2014Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
). For this reason, the organization needs human resources prepared for the demands of procedures, routines, resources and power of relationship to aggregate in its performance (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(35), 128-152.).

Cannon, Geddes, and Feinstein (2014)Cannon, H. M., Geddes, B. C., & Feinstein, A. H. (2014). Experiential strategies for building individual absorptive capacity. Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 41, 378-389. point out that, when the individual faces and recognizes how important information is in the external environment, he/she absorbs that knowledge and applies it, characterizing an individual process. The result implies an amplitude of acquired knowledge and interpretation of the new information (Khosravi, Rezvani, Maduka, & Melville, 2012Khosravi, P., Rezvani, A., Maduka, S., & Melville, P. (2012) Individuals’ absorptive capacity in enterprise system assimilation. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2012, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, 23. ; Engelen, Kube, Schmidt, & Flatten, 2014Engelen, A., Kube, H., Schmidt, S., & Flatten, T. (2014) Entrepreneurial orientation in turbulent environments: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Journal Policy, 43(8), 1353-1369. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.03...
). Therefore, the greater the incentive in learning, the greater the results to be achieved (Khosravi et al., 2012Khosravi, P., Rezvani, A., Maduka, S., & Melville, P. (2012) Individuals’ absorptive capacity in enterprise system assimilation. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2012, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, 23. ).

2.2 Entrepreneurial intent

The formalization of the research on EI began with the studies of Shapero (1984)Shapero, A. (1984). The entrepreneurial event. In C. A. Kent (Ed.). The Environment for Entrepreneurship (pp. 21-40). Lexington: D. C. Heath. Shapero and Sokol (1982)Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneur -ship. In A. K. Calvin, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper . Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. , and Ajzen (1985Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.). Action-control: From cognitions of behavior (pp. 11-39). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985. , 1991)Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
. Subsequently, with the work of Autio, Kenney, Mustar, Siegel, and Wright (2014)Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entre preneurial innovation: the importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. , Fayolle and Gailly (2014)Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: Values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 679-689. doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0306-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0306-...
, Saeed, Yousafzai, Yani-De-Soriano, and Muffatto (2015)Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y., Yani-De-Soriano, M., & Muffatto, M. (2015). The role of perceived university support in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1127-1145. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12090
https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12090...
, Khuong and An (2016)Khuong, M. N., & An, N. H. (2016). The factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of the students of Vietnam national university: A mediation analysis of perception toward entrepreneurship. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(2), 104-111., Souza and Silveira (2016)Souza, R. S., & Silveira, A. (2016). Intenção empreendedora: Validação do Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) em contexto brasileiro. Anais do Encontro Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Brasil, 17., Ferreira, Loiola, and Gondim (2017)Ferreira, A. S. M., Loiola, E., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2017). Individual and contextual predictors of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates: A literature review. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 15(2), 292-308., Paiva, Lima, Rebouças, Ferreira, and Fontenele (2018)Paiva, L. E. B., Lima, T. C. B., Rebouças, S. M. D., Ferreira, E. M. D. M., & Fontenele, R. E. S. (2018). Influência da sustentabilidade e da inovação na intenção empreendedora de universitários brasileiros e portugueses. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 16(4), 732-747., Braum and Nassif (2018)Braum, L., & Nassif, V. (2018). Estrutura intelectual da produção científica sobre propensão ao empreendedorismo: Uma análise à Luz das cocitações. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, 19(3), 422-468. doi:10.13058/raep.2018.v19n3.1047
https://doi.org/10.13058/raep.2018.v19n3...
, and Martins, Santos, and Silveira (2019)Martins, F. S., Santos, E. B. A., & Silveira, A. (2019). Intenção empreendedora: Categorização, classificação de construtos e proposição de modelo. Brazilian Business Review, 16(1), 46-62. doi:10.15728/bbr.2019.16.1.4
https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2019.16.1.4...
.

Krueger and Carsud (1993)Krueger, N. F., & Carsud, A. (1993). Entrepreneurship intentions: Applying the theory of panned behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5, 316-323. doi:10.1080/08985629300000020
https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562930000002...
presuppose that the intention to start a new business has as antecedents the desire in this achievement, the viability and the propensity to act on opportunities. EI is the commitment to start a new business, that is, a predisposition for an individual to create it. Thus, for Ajzen (1991)Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
, intention encompasses motivational factors that inspire behavior. Such factors indicate how strong is the will to try or how much effort the individual develops to show a behavior.

Lopez Jr. and Souza (2008)Lopez Jr., G. S., & Souza, E. C. L. (2008). Atitude empreendedora: Conceitos, modelos e medidas. Anais do Simpósio de Gestão da Inovação Tecnológica, Brasília, DF, Brasil 25. treat EI as real individual behavior and a set of social, cultural, and economic variables that influence the willingness to start a business. Intention can be defined as a state of mental awareness that directs attention, experience and individual behavior to planned business behavior and is still seen as the strongest predictor variable of business activity being widely studied from the point of view of entrepreneurship (Bird, 1988Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453. doi:10.2307/258091
https://doi.org/10.2307/258091...
; Obschonka et al., 2010Obschonka, M., Silbereinsen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63-72.).

For Paiva et al. (2018)Paiva, L. E. B., Lima, T. C. B., Rebouças, S. M. D., Ferreira, E. M. D. M., & Fontenele, R. E. S. (2018). Influência da sustentabilidade e da inovação na intenção empreendedora de universitários brasileiros e portugueses. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 16(4), 732-747., EI is directly linked to entrepreneurship, and can be considered as an individual process. Entrepreneurship, in turn, is the key to innovation, productivity and competitiveness in a “dynamic process of vision, change and creation that requires the application of energy and passion for the creation and implementation of innovative ideas and creative solutions” (Kuratko, 2016Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Empreendedorismo, teoria, processo e prática (10a ed.). (Noveritis do Brasil, Trad.; Mariana Paes da Fonseca Maia, Rev. téc.). São Paulo: Cengage Learning., p. 5). The entrepreneur is not only executor, he is a thinker, because he plans before acting. “An entrepreneur is an actor who innovates, recognizing opportunities; he or she makes moderately risky decisions that lead to actions which require the efficient use of resources and contribute an added value” (Filion, 2011Filion, L. J. (2011). Defining the entrepreneur. In L. P. Dana (Ed.). World encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 41-52). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar., p. 8).

However, there is no consensus on the variables that influence the individual’s decision to start a venture. Cognitive approaches involve con siderable interest and are crucial in understanding decision-making related to business creation (Shaver & Scott, 1991Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L.R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-45.; Krueger, 2000Krueger, N. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(3), 5-23.; Baron & Ward, 2004Baron, R. A., & Ward, T. B. (2004). Expanding entrepreneurial cognition’s toolbox: potential contributions from the field of cognitive science. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 553-573.). Para Fayolle and Liñán (2014)Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: Values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 679-689. doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0306-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0306-...
, the predominant perspective in the cognitive behavioral approach to entrepreneurship turns to the entrepre neurial intention, integrating diverse personality traits and a range of related values (Espíritu-Olmos & Sastre-Castillo, 2015Espíritu-Olmos, R., & Sastre-Castillo, M. A. (2015). Personality traits versus work values: Comparing psychological theories on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1595-1598. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.02.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.0...
).

Moraes et al. (2018)Moraes, G. H. S. M., Iizuka, E. S., & Pedro, M. (2018). Effects of entrepreneurial characteristics and university environment on entrepreneurial intention. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 22(2), 226-248. created a model to explain the EI through three aspects: self-efficacy, influenced by sociability, leadership, planning and innovation; assumption of risks; and university environment. The results showed that the mentioned aspects were considered direct influencers of the EI.

In the theoretical field, there are several models that address the EI. Krueger and Carsud (1993)Krueger, N. F., & Carsud, A. (1993). Entrepreneurship intentions: Applying the theory of panned behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5, 316-323. doi:10.1080/08985629300000020
https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562930000002...
applied in a pioneering way in the scope of the entrepreneurship the TPB, presented and proposed by Ajzen (1991)Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
. TCP predicts that behavior and intention to act result from the combination of three attitudes: 1. individual behavior; 2. the subjective norm implicit in it; and 3. perception about perceived behavioral control. For Almeida and Sobral (2005)Almeida, F. J. R., & Sobral, F. J. B. A. (2005). Emoções, inteligência e negociação: Um estudo empírico sobre a percepção dos gerentes portugueses. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 9(4), 9-30. doi:10.1590/S1415-65 552005000400002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65 5520050...
TPB has become one of the most widespread theories about human behavior in the context of social sciences and has been tested in several studies as an explanatory model, whose results reveal satisfactory explanatory capacity.

Intent is considered the best independent predictor of behavior (Ajzen, 1991Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
, 2001)Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of atitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.. The variables that influence intentions are called motivational antecedents (Ajzen, 1991Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
). Thus, the EI is greater when the three antecedents or attitudes are favorable to the behavior, what makes the individual more propitious to realize it (Ajzen, 1991Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
; Liñán, 2004Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 3, 11-35.).

Although TCP is criticized for not ensuring what this entrepreneur will undertake, it assists in understanding the formation of EI (Fayolle, Gally, & Lassas-Clerc, 2006Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Effect and counter-effect of entrepreneurship education and social context on student’s intentions. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 24(2), 509-523.; Souitaris, Zerbinati, & Al-Laham, 2007Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programs raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591.; Liñán & Chen, 2009Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
), and it turned out to be an important model of cognitive evaluation process (Koe, Sa’ari, Majid, & Ismail, 2012Koe, W., Sa’ari, J. R., Majid, I. A., & Ismail, K. (2012). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among millennial generation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 197-208. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.181
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03...
). The model explains the complexity of the relationship between human behavior and determinants. The most important is the identification of human behavior as the cause of the intention.

From this, Liñán and Chen (2009)Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
adapted the model developed by Ajzen (1991)Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
for the manifestation of human behavior in certain situations and created an instrument with the objective of measuring the EI. The instrument is composed of four subscales, being: attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and objective entrepreneurial intention (OEI) (Liñán & Chen, 2009Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
).

ATE is related to positive or negative personal assessment of the individual being an entrepreneur (Kolvereid, 1996Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-58. doi:10.1177/104225879602100104
https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258796021001...
; Ajzen, 2001Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of atitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.; Autio, Keeley, Klofsten, Parker, & Hay 2001Autio, E., Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., Parker, G. G. C., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160.). It includes not only the affective traits, but it also considers an evaluation (Liñán & Chen, 2009Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
). SN measures the perceived social pressure to carry out entrepreneurial behavior or not. In particular, it refers to the perception that reference persons would approve or not the decision to become an entrepreneur (Ajzen, 2001Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of atitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.). PBC is defined as the perception of the individual’s ease or difficulty in performing a certain behavior, based on past experiences, impediments and obstacles; and OEI evaluates the respondent’s intention to become an entrepreneur (Liñán & Chen, 2009Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
).

In the model of Liñán and Chen (2009)Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
, there is a particularity: they studied if the subjective norm can influence both the ATE and the PBC, but this hypothesis was not confirmed. As already described by Liñán and Santos (2007)Liñán, F., & Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443-453. , SN is a specific form of social capital and has a causal effect on the other two antecedents of EI.

For Fontenele, Brasil, and Sousa (2015)Fontenele, R. E. S., Brasil, M. V. O., & Sousa, A. M. R. (2015). Influência da intenção empreendedora de discentes em um instituto de ensino superior. Revista de Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, 4(3), 147-176., in the EI process, the components of TCP must be added to other aspects, such as demographic, cultural, business and family trajectories. Such factors may facilitate or hinder entrepreneurial action. Bergmann, Hundt, and Sternberg (2016)Bergmann, H., Hundt, C., & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 53-76. emphasize the contextual perspective, especially college that can contribute to the formation of the EI.

Furlan, Angnes, and Morozini (2018)Furlan, M., Angnes, J. S., & Morozini, J. F. (2018). Capacidade absortiva em propriedades rurais de agricultores associados a uma cooperativa agro industrial. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 16(2), 302-317. doi:10.1590/1679-395164312
https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395164312...
described the process of absorptive capacity on rural properties of cooperative farmers in Paraná, being able to broaden the understanding of the dynamic capacities in the rural environment, but did not perform associations with other constructs. Sznitowski and Souza (2016)Sznitowski, A. M., & Souza, Y. S. (2016). Capacidade de assimilação de conhecimentos e tecnologias no setor primário: Estudo de casos em grandes propriedades rurais produtoras de soja. Organizações Rurais & Agroindustriais, 18(2), 171-185. have already been able to associate the absorptive capacity with the technological innovation opportunities in Mato Grosso soybean producing properties, showing that the search for knowledge, even among experienced managers, needs to be constant, whether they are drawn from specialized institutions or from specialist professionals. This propensity to search for knowledge can be an entrepreneurial characteristic, which points to a type of attitude, norm or behavior.

Understanding that there are changes in succession patterns in rural areas (Boscardin & Conterato, 2018Boscardin, M., & Conterato, M. A. (2018). As mudanças nos padrões sucessórios e suas implicações no destino das propriedades entre agricultores familiares no norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, 25(3), 671-695.; Wheisemer, 2019Wheisemer, N. (2019). Situação juvenil e projetos profissionais de jovens agricultores familiares no Recôncavo da Bahia. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, 27(1), 67-94.) and from the theoretical conceptions presented, the objective was to explore the association between the constructs IAC and entrepreneurial intention in successors of rural properties in a cooperative system, starting from the hypothesis that there is a significant and positive (H+) relation between these constructs (Figure 2.2.1).

Figure 2.2.1
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Note: Circles represent the constructs and rectangles, the dimensions. Bivariate relationships and comparisons on dimensions and multivariate relationships were tested on items of dimensions directly associated with the constructs.


3. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

The research was conducted under the quantitative approach, descriptive level, survey type and cross-sectional.

The participants were 84 successors of rural properties associated with a cooperative from Santa Catarina. All participants in a Skills Development Program aimed at the continuity of these young people in the management of properties, as well as the continuity of ownership as an associate of the cooperative. The total number of successors of rural properties associated with the cooperative is unknown, therefore, the selection of the participants was carried out unintentionally and open to all members of the cooperative. All 84 successors in the program accepted to participate in the data collection through a survey, held in September 2017, during meetings in three municipalities.

The constructs were measured using self-filling questionnaires. The IAC construct was measured using an instrument created by Tian and Soo (2014)Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
. The same considers the dimensions: acquisition (AQ), assimilation (AS), transformation (TR), and application (AP). Tian and Soo’s instrument (2014)Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
is originally composed of 24 items. To measure the EI construct, the variables employed were based on Liñán and Chen’s (2009)Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
model of Ajzen’s TPB (1991)Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
. It was composed of four subscales: objective entrepreneurial intent (OEI), attitudes to behavior (ATB), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC), totaling 18 items. The alternatives of both instruments were answered on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from totally disagree (1) to fully agree (5). Demographic data on age (categorized with two cut-off points based on percentage), sex, schooling, and marital status of the participants were collected, and information was collected on whether or not there was an intention to continue working on parental ownership and on continuing in the segment of agribusiness.

Initially, the data was organized, coded, and processed using Excel® spreadsheet and the SPSS® (Statistical Package for the Social Science) software, version 21 (IBM Corporation, 2012IBM Corporation (2012). SPSS Statistics for Windows , version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM.). Subsequently, the analysis used descriptive statistics and differentiation to characterize the sample, bivariate tests to relate the instrument dimensions, and finally, multivariate statistics to explore relationships between the constructs. The variables’ abnormal distribution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and asymmetry and kurtosis. In all analyzes, the significance level adopted was 0.05.

In the descriptive analysis, absolute frequency (n), relative frequency (%), and median (md) were used because they are ordinal variables, confidence intervals 95% (IC95%), the Kruskal-Wallis test of independent samples and the post hoc in Dunn, with the FDR method of Benjamini-Hochberg. In the constructs relation analysis, Spearman (ρ) correlation tests were applied. For the multivariate analysis, the data were transferred to the software Adanco®, version 2.0.1 (Henseler, 2017Henseler, J. (2017). Adanco, versão 2.0.1. Kleve: Composite Modeling GmbH & Co.). The technique of modeling structural equations (MEE) was used with estimation by Partial Least Squares (Hair Jr., Hult, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). The technique was adopted because the hypothesis of this study intends to contribute with the develop ment of the theory (Riel, Henseler, Kemény, & Sasovova, 2017Riel, A. C. R., Henseler, J. van, Kemény, I., & Sasovova, Z. (2017). Estimating hierarchical constructs using consistent partial least squares: The case of second-order composites of common factors, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 459-477. doi:10.1108/IMDS-07-2016-0286
https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2016-028...
), an abnormality of the distribution was found, and the sample is statistically small (n < 400), despite its high representativeness for the studied population (Hair Jr. et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.).

4. RESULTS PRESENTATION

4.1 Characterization of participants

The study participants, in the data collection period, were between 15 and 53 years old, and 32.1% (27 people) were up to 19.38 years, 32.1% (27), between 19.39 a 23.24, and 35.7% (30), 23.25 or more. In total, 40.5% (34) were women and 59.6% (50), men. Regarding schooling, 4.8% (4) studied until elementary education, 66.6% (56), until high school, and 28.6% (24) are attending (21) or concluded (3) higher education. Of the total par ticipants, 32.1% (27) were married, and 67.9% (57) were single. When questioned about ownership plans, 69% (58) wanted to succeed their parents, 3.6% (3) did not wish to succeed them, and 27.4% (23) mentioned that they might succeed their parents. When questioned about the intention to continue working in the agribusiness segment, 78.6% (66) stated yes, 3.6% (3) stated no, and 17.9% (15) stated that maybe they would continue in the segment. Figure 4.1.1 shows the values obtained in the dimensions of the study constructs, comparing the age groups. The values were obtained by the median and confidence interval at 95%.

Figure 4.1.1
COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCT DIMENSIONS BY AGE CATEGORIES

EI, evaluated by four items, was the only dimension that presented significant differences in age, post hoc of Dunn revealed that the younger (≤ 19.38 years) have a lower level of EI than the older ones (≥ 23.25 years) of the sample.

4.2 Bivariate relationships between constructs

Figure 4.2.1 presents the bivariate correlation coefficients of Spearman (ρ) between the construct instruments. In the dimensions of IAC, all correlations were significant at a level below 0.01. In the dimensions of EI, two correlations were found at a level lower than 0.01 and one at 0.05. All the correlations found have a positive meaning. The coefficients obtained had their magnitude classified according to the proposal of Cohen (1988)Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates., where values between 0.10 and 0.29 are considered small; between 0.30 and 0.49 are considered average; and between 0.50 and 1 are explained as large.

Figure 4.2.1
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INSTRUMENT DIMENSIONS

In IAC, AQ presented a mean magnitude in its correlation with AS (0.455) and TR (0.458), and low magnitude with AP (0.292). AS also showed large magnitude with TR (0.514) and mean with AP (0.329). Also, TR presented mean strength (0.365) with AP. In EI dimensions, significant correlations were found at a level lower than 0.01 between OEI and ATB with large magnitude (0.524) and between ATB and PBC with mean magnitude (0.350). In addition, a significant correlation was also found at a level lower than 0.05 between ATB and SN with small magnitude (0.224). Among the dimensions of the IAC and EI constructs, three significant correlations were found at a level lower than 0.01, being, TR and ATB with mean magnitude (0.316), TR and PBC with mean magnitude (0.341), and AP and PBC with magnitude (0.274). In addition, six correlations of small magnitude were significant at a level lower than 0.05, being them AQ and OEI (0.226), AQ and ATB (0.252) and AQ and PBC (0.218), AS and PBC (0.239), TR and OEI (0.225), and AP and SN (0.251).

4.3 Multivariate relationship between dimensions

The IAC construct and the EI construct were considered reflexive and independent (Hair Jr. et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). All variables were considered of the first order.

The process began with the step of debugging the scale for the focus population of this study, whose objective was to eliminate items that presented low factor load and that could compromise the minimum criteria of evaluation for the variables of the study, therefore, only items that presented loads > 0.7 were maintained (Hair Jr. et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). Figure 4.3.1 presents the factorial loads of each variable and the composite reliability (CR) of the constructs.

Figure 4.3.1
FACTOR LOADINGS AND COMPOSITE RELIABILITY

The CR, verified by the alpha Cronbach, refers to the intercorrelation between the observed variables, and the minimum value of 0.7 was con sidered, which ensures that the constructs were measured consistently (Fornell & Larcker, 1981Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.2307/3151312
https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312...
; Henseler, Ringle, & Sinkovics, 2009Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modelling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.). New challenges to international marketing (pp. 277-319). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.). In addition, convergent validity and discriminating validity were determined, the results of which can be seen in Figure 4.3.2.

Figure 4.3.2
CONVERGENT VALIDITY AND DISCRIMINATING VALIDITY

The convergent validity refers to the association of the observed variables with the latent variable, which is evaluated through the results obtained for average extracted variance (AEV), and values above 50% are expected for AEV (Hair Jr. et al. 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). It is observed that the value exceeded 65%. The values were presented in the bold diagonal of Figure 4.3.2. Discriminating validity refers to the fact that the variable is unique and does not capture phenomena that are not represented by other variables (Hair Jr. et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). It should be noted that the indicators have higher loads in their latent variables compared to loads of the other variables, showing the discriminating validity by the Fornell-Lacker criterion and the correlation index heterotrait-monotrait - HTMT (Chin, 1998Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.). Methodology for business and management. Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.; Henseler et al., 2009Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modelling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.). New challenges to international marketing (pp. 277-319). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.; Hair et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). Figure 4.3.3 presents the hypothesis test of the study and the indexes consistent with the path model.

Figure 4.3.3
PATH TEMPLATE

The structural coefficient represents the relationships between the con structs and has standardized values between -1 and +1 and the T test is intended to evaluate the significance of correlations and regressions and should be above 1.96 (Hair Jr. et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). The Cohen indicator (f2) evaluates how much each construct is useful for the model fit. Values of 0.02, 0.15 and 0.35 are considered small, medium and large, respectively (Hair et al., 2014Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage.). For Hair Jr. et al. (2014)Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage., the most commonly used measure to evaluate the structural model is the coefficient of determination (R2). This coefficient shows the strength of the correlation effect, being 2% considered small, 13% considered medium, and 26% considered large (Cohen, 1988Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.). The values presented in the variance inflation factor (VIF) refer to the collinearity between the variables, and Hair Jr. et al. (2014)Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage. suggest that the values should remain between 0.20 and 5. It is verified, therefore, that the hypothesis that there are associations between the evaluated dimensions of IAC concepts and EI in successors of rural properties in a cooperative system was supported.

5. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

The Skills Development Program of rural property successors in a cooperative system did not attract only young people, although 46.4% of the participants were 20 years old or less. The succession process begins when the predecessor demonstrates the intention for the succession to occur, until the moment he definitively leaves the office for another one to assume this position (De Massis, Chua, & Chrisman, 2008De Massis, A., Chua, J. H., & Chrisman, J. J. (2008). Factors preventing intra-family succession. Family Business Review, 21(2), 183-199. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00118.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008...
). In this context, the phenomenon of late succession tends to be common in rural enterprises (Brandth & Overrein, 2013Brandth, B., & Overrein, G. (2013). Resourcing children in a changing rural context: Fathering and farm succession in two generations of farmers. Sociologia Ruralis, 53(1), 95-111. doi:10.1111/soru.12003.
https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12003...
; Matte et al., 2019Matte, A., Spavenello, R. M., Lago, A., & Andreatta, T. (2019). Agricultura e pecuária familiar: (Des)continuidade na reprodução social e na gestão dos negócios. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(1), 19-33.). According to Matte et al. (2019, p. 25)Matte, A., Spavenello, R. M., Lago, A., & Andreatta, T. (2019). Agricultura e pecuária familiar: (Des)continuidade na reprodução social e na gestão dos negócios. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(1), 19-33. “the father only leaves from the command of the property when he is no longer able to continue with the work.” This may be contributing to the lack of interest of young people in staying in the countryside (Brandth & Overrein, 2013Brandth, B., & Overrein, G. (2013). Resourcing children in a changing rural context: Fathering and farm succession in two generations of farmers. Sociologia Ruralis, 53(1), 95-111. doi:10.1111/soru.12003.
https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12003...
; Matte et al., 2019Matte, A., Spavenello, R. M., Lago, A., & Andreatta, T. (2019). Agricultura e pecuária familiar: (Des)continuidade na reprodução social e na gestão dos negócios. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(1), 19-33.). This aspect can be observed in the plans of permanence in the property (since 3.6% do not want to succeed their parents and 27.4% may succeed them), as well as in relation to the intention to continue working in the agribusiness segment (3.6% declare that they do not intend to continue in the segment and 17.9% stated that they may continue in the future). Motivational aspects may be associated with entrepreneurial intent (Loiola, Gondim, Pereira, & Ferreira, 2016Loiola, E., Gondim, S. M. G., Pereira, C. R., & Ferreira, A. S. M. (2016). Ação planejada e intenção empreendedora entre universitários: Analisando preditores e mediadores. Revista Psicologia: Organizações e Trabalho, 16(1), 22-35. doi:10.17652/rpot/2016.1.706
https://doi.org/10.17652/rpot/2016.1.706...
) in the investigated group.

It is also observed that the research participants tend to continue the formal study for a longer period, when compared to the national indexes published by the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies - Dieese (2011)Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (2011). Estatísticas do meio rural 2010-2011. São Paulo: Dieese. Retrieved from https://www.dieese.org.br/anuario/2011/anuarioRural10-11.html
https://www.dieese.org.br/anuario/2011/a...
. According to these data, only 1.4% of the rural population study 15 years or more, while 28.6% of the program participants stated that they are attending or completing higher education. It is known that the theme of organizational learning (Easterby-Smith & Lyles, 2003Easterby-Smith, M., & Lyles, M. A. (2003). The Blackwell handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management. Oxford: Blackwell) is similar to that of IAC.

It is observed that the absorptive capacity does not present significant differences when the age groups are compared. The absorptive capacity refers to the potential to acquire, assimilate, transform and apply knowledge or obtained information (Cannon, Geddes, & Feinstein, 2014Cannon, H. M., Geddes, B. C., & Feinstein, A. H. (2014). Experiential strategies for building individual absorptive capacity. Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 41, 378-389.). IAC is considered to be one of the main determinants of knowledge creation and sharing within organizations (Tian & Soo, 2014Tian, A. W., & Soo, C. (2014). Absorptive capacity and creative performance at the individual level. ANZAN Conference, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Sidney, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/1723_ANZAM-2014-379.PDF
https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads...
), and to manage the rural enterprise is important for young people to be able to absorb information and transform it into applied information in the management of the rural property in a cooperative system.

Especially in the AS dimension, which refers to the ability to analyze, process, interpret and understand the information obtained through external sources (Zahra & George, 2002Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
), subjects aged between 19.39 and 23.24 years were assessed and (although there was no significant difference) compared to individuals from other age groups, and compared to the other dimensions of IAC. AS step is fundamental to transform information into knowledge, for both individual development and rural property management. To summarize, we can mention Hotho et al. (2012)Hotho, J. J., Becker-Ritterspach, F., & Saka-Helmhout, A. (2012). Enriching absorptive capacity through social interaction. British Journal of Management, 23(3), 383-401., Minbaeva et al. (2014)Minbaeva, D., Pedersen, T., Björkman, I., & Fey, C. F. (2014). A retrospective on: MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 52-62. and Yildiz et al. (2019)Yildiz, H. E., Murtic, A., Zander, U., & Richtnér, A. (2019). What fosters individual-level absorptive capacity in MNCs? An extended motivation-ability-opportunity framework. Management International Review, 59(1), 93-129. doi:10.1007/s11575-018-0367-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0367-...
, who assert that individuals play a crucial role in the absorption and transfer of knowledge.

The OEI was significantly lower for the younger (≤ 19.38 years) than the older ones (≥ 23.25 years), with OEI considering the convenience and possibility of accepting the risk of undertaking, making an entrepreneur, combining behavior, and intention to act. It refers simultaneously to the desirability of action, the propensity to act and the perception of viability of action (Krueger, Reilly, & Carsrud, 2000Krueger, N. F, Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411-432.; Peterman & Kennedy, 2003Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing student’s perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129-144.). It is known that the search for a young person to build an entrepreneurial career is associated with aspects of a contextual nature and also to motivational and attitudinal aspects (Loiola et al., 2016Loiola, E., Gondim, S. M. G., Pereira, C. R., & Ferreira, A. S. M. (2016). Ação planejada e intenção empreendedora entre universitários: Analisando preditores e mediadores. Revista Psicologia: Organizações e Trabalho, 16(1), 22-35. doi:10.17652/rpot/2016.1.706
https://doi.org/10.17652/rpot/2016.1.706...
). Although all have sought the Competency Development Program, which aims the continuity of young people in property management, the OEI may be smaller among the younger ones because the family succession tends to be late in the rural environment. There is evidence of the need for mechanisms to stimulate the OEI for young people in the rural context.

The PBC dimension of the EI construct showed a correlation with all IAC dimensions. PBC is related to the perception of individual control over behavior (Ajzen, 1991Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)900...
), that is, it refers to a person’s beliefs about the degree of ease or difficulty in performing a particular action. Thus, a successor’s perception of how much he considers himself capable of performing a particular behavior (Fayolle, Liñán, & Moriano, 2014Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: Values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 679-689. doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0306-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0306-...
) correlates with the ability to acquire, assimilate, transform and apply knowledge or information. The higher the IAC, the more subjects feel able to take control of their own behavior, and vice versa.

For 49.7% of the successors who participated in the research, the items of the IAC construct: to quickly understand new opportunities to serve property customers (AS2), to quickly understand new opportunities to serve the cooperative’s customers (AS3), and meeting with colleagues to discuss how to use new knowledge to improve products that focus on the customers of the property (TR3) are associated with specific items of EI, being: feeling prepared to start a viable business (PBC2), feeling that they can control the process of creating a new rural property (PBC3) and if I tried to create a new rural property, I would have a high probability of success (PBC6). Specific AS skills (especially on new situations) and TR (involving sharing) are significantly associated with specific characteristics of the PBC.

The results showed an association between the EI and IAC constructs, that is, the greater the intention to undertake, the greater the desire to acquire knowledge, transform and apply it to property management (Zahra & George, 2002Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.6587995
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995...
), which evidences the strategic complementarity of the two constructs, enabling the formation of successor skills and competences, and, at the same time, dynamic management (Meirelles & Camargo, 2014Meirelles, D. S., & Camargo, A. B. (2014). Capacidades dinâmicas: O que são e como identificá-las? Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 18(ed. esp.), 41-64. doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac20141289
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2014...
).

6. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

In this study, the objective was to explore the association between the IAC and EI constructs in successors of rural properties. It has been identified through the correlation analysis that PBC is the dimension that has more significant associations to IAC dimensions. The multivariate analysis showed that there is an association between the AS and TR dimensions of IAC with the PBC dimension of EI. Specifically, it is possible to conclude that successors with higher PBC assimilate and transform more knowledge with application potential within their properties.

It can be observed that the hypothesis confirmation of the study fills theoretical gaps pointed out by Hotho et al. (2012)Hotho, J. J., Becker-Ritterspach, F., & Saka-Helmhout, A. (2012). Enriching absorptive capacity through social interaction. British Journal of Management, 23(3), 383-401., Minbaeva et al. (2014)Minbaeva, D., Pedersen, T., Björkman, I., & Fey, C. F. (2014). A retrospective on: MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 52-62. and Yildiz et al. (2019)Yildiz, H. E., Murtic, A., Zander, U., & Richtnér, A. (2019). What fosters individual-level absorptive capacity in MNCs? An extended motivation-ability-opportunity framework. Management International Review, 59(1), 93-129. doi:10.1007/s11575-018-0367-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0367-...
since it expands studies in the field of IAC. In addition, it has been shown that the study presents potential empirical gains, since the association between the constructs suggests an important source of competitive advantage for the rural properties, offering elements for cooperative managers to formulate strategies to help in the preparation of the rural successors’ dilemma.

As a limitation of the study, it is known that the results cannot be generalized since the study was carried out in only one region of the country and with a specific public. Liñan and Chen (2009)Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593-617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009...
emphasize the influence of culture in the formation of EI. The inherent limitations of working with cross-sectional data are also recognized, as they may be subject to causal effects. Limitations also point to the possibility of future studies. Therefore, in addition to conducting further studies in other regions or with different publics, it is suggested to explore the association of the IAC construct with others, such as self-efficacy and learning, since this study focused on a specific characteristic: EI. It is also suggested to analyze entrepreneur behavior through effectuation so that behavioral questions linked to intuition are also evaluated in the construction of knowledge.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    22 Apr 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    20 Mar 2019
  • Accepted
    11 July 2019
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