ABSTRACT.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean hulls inclusion in the silage of wet brewery waste. The experimental design was randomized in block, where the treatments were constituted by four levels of soybean hulls on the silage (0, 15, 25, and 35%), with three (silos) replicates per treatment. All data collected were subjected to ANOVA and subsequent polynomial regression at 5%. Soybean hulls inclusion caused a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the pH, dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and total carbohydrates content of the silage. This inclusion also caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the effluent losses and percentages of crude protein, fats, hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Thus, it was concluded that soybean hulls can be used as an additive in the silage of wet brewery waste. Up to 35% of inclusion, there was a significant reduction in the effluent losses, a little increase on pH and enrichment of nutritional content, especially in the dry matter.
Keywords:
additive; dry matter; nutrients; pH; soybean by-product
Introduction
A wide range of agro-industrial by-products are available in large quantities which have considerable nutritional potential to use in livestock (Senthilkumar et al., 2010Senthilkumar, S., Viswanathan, T. V., Mercy, A. D., Gangadevi, P., Ally, K., & Shyama, K. (2010). Chemical composition of brewery waste. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 6(1), 49-51. ; Ferreira et al., 2011Ferreira, E. M., Pires, A. V., Susin, I., Mendes, C. Q., Gentil, R. S., Araujo, R. C., ... Loerch, S. C. (2011). Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and eating behavior of feedlot lambs fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean hulls. Journal of Animal Science, 89(12), 4120-4126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3417
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2527/...
; Patra & Yu, 2013Patra, A.K., & Yu, Z. (2013). Effects of coconut and fish oils on methane production, fermentation, abundance and diversity of rumen microbial populations in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(3), 1782-1792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6159
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/...
). Alternative regional foods (co-products or by-products) from the agribusiness, from grain crops, fruit and fruit processing companies, biofuel industries (alcohol and mainly biodiesel) have been widely used in the feeding of ruminants in various aspects (value nutrition and digestibility of food, such as performance (consumption, weight gain and feed conversion), ruminal and blood parameters of animals, the production and quality of meat or milk, and the economic viability of this use (Beigh, Ganai, & Ahmad, 2017Beigh, Y. A., Ganai, A. M., & Ahmad, H. A. (2017). Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review. Veterinary World, 10(4), 424-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.424-437
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14202...
; Zambom et al., 2017Zambom, M. A., Alcalce, C. R., Gomes, L. C., Ramos, C. E. C. O., Rossi, R. M., Kazama, D. C. S. (2017). Effect of soybean hulls on lactation curves and the composition of goat milk. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(2), 167-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000200012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
).
Wet brewery waste is a typical example of alternative food, being used in diets for ruminants due to its high nutritional content, especially energy and protein, and great availability along the year for a low cost, which may minimize the costs with animal feeding (Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
). This food is a by-product of brewery industry which uses malted barely grains as feed stock. When grain is fermented to produce ethanol, primarily the starch is utilized, leaving behind a protein rich residue. In the feeding of ruminants, wet brewery waste can be used as a protein concentrate (23 to 30% crude protein), insoluble and of low degradability, constituting as a protein source, passing through ruminal degradation and being absorbed directly in the intestine (Orr, Henley, & Rude, 2008Orr, A. I., Henley, J. C., & Rude, B. J. (2008). The substitution of corn with soybean hulls and subsequent impact on digestibility of a forage-based diet offered to beef cattle. 1. The Professional Animal Scientist, 24(6), 566-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30906-2
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232...
; Albuquerque et al., 2011Albuquerque, D. M. N., Lopes, J. B., Klein Junior, M. H., Merval, R. R., Silva, F. E. S., & Teixeira, M. P. F. (2011). Resíduo desidratado de cervejaria para suínos em terminação. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63(2), 465-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000200026
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Faccenda et al., 2017Faccenda, A., Zambom, M. A., Castagnara, D. D., Avila, A. S., Fernandes, T., Eckstein, E. I., ... Schneider, C. R. (2017). Use of dried brewers' grains instead of soybean meal to feed lactating cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(1), 39-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000100007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al., 2018Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, A., Rinne, M., Lamminen, M., Mapato, C., Ampapon, T., Wanapat, M., & Vanhatalo, A. (2018). Review: alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects. Animal, 12(Supl. 2), 295-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002252
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
).
However, the wet brewery waste presents a low dry matter content (ranging from 9 to 30%), which represents an expressive limiting factor for its effective use, causing problems for transport, storage and preservation of this by-product (Geron et al., 2007Geron, L. J., Zeoulax’x, L. M., Branco, A. F., Erke, J. A., Prado, O. P., & Jacobi, G. (2007). Caracterização, fracionamento protéico, degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e proteína bruta do resíduo de cervejaria úmido e fermentado. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 29(3), 291-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v29i3.558
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
). The high moisture content and storage conditions of the wet brewery waste under aerobic environment, commonly used on the farms, provide ideal conditions for the development of microorganisms, mainly filamentous fungi (Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
). These fungi promote the degradation of waste' nutrients and can produce toxins that affect the animal metabolism. They can utilize lactic acid and sugars, competing with lactic acid bacteria at the start of the fermentation process, forming ethanol, which causes a loss in the dry matter content and has no useful properties for the preservation of the silage (Muck, 2010Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(Suppl. Spe.), 183-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
).
Previous studies pointed that the use of nutrient-rich additives (usually higher than 80%) can enable the absorption of moisture, increasing the dry matter content of the ensiled material. Naturally, this increase on dry matter may promote a significant improvement in the chemical composition of the produced silage (Zopollatto, Daniel, & Nussio, 2009Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(Spe.), 170-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Aliyu & Bala, 2011Aliyu, S., & Bala, M. (2011). Brewer’s spent grain: A review of its potentials and applications. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 324-331.; Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Carrera et al., 2012Carrera, R. A. B., Veloso, C. M., Knupp, L. S., Souza Júnior, A. H., Detmann, E., & Lana, R. P. (2012). Protein co-products and by-products of the biodiesel industry for ruminants feeding. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(5), 1202-1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000500018
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Souza, Goes, Silva, Yoshihara, & Prado, 2015Souza, K. A., Goes, R. H. T. B., Silva, L. H. X., Yoshihara, M. M., & Prado, I. N. (2015). Crambe meal in supplements for culling cows: animal performance and carcass characteristics. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1), 47-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci. v37i1.24607
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
; Cardoso et al., 2016Cardoso, A. M., Araújo, S. A. C., Rocha, S. N., Domingues, F. N., Azevedo, J. C., & Pantoja, L. A. (2016). Elephant grass silage with the addition of crambe bran conjugated to different specific mass. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 38(4), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.31828
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
; Chanie & FieVez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
). It is important to mention that silage additives are natural or industrial products added in determinate quantities to the silage mass with the purpose to improve nutrient composition of silage, to reduce storage losses by promoting rapid fermentation, to reduce fermentation losses by limiting extent of fermentation, and to improve bunk life of silage (increase aerobic stability) (Yitbarek & Tamir, 2014Yitbarek, M. B., & Tamir, B. (2014). Silage additives: Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(5), 258-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/...
).
In this sense, soybean hulls are a by-product from the soybean processing industry, where the soybean is de-hulled leaving a highly digestible fibrous feed. The soybean hulls present a low lignin content and large proportion of potentially digestible fiber, being very used as primary ingredient in ruminant diets. Many studies have demonstrated the advantages of using soybean hulls as an energy source for ruminants in replacement of corn, as long as it is supplied together with effective fiber sources to reduce the rate of passage and enable ruminant fermentation (Bastos et al., 2015Bastos, M. P. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Pires, A. J. V., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, B. M. A., Brandão, R. K. C., & Maranhão, C. M. A. (2015). Impact of total substitution of corn for soybean hulls in diets for lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(3), 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000300002
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; José Neto et al., 2017José Neto, A. J., Messana, J. D., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Castagnino, P. S., Fiorentini, G., Reis, R. A., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017). Effect of starch level in supplement with or without oil source on diet and apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial population of Nellore steers grazing tropical grass. Livestock Science, 202, 171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
; José Neto et al., 2019José Neto, A., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Messana, J. D., Malheiros, E. B., Reis, R. A., Pires, A. V., & Berchielli, T. T. (2019). Soybean hulls as feed substitute of ground corn can increase the fiber digestibility and bacterial fibrolytic profile of grazing Nellore steers during the rainy season. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(6), 3577-3594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl3p3577
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5433/...
). Replaces the corn of the ruminant diet with soybean hulls, without changing the quality of animal performance, requires an order of 75%, better digestibility and energy value of the diet, maintaining in certain occasions the economic viability (Alcalde et al., 2009Alcalde, C. R., Zambom, M. A., Passianoto, G. D. O., Lima, L. S. D., Zeoula, L. M., & Hashimoto, J. H. (2009). Valor nutritivo de rações contendo casca do grão de soja em substituição ao milho moído para cabritos Saanen. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(11), 2198-2203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001100019
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Gentil et al., 2011Gentil, R. S., Susin, I., Pires, A. V., Mendes, C. Q., Ferreira, E. M., Urano, F. S., & Meneghini, R. C. M. (2011). Substituição do feno de coastcross por casca de soja na alimentação de cabras em lactação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(12), 2844-2851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001200031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
).
What is scarce as information about the brewery residue with potential for exploitation in the feeding of animals in the form of silage and its effect on the fermentative process of silage with additive, aiming to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of selection of soybean hulls on silage of wet beer waste. Considering the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increase levels of soybean hulls inclusion on the silage of wet brewery waste.
Material and methods
The study was conducted in the facilities of Forage and Pasture Laboratory of Federal University of Amazonas (Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil) and Experimental Farm of Federal University of Amazonas (Manaus - Highway BR 174, Amazonas State, Brazil). The climate is characterized as hot and humid tropical, being limited to winter (rainy season), from December to June, and summer (dry season) from July to November.
The experimental design was randomized in block, where the treatments were constituted by four inclusion levels of soybean hulls on the silage (0, 15, 25, and 35%). Experimental silos (50 cm of height per 10 cm of diameter) with wooden lids were used, being three silos per treatment where each silo was considered a replicate. The silos were stored and sealed in a place protected of environmental conditions influence.
The wet brewery waste was obtained from Batuta brewery© (Manaus, AM, Brazil). The soybean hulls were obtained from Agrominas© (Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil). The proportions of each material were individually calculated based in their natural matter content, being these distributed in the silos. Samples of each material were collected for individual analysis of chemical composition. Each silo was individually loaded, compacted, and sealed, presenting an average weight of 4 kg, without use of inoculants.
After 30 days, silos were opened in order to calculate the effluent losses (Schmidt et al., 2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(3), 543-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
), and measured the pH (Wilson & Wilkins, 1972Wilson, R. F., & Wilkins, R. J. (1972). The ensilage of autumn-sown rye. Journal of British Grassland Society, 27(1), 35-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00683.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/...
). At the opening of the silos, the upper layer (approximately 10 cm) was discarded due to the possible presence of fungi and molds. 350 g of silage samples were collected in each period to evaluate the dry matter (%), organic matter (%), ashes (%), crude protein (%), fats (%), neutral detergent fiber (%), acid detergent fiber (%), hemicellulose (%), total digestible nutrients (%), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (%) according to methods described by Van Soest, Robertson, and Lewis (1991Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/...
), and Schmidt et al. (2011).
All data collected in this study were analysed using the GLM procedure of SAS (2008SAS Institute Inc. (2008). SAS/STAT 9.2: user’s guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.) and estimates of treatments were firstly subjected to ANOVA and a subsequent polynomial regression. Results were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05.
Results and discussion
Each feedstuff used to produce the silage in this study presented an individual chemical composition similar to those observed in previous studies (Aliyu & Bala, 2011Aliyu, S., & Bala, M. (2011). Brewer’s spent grain: A review of its potentials and applications. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 324-331.; Bastos et al., 2015Bastos, M. P. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Pires, A. J. V., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, B. M. A., Brandão, R. K. C., & Maranhão, C. M. A. (2015). Impact of total substitution of corn for soybean hulls in diets for lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(3), 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000300002
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Chanie & FieVez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
), where wet brewery waste presented a low dry matter content, and soybean hulls a high dry matter content. However, both feedstuffs presented high organic matter content (Table 1). These studies also reported a high nutritional value of the soybean hulls, which may enable the production of a silage with good quality. Consequently, the low dry matter concentration of wet brewery waste result in a low osmotic pressure, permitting the development of microorganisms that break down sugars, lactic acid, proteins, and amino acids, transform these biomolecules in butyric acid, acetic acid, ammonia, carbonic gas, and starches which result insignificant losses and a good environment to silage production (Zanine et al., 2010Zanine, A. M., Santos, E. M., Dórea, J. R. R., Dantas, P. A. S., Silva, T. C., & Pereira, O. G. (2010). Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(12), 2611-2616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
).
The use of soybean hulls may cause an effective increasing in the nutrients content of wet brewery waste silage, especially due to soybean hulls may provide an increase in the dry matter. It is important to mention that soybean hulls are a natural energy source for ruminants, replacing the corn, and acting on passage rate and ruminant fermentation (Bastos et al., 2015Bastos, M. P. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Pires, A. J. V., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, B. M. A., Brandão, R. K. C., & Maranhão, C. M. A. (2015). Impact of total substitution of corn for soybean hulls in diets for lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(3), 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000300002
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
). For ruminants, soybean hulls have an energy value of 74 to 80% of corn for feedlot animals. If this energy value is extrapolated to the horse, soybean hulls would have 2.84 to 3.07 Mcal DE kg-1 of dry matter or slightly less than the energy value of oats (3.20 to 3.36 Mcal DE kg-1 of dry matter) (Ott & Kivipelto, 2002Ott, E. A., & Kivipelto, J. (2002). Soybean Hulls as an Energy Source for Weanling Horses Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-07716. The Professional Animal Scientist, 18(2), 169-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31507-2
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232...
).
Like grasses, the main limiting factor for the production of a wet brewery waste silage with good quality is a low dry matter content. The high moisture of wet brewery waste tends to limit its utilization on farms distant from the brewing industry, because the very difficult to transportation and storage. And during the ensilage process, a secondary fermentation may occurs caused by bacteria, especially Clostridium, generating nutrient losses and effluents production (Geron et al., 2010Geron, L. J. V., Zeoula, L. M., Erkel, J. A., Prado, I. N., Bublitz, E., & Prado, O. P. P. (2010). Consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com resíduo de cervejaria fermentado. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(1), 69-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i1.6990
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
; Imaizumi, Batistel, Souza, & Santos, 2015Imaizumi, H., Batistel, F., Souza, J., & Santos, F. A. P. (2015). Replacing soybean meal for wet brewer's grains or urea on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health Production, 47(5), 877-882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0802-y
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
; Faccenda et al., 2017Faccenda, A., Zambom, M. A., Castagnara, D. D., Avila, A. S., Fernandes, T., Eckstein, E. I., ... Schneider, C. R. (2017). Use of dried brewers' grains instead of soybean meal to feed lactating cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(1), 39-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000100007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
). In this sense, moisture-absorbing additives are an important tool to minimize the effects of low dry matter during the ensilage process (Aliyu & Bala, 2011Aliyu, S., & Bala, M. (2011). Brewer’s spent grain: A review of its potentials and applications. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 324-331.; Negrão et al., 2016Negrão, F. M., Zanine, A. M., Souza, A. L., Cabral, L. S., Ferreira, D. J., & Dantas, C. C. O. (2016). Perdas, perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens de capim Brachiaria decumbens com inclusão de farelo de arroz. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 17(1), 13-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402016000100002
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Dias, Cândido, Furtado, Pompeu, & Silva, 2019Dias, E. C. B., Cândido, M. J. D., Furtado, R. N., Pompeu, R. C. F. F., & Silva, L. V. (2019). Nutritive value of elephant grass silage added with cottonseed cake in diet for sheep. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 50(2), 321-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190038
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/...
).
Wet brewery waste results presented a great crude protein content when compared to soybean hulls (Table 1). According to Souza et al. (2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
), Thomas, Hersom, Thrift, and Yelich (2016Thomas, M., Hersom, M., Thrift, T., & Yelich, J. (2016). Wet brewers' grains for beef cattle. Florida, US: University of Florida Press.), and Chanie and Fievez (2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
), the wet brewery waste is a good source of protein with a crude protein content that ranges from 25 to 34%. Other studies also pointed that this protein is mainly placed in the germ portion of the spent grain and is digested to a partial amount in the rumen and to a greater amount in the small intestinal tract (Chanie & Fievez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
). This variable denotes the nitrogen that is bound to the cell wall of the silage, which renders it unavailable throughout the digestive tract of the animal. However, the observed values do not compromise the quality of the silage (Santos et al., 2013Santos, R. J. C., Lira, M. A., Guim, A., Santos, M. V. F., Dubeux Junior, J. C. B., & Mello, A. C. L. (2013). Elephant grass clones for silage production. Scientia Agricola, 70(1), 6-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162013000100002
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
).
The increasing inclusion of soybean hulls in the silage of wet brewery waste provided more alkaline pH (p < 0.05) and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the effluent losses. Effluent losses presented a quadratic effect (; R2 = 0.95), where the production of effluents reduced according to the increase of levels of soybean hulls in the silage. pH presented a positive linear effect (; R2 = 0.99), where the pH increased according to the increase of levels of soybean hulls in the silage (Table 2).
These results indicate a reduction in the activity of lactic acid bacteria and, consequently, lower production of lactic acid. In this sense, this little increase in pH was sufficient to reduce fermentative losses of effluents. However, in the results of this study the pH was considered low in all silages evaluated, and even with a little increased in the pH due to inclusion levels of soybean hulls, the results of pH obtained indicating a good fermentative quality of the silages. Previous studies reported that lactic acid is not a good inhibitor to fungi and yeast activity and also serves as a substrate for its metabolism (Silva, Pedreira, Figueiredo, Bernardinho, & Farias, 2010Silva, C. F. P. G., Pedreira, M. S., Figueiredo, M. P., Bernardinho, F. S., & Farias, D. H. (2010). Qualidade fermentativa e caracterização químico-bromatológica de silagens da parte aérea e raízes de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(4), 401-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i4.8930
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
). Unfortunately, lactic acid bacterial fermentation rarely lowers pH sufficiently and produces enough acetic acid to prevent yeasts and molds from growing in silage (Muck, 2010Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(Suppl. Spe.), 183-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
). According to Schmidt et al. (2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(3), 543-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
), under anaerobic conditions, fungi and yeast may develop at a lower pH when have soluble carbohydrates available in the medium.
In environmental aspect, it is important to mention that the successful use of additives to silage production depends on the growth ability of the bacteria, presence of adequate substrate, and population of bacteria in proportion to the silage mass. Additives with great dry matter content present several advantages to use in silages, especially due to the main ingredient used to silage production presents low dry matter (Yitbarek & Tamir, 2014Yitbarek, M. B., & Tamir, B. (2014). Silage additives: Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(5), 258-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/...
; Silva, Jobim, Poppi, Tres, & Osmari, 2015Silva, M. S. J., Jobim, C. C., Poppi, E. C., Tres, T. T., & Osmari, M. P. (2015). Production technology and quality of corn silage for feeding dairy cattle in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(9), 303-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000900001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Grant & Ferraretto, 2018Grant, R. J., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2018). Silage review: Silage feeding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feeding behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4111-4121. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2017-13729
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3168...
). According to Weiss and Underwood (2009Weiss, B., & Underwood, J. (2009). Silage additives. Columbus, US: Ohio State University Press.), the incorporation of easily fermentable feed ingredients such as sugar or molasses to low dry matter sugar-limited tropical forages is a way to improve silage fermentation. To optimize their effectiveness by avoiding effluent losses they have to be used in relatively high rates (aiming a dry matter content > 25% of the mixture) and adequately mixed.
Generally, recommended moisture contents vary based on the type and dimensions of silos as well as the crop. A general recommendation to minimize effluent production is that crop moisture contents should not exceed 70-75% for bunker silos and 60 and 65% for tower silos. Silage effluent management has historically focused on minimizing its production, which has the added benefit of reducing dry matter losses, thus conserving fodder quality (Faulkner, Zhang, Geohring, & Steenhuis, 2011Faulkner, J. W., Zhang, W., Geohring, L. D., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2011). Nutrient transport within three vegetative treatment areas receiving silage bunker runoff. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3), 587-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.020
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
; Gebrehanna, Gordon, Madani, VanderZaag, & Wood, 2014Gebrehanna, M. M., Gordon, R. J., Madani, A., VanderZaag, A. C., & Wood, J. D. (2014). Silage effluent management: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 143, 113-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
; Gallo et al., 2015Gallo, A., Bertuzzi, T., Giuberti, G., Moschini, M., Bruschi, S., Cerioli, C., & Masoero, F. (2015). New assessment based on the use of principal factor analysis to investigate corn silage quality from nutritional traits, fermentation end products and mycotoxins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(2), 437-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7109
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
).
Gebrehanna et al. (2014Gebrehanna, M. M., Gordon, R. J., Madani, A., VanderZaag, A. C., & Wood, J. D. (2014). Silage effluent management: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 143, 113-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
) also reported that during the ensilage process, effluents (or leachate) are produced according to the moisture content of the ensiled crop, and crops with high moisture content tends to produce more effluents. Normally, effluent release during silage making represents a loss of silage dry matter, and a reduction in the value of the silage as feed. These concerns motivated research aimed at reducing effluent production and release to conserve crop quality.
The increase inclusion of soybean hulls in the wet brewery waste caused a linear increase (p < 0.05) on dry matter (), acid detergent fiber (), and total carbohydrates (). However, there was also a significant linear reduction (p<0.05) on crude protein (), fats (), hemicellulose (), and total digestible nutrients () (Table 3).
Neutral detergent fiber () and non-fibrous carbohydrates () content presented a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) where the higher inclusion of soybean hulls on silage caused a great increase on neutral detergent fiber content and reduction on non-fibrous carbohydrates content (Table 3).
These results indicated that increase levels of soybean hulls in the silage of wet brewery waste may promote a significant effect on its chemical composition, especially on dry matter and its main nutrients. Monteiro, Abreu, Cabral, Ribeiro, and Reis (2011Monteiro, I. J. G., Abreu, J. G., Cabral, L. S., Ribeiro, M. D., & Reis, R. H. P. (2011). Silagem de capim-elefante aditivada com produtos alternativos. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 33(4), 347-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/...
), from them obtained results, reported that the use of soybean hulls, as other traditional additives, may provide the minimum dry matter content required to obtain a silage with good quality. Ferrari Junior and Lavezzo (2001Ferrari Junior, E., & Lavezzo, W. (2001). Qualidade da silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) emurchecimento ou acrescido de farelo de mandioca. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(5), 1424-1431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982001000600006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
) also commented that the use of additives in the silage may provide a substantial increase in nutrient content, especially protein, carbohydrates, and fats. In addition, Miron et al. (2001Miron, J., Yosef, E., Ben-Ghedalia, D. (2001). Composition and in vitro digestibility of monosaccharide constituents of selected byproduct feeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5), 2322-2326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0008700
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/...
) reported that carbohydrates, predominantly polymers of glucose, makeup approximately 80% of the dry matter in soybean hulls and that most of these carbohydrates (75%) derive from polysaccharides recovered in the neutral detergent fiber fraction.
According to Queiroz, Arriola, Daniel, and Adesogan (2013Queiroz, O. C. M., Arriola, K. G., Daniel, J. L. P., & Adesogan, A. T. (2013). Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(9), 5836-5843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6691
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/...
) and Moriel et al. (2016Moriel, P., Piccolo, M. B., Artioli, L. F. A., Santos, G. S., Poore, M. H., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2016). Method of propionic acid-based preser-vative addition and its effects on nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of wet brewers grain ensiled in the summertime. The Professional Animal Scientist, 32(5), 591-597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01513
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232...
), the main purpose to use of additives in silage is the control of preservation process so that by the time of feeding it has retained as many of the nutrients as possible and to ensure that the growth of lactic bacteria predominates during the fermentation process, producing lactic acid in quantities high enough to ensure a good silage. Additives are used to improve nutrient composition of silage, to reduce storage losses by promoting rapid fermentation, to reduce fermentation losses by limiting extent of fermentation, and to improve bunk life of silage (increase aerobic stability) (Yitbarek & Tamir, 2014Yitbarek, M. B., & Tamir, B. (2014). Silage additives: Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(5), 258-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/...
).
Thomas et al. (2016Thomas, M., Hersom, M., Thrift, T., & Yelich, J. (2016). Wet brewers' grains for beef cattle. Florida, US: University of Florida Press.) reported that the chemical characteristics of wet brewery waste vary according to its processing form. This is primarily due to limited drying capabilities of breweries and daily batches being compiled into one composite batch for removal at the end of a production week. The varying physical composition of wet brewery waste becomes important to consider when assessing the feasibility of silage production (Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
; Thomas et al., 2016; Chanie & Fievez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
). The blending wet brewery waste with other feeds such as soybean hulls results in an increased dry matter and increases the shelf-life by a small number of days (Thomas et al., 2016Thomas, M., Hersom, M., Thrift, T., & Yelich, J. (2016). Wet brewers' grains for beef cattle. Florida, US: University of Florida Press.).
However, even having an increase on dry matter, some nutrients content decreased by increase inclusion levels of soybean hulls in the silage. Naturally, wet brewery waste and its silage tend to present a high protein content, and good fat content and total digestible nutrients (Thomas et al., 2016Thomas, M., Hersom, M., Thrift, T., & Yelich, J. (2016). Wet brewers' grains for beef cattle. Florida, US: University of Florida Press.; Chanie & Fievez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737...
), but the inclusion of additives in the silage production may reduce the concentration of these nutrients by effluent losses during ensilage as observed in this study.
Conclusion
It was concluded that soybean hulls may be used as an additive in the production of silage of wet brewery waste. Up to 35% of inclusion, there was a significant reduction on effluent losses, a little increase on pH, and enrichment in nutritional content, especially dry matter.
References
- Albuquerque, D. M. N., Lopes, J. B., Klein Junior, M. H., Merval, R. R., Silva, F. E. S., & Teixeira, M. P. F. (2011). Resíduo desidratado de cervejaria para suínos em terminação. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63(2), 465-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000200026
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000200026 - Alcalde, C. R., Zambom, M. A., Passianoto, G. D. O., Lima, L. S. D., Zeoula, L. M., & Hashimoto, J. H. (2009). Valor nutritivo de rações contendo casca do grão de soja em substituição ao milho moído para cabritos Saanen. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(11), 2198-2203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001100019
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001100019 - Aliyu, S., & Bala, M. (2011). Brewer’s spent grain: A review of its potentials and applications. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 324-331.
- Bastos, M. P. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Pires, A. J. V., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, B. M. A., Brandão, R. K. C., & Maranhão, C. M. A. (2015). Impact of total substitution of corn for soybean hulls in diets for lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(3), 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000300002
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000300002 - Beigh, Y. A., Ganai, A. M., & Ahmad, H. A. (2017). Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review. Veterinary World, 10(4), 424-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.424-437
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.424-437 - Cardoso, A. M., Araújo, S. A. C., Rocha, S. N., Domingues, F. N., Azevedo, J. C., & Pantoja, L. A. (2016). Elephant grass silage with the addition of crambe bran conjugated to different specific mass. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 38(4), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.31828
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.31828 - Carrera, R. A. B., Veloso, C. M., Knupp, L. S., Souza Júnior, A. H., Detmann, E., & Lana, R. P. (2012). Protein co-products and by-products of the biodiesel industry for ruminants feeding. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(5), 1202-1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000500018
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000500018 - Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5(1), 10-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13 - Dias, E. C. B., Cândido, M. J. D., Furtado, R. N., Pompeu, R. C. F. F., & Silva, L. V. (2019). Nutritive value of elephant grass silage added with cottonseed cake in diet for sheep. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 50(2), 321-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190038
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190038 - Faccenda, A., Zambom, M. A., Castagnara, D. D., Avila, A. S., Fernandes, T., Eckstein, E. I., ... Schneider, C. R. (2017). Use of dried brewers' grains instead of soybean meal to feed lactating cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(1), 39-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000100007
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000100007 - Faulkner, J. W., Zhang, W., Geohring, L. D., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2011). Nutrient transport within three vegetative treatment areas receiving silage bunker runoff. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3), 587-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.020
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.020 - Ferrari Junior, E., & Lavezzo, W. (2001). Qualidade da silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) emurchecimento ou acrescido de farelo de mandioca. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(5), 1424-1431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982001000600006
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982001000600006 - Ferreira, E. M., Pires, A. V., Susin, I., Mendes, C. Q., Gentil, R. S., Araujo, R. C., ... Loerch, S. C. (2011). Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and eating behavior of feedlot lambs fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean hulls. Journal of Animal Science, 89(12), 4120-4126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3417
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3417 - Gallo, A., Bertuzzi, T., Giuberti, G., Moschini, M., Bruschi, S., Cerioli, C., & Masoero, F. (2015). New assessment based on the use of principal factor analysis to investigate corn silage quality from nutritional traits, fermentation end products and mycotoxins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(2), 437-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7109
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7109 - Gebrehanna, M. M., Gordon, R. J., Madani, A., VanderZaag, A. C., & Wood, J. D. (2014). Silage effluent management: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 143, 113-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.012
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.012 - Gentil, R. S., Susin, I., Pires, A. V., Mendes, C. Q., Ferreira, E. M., Urano, F. S., & Meneghini, R. C. M. (2011). Substituição do feno de coastcross por casca de soja na alimentação de cabras em lactação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(12), 2844-2851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001200031
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001200031 - Geron, L. J., Zeoulax’x, L. M., Branco, A. F., Erke, J. A., Prado, O. P., & Jacobi, G. (2007). Caracterização, fracionamento protéico, degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e proteína bruta do resíduo de cervejaria úmido e fermentado. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 29(3), 291-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v29i3.558
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v29i3.558 - Geron, L. J. V., Zeoula, L. M., Erkel, J. A., Prado, I. N., Bublitz, E., & Prado, O. P. P. (2010). Consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com resíduo de cervejaria fermentado. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(1), 69-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i1.6990
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i1.6990 - Grant, R. J., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2018). Silage review: Silage feeding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feeding behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4111-4121. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2017-13729
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2017-13729 - Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, A., Rinne, M., Lamminen, M., Mapato, C., Ampapon, T., Wanapat, M., & Vanhatalo, A. (2018). Review: alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects. Animal, 12(Supl. 2), 295-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002252
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002252 - Imaizumi, H., Batistel, F., Souza, J., & Santos, F. A. P. (2015). Replacing soybean meal for wet brewer's grains or urea on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health Production, 47(5), 877-882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0802-y
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0802-y - José Neto, A., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Messana, J. D., Malheiros, E. B., Reis, R. A., Pires, A. V., & Berchielli, T. T. (2019). Soybean hulls as feed substitute of ground corn can increase the fiber digestibility and bacterial fibrolytic profile of grazing Nellore steers during the rainy season. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(6), 3577-3594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl3p3577
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl3p3577 - José Neto, A. J., Messana, J. D., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Castagnino, P. S., Fiorentini, G., Reis, R. A., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017). Effect of starch level in supplement with or without oil source on diet and apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial population of Nellore steers grazing tropical grass. Livestock Science, 202, 171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.007
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.007 - Miron, J., Yosef, E., Ben-Ghedalia, D. (2001). Composition and in vitro digestibility of monosaccharide constituents of selected byproduct feeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5), 2322-2326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0008700
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0008700 - Monteiro, I. J. G., Abreu, J. G., Cabral, L. S., Ribeiro, M. D., & Reis, R. H. P. (2011). Silagem de capim-elefante aditivada com produtos alternativos. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 33(4), 347-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629 - Moriel, P., Piccolo, M. B., Artioli, L. F. A., Santos, G. S., Poore, M. H., & Ferraretto, L. F. (2016). Method of propionic acid-based preser-vative addition and its effects on nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of wet brewers grain ensiled in the summertime. The Professional Animal Scientist, 32(5), 591-597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01513
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01513 - Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(Suppl. Spe.), 183-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021 - Negrão, F. M., Zanine, A. M., Souza, A. L., Cabral, L. S., Ferreira, D. J., & Dantas, C. C. O. (2016). Perdas, perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens de capim Brachiaria decumbens com inclusão de farelo de arroz. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 17(1), 13-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402016000100002
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402016000100002 - Orr, A. I., Henley, J. C., & Rude, B. J. (2008). The substitution of corn with soybean hulls and subsequent impact on digestibility of a forage-based diet offered to beef cattle. 1. The Professional Animal Scientist, 24(6), 566-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30906-2
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30906-2 - Ott, E. A., & Kivipelto, J. (2002). Soybean Hulls as an Energy Source for Weanling Horses Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-07716. The Professional Animal Scientist, 18(2), 169-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31507-2
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31507-2 - Patra, A.K., & Yu, Z. (2013). Effects of coconut and fish oils on methane production, fermentation, abundance and diversity of rumen microbial populations in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(3), 1782-1792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6159
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6159 - Queiroz, O. C. M., Arriola, K. G., Daniel, J. L. P., & Adesogan, A. T. (2013). Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(9), 5836-5843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6691
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6691 - Santos, R. J. C., Lira, M. A., Guim, A., Santos, M. V. F., Dubeux Junior, J. C. B., & Mello, A. C. L. (2013). Elephant grass clones for silage production. Scientia Agricola, 70(1), 6-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162013000100002
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162013000100002 - Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(3), 543-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011 - Senthilkumar, S., Viswanathan, T. V., Mercy, A. D., Gangadevi, P., Ally, K., & Shyama, K. (2010). Chemical composition of brewery waste. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 6(1), 49-51.
- Silva, C. F. P. G., Pedreira, M. S., Figueiredo, M. P., Bernardinho, F. S., & Farias, D. H. (2010). Qualidade fermentativa e caracterização químico-bromatológica de silagens da parte aérea e raízes de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(4), 401-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i4.8930
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i4.8930 - Silva, M. S. J., Jobim, C. C., Poppi, E. C., Tres, T. T., & Osmari, M. P. (2015). Production technology and quality of corn silage for feeding dairy cattle in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44(9), 303-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000900001
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902015000900001 - SAS Institute Inc. (2008). SAS/STAT 9.2: user’s guide Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
- Souza, K. A., Goes, R. H. T. B., Silva, L. H. X., Yoshihara, M. M., & Prado, I. N. (2015). Crambe meal in supplements for culling cows: animal performance and carcass characteristics. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1), 47-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci. v37i1.24607
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci. v37i1.24607 - Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(1), 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027 - Thomas, M., Hersom, M., Thrift, T., & Yelich, J. (2016). Wet brewers' grains for beef cattle Florida, US: University of Florida Press.
- Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 - Weiss, B., & Underwood, J. (2009). Silage additives Columbus, US: Ohio State University Press.
- Wilson, R. F., & Wilkins, R. J. (1972). The ensilage of autumn-sown rye. Journal of British Grassland Society, 27(1), 35-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00683.x
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00683.x - Yitbarek, M. B., & Tamir, B. (2014). Silage additives: Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(5), 258-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026 - Zambom, M. A., Alcalce, C. R., Gomes, L. C., Ramos, C. E. C. O., Rossi, R. M., Kazama, D. C. S. (2017). Effect of soybean hulls on lactation curves and the composition of goat milk. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(2), 167-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000200012
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000200012 - Zanine, A. M., Santos, E. M., Dórea, J. R. R., Dantas, P. A. S., Silva, T. C., & Pereira, O. G. (2010). Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(12), 2611-2616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008 - Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(Spe.), 170-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
19 Nov 2021 -
Date of issue
2021
History
-
Received
20 Apr 2020 -
Accepted
21 July 2020