Abstract
Introduction:
The ethiopathogenesis of tympanosclerosis has not been completely under- stood yet. Recent studies have shown that free oxygen radicals are important in the formation of tympanosclerosis. Melatonin and Vitamin C are known to be a powerful antioxidant, interacts directly with Reactive Oxygen Species and controls free radical-mediated tissue damage.
Objective:
To demonstrate the possible preventative effects of melatonin and Vitamin C on tympanosclerosis in rats by using histopathology and determination of total antioxidant status total antioxidant status.
Methods:
Standard myringotomy and standard injury were performed in the middle ear of 24 rats. The animals were divided into three groups: Group 1 received melatonin, Group 2 received vitamin C, and Group 3 received saline solution.
Results:
The mean values of total antioxidant status were similar in the all study groups before the treatment period. The mean values of total antioxidant status were significantly higher in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to control group but vitamin C with melatonin groups were similar after the treatment period (p < 0.001). Minimum and maximum wall thicknesses were lower in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to the control group but the differences were insignificant.
Conclusion:
Melatonin increases total antioxidant status level and might have some effect on tympanosclerosis that develops after myringotomy.
KEYWORDS
Tympanosclerosis; Melatonin; Vitamin C; Total antioxidant status
Resumo
Introdução:
A etiopatogênese da timpanoesclerose (TE) não foi ainda totalmente esclarecida. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que os radicais livres de oxigênio são importantes na formação de TE. Melatonina e vitamina C são conhecidas por serem poderosos antioxidantes, interagir diretamente com espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e controlar danos em tecidos mediados por radicais livres.
Objetivo:
Demonstrar os possíveis efeitos preventivos da melatonina e da vitamina C na TE em ratos com histopatologia e determinação da capacidade antioxidante total (CAT).
Método:
Miringotomias padronizadas foram feitas na orelha média de 24 ratos. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: o Grupo 1 recebeu melatonina, o Grupo 2 vitamina C e o grupo 3 solução salina.
Resultados:
Os valores médios de CAT foram semelhantes em todos os grupos de estudo antes do período de tratamento. Os valores médios de CAT foram significativamente maiores nos grupos que receberam melatonina e vitamina C em comparação com o grupo de controle, mas os grupos vitamina C e melatonina foram semelhantes após o período de tratamento (p < 0,001). As espessuras mínimas e máximas de parede foram menores nos grupos melatonina e vitamina C, em comparação com o grupo controle, mas as diferenças não foram significativas.
Conclusão:
A melatonina aumenta os níveis de CAT e pode ter algum efeito sobre a TE que se desenvolve após a miringotomia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Timpanoesclerose; Melatonina; Vitamina C; Capacidade antioxidante total
Introduction
Tympanosclerosis (TS) is a condition that may affect both the tympanic membrane and the middle ear mucosa. It is characterized histologically by an increase in collagenous fibers, decreased vascularization and cell formation hyalinization calcification and degeneration of the collagen layer. 11 Shin SG, Koh SH, Woo CH, Lim JH. PAI-1 inhibits development of chronic otitis media and tympanosclerosis in a mouse model of otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134:1231-8.,22 Aydoğan F, Aydin E, Taştan E, Akgedik Ş, Tekeli A, Üstün H. Is there any effect of coenzyme Q10 on prevention of myringosclerosis? Experimental study with rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;79:293-7. TS is usually identified as white chalky patches either in the middle ear mucosa or in the tympanic membrane (TM). At the beginning of the pathology it consists of cheese-like masses of tympanosclerotic material and by the time similar to bone it gets harder.33 Wallace IF, Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Harrison MF, Kimple AJ, Steiner MJ. Surgical treatments for otitis media with effusion: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014;133:296-311. The ethiopathogenesis of TS has not been completely understood yet. Recent studies have shown that free oxygen radicals are important in the formation of TS in traumatized TM and antioxidant agents decrease or prevent myringosclerosis and TS after experimental myringotomy.44 Polanski JF, Soares AD, de Mendonça Cruz OL. Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:269-74.
5 Kazikdas KC, Uguz MZ, Erbil G, Tugyan K, Yilmaz O, Guneli E, et al. The anti-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:882-6.
6 Polanski JF, Cruz OL. Evaluation of antioxidant treatment in presbycusis: prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised trial. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:134-41.-77 Vuralkan E, Tokgöz SA, Simsek G, Koybasioglu F, Han U, Caliskan M, et al. Effect of local use of l-carnitine after myringotomy on myringosclerosis development in rats. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:468-72.
Melatonin (N-acetyl-methoxytryptamine), an indolamine derived from tryptophan, is mainly produced in the mammalian pineal gland but it is also produced in the other organs.88 Bruni O, Alonso-Alconada D, Besag F, Biran V, Braam W, Cortese S, et al. Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:122-33. It has been shown to act as a potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and free radical scavenger, protecting against a number of radical species. Various studies have established that due to these features melatonin decreases sclerosis. 99 Ersoz N, Ozler M, Altinel O, Sadir S, Ozerhan IH, Uysal B, et al. Melatonin prevents peritoneal adhesions in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1763-7.
10 Marçola M, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PA, Monteiro AW, Markus RP, Tamura EK. Endothelial cell adhesiveness is a function of environmental lighting and melatonin level. J Pineal Res. 2013;54:162-9.-1111 Koc O, Duran B, Topcuoglu A, Bugdayci G, Yilmaz F, Dönmez M. Intraperitoneal administration of single dose type I collagen or low dose melatonin to prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation: a comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;145:209-13. Vitamin C is known to be a powerful antioxidant, interacts directly with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and controls free radical-mediated tissue damage.1212 Dündar R, İnan S, Muluk NB, Cingi C, İlknur AE, Katılmış H. Inhibitory effect of N-acetyl cysteine and ascorbic acid on the development of myringosclerosis: an experimental study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78:1019-25.
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible preventative effects of melatonin and vitamin C on TS in rats, which had TM myringotomy and a standard injury in the middle ear, by using histopathology and determination of total antioxidant status (TAS).
Methods
International Standards for the care of laboratory animals were followed and the protocol of the study was approved by the responsible local ethical committee.
Animal maintenance
This study was carried out in compliance with the guidelines for animal experimentation at the University of Gaziosmanpasa. All animal care and procedures were performed humanely. Twenty-four Wistar-Albino type rats, weighing 250-300 g, were observed for 15 days in the animal care laboratory. Any animal that showed signs of external or middle ear infection and possibility of underlying diseases were excluded from this study. Animals were housed in a room maintained at a temperature of 23° ± 3 °C with 12 h light and 12 h darkness and with 13-18 air changes per hour.
Operating procedures and experimental design
All interventions were performed under sterile conditions. After anesthesia with intramuscular ketamine hydrochloride 30 mg/kg, under the otomicroscope, through an aural speculum, the myringotomy was performed similarly on both ears of rats, with a radial orientation in the upper posterior quadrant of the TMs, length approximately 3-4 mm. Subsequently, a standard injury was formed in the middle ear. They were divided into three groups (Groups 1, 2, and 3). Eight rats (Group 1) received 5 mg/kg melatonin via orogastric gavage, eight rats (Group 2) received 75 mg/kg vitamin C via orogastric gavage, eight rats (Group 3) received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution via orogastric gavage; this was continued for 10 days. The amount of the melatonin and vitamin C supplement were determined with reference to the literature. 99 Ersoz N, Ozler M, Altinel O, Sadir S, Ozerhan IH, Uysal B, et al. Melatonin prevents peritoneal adhesions in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1763-7.,1313 Hemmati AA, Nazari Z, Ranjbari N, Torfi A. Comparison of the preventive effect of vitamin C and E on hexavalent chromium induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat. Inflammopharmacology. 2008;16:195-7.
Biochemical analysis
For biochemical analyses blood samples were collected at the first day from the tail veins of the rats when they were anesthetized prior to myringotomy and at the 28th day from intracardiac route again when they were anesthetized prior to scarification.
Total antioxidant status (TAS)
Total antioxidant status levels were measured using commercially available kits (Rel Assay). The novel automated method is based on the bleaching of characteristic color of a more stable ABTS (2.2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) radical cation by antioxidants. The commercial kit work colorimetric method is based on 660 nm absorbance. The results were expressed as mmol Trolox equivalent/L.
Tissue collection and histopathological analysis
On the 28th day, all animals were euthanized painlessly following administration of high dose (80 mg/kg) intraperitoneal pentobarbital. The temporal bones of the animals were removed, enumerated, and the middle ear cavity, tympanic membranes, and external ear canals were isolated. The specimens were fixated within 4% formaldehyde, and then decalcified using 0.1 moL/L Ethlenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA). Following tissue processing and blocking, specimens were cut to obtain 3 µm thick samples. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stains were used for histopathologic evaluation. Thickness of lamina propria at the middle ear was measured by a graded ocular, under Olympus BX53 light microscope. Exudates were not included in thickness of lamina propria. When available, thickness of tympanic membrane was measured by the same technique.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 15 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate whether the distribution of variables was normal. The Student t or Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare continuous variables between the two groups. Continuous variables were presented as mean (standard deviation [SD]) or as median (interquartile range [IQR]). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The mean values of TAS were similar in the all study groups before the treatment period. The mean values of TAS were significantly higher in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to control group but vitamin C with melatonin groups were similar after the treatment period (p < 0.001) (Table 1). Minimum and maximum wall thicknesses were lower in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to control group but the differences were insignificant. Minimum and maximum wall thicknesses were similar in the melatonin and vitamin C groups (Table 1) (Figs. 1 and 2).
There is no significant tympanosclerosis (arrow) in this sample of control group; with moderate otitis media (left side of arrow). H&E stain, 100× magnification.
Mild tympanosclerosis (arrow) and mild otitis media (below the arrow) are demonstrated on a sample of melatonin group. H&E stain, 100× magnification.
Discussion
Our study revealed that systemic administration of melatonin reduced or inhibited the formation of TS by acting as a free radical scavenger in rats which had myringotomy and formation of a standard injury in the middle ear. As far as we know, this is the first study in the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of melatonin in prevention of TS.
Reactive Oxygen Species are oxygen-containing molecules that are produced during normal metabolism under aerobic conditions. ROS include superoxide anion radical (O2 − Inserir caracter correspondente ao PDF − −), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical ( − Inserir caracter correspondente ao PDF − OH) and single oxygen (1O2).1414 Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Collin F. Melatonin: action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging. Toxicology. 2010;278:55-67. These oxygen radicals are considerably reactive and posses the capacity of causing irreversible cellular destruction. The antioxidant systems contain enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms against the harmful effects of the endogenous ROS products.1515 Kiroglu AF, Noyan T, Oger M, Kara T. Oxidants and antioxidants in tonsillar and adenoidal tissue in chronic adenotonsillitis and adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:35-8. Enzymatic system involves Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px). Ascorbic acid, glutathione, β-carotene, tocopherols, and uric acid can be included as non-enzymatic defense systems.1616 Koc S, Aksoy N, Bilinc H, Duygu F, Uysal IÖ, Ekinci A. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activity and total oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with chronic adenotonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:1364-7. Formation and elimination of free oxygen radicals are in a balance known as oxidative balance. As long as the oxidative balance is maintained, free oxygen radicals do not harm the organism. When the oxidative balance is corrupted, free oxygen radicals elevate and tissue damage occurs, this final situation is called as oxidative stress.1717 Turan M, Ucler R, Aslan M, Kalkan F, Taskın A, Garca MF, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with chronic otitis media. Redox Rep. 2015;20:241-5. It is possible to measure one by one the antioxidant parameters in serum. Antioxidant parameters have additive effects, thus individual values may not completely exhibit the total antioxidant status. Therefore TAS measurement is more appropriate procedure to assess antioxidative status.1818 Hao W, Zhu Y, Meng L, Ni C, Yang J, Zhou H. Serum paraoxonase, arylesterase activity, and oxidative status in patients with nasal polyp. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:1861-5.
Tympanosclerosis is caused by recurrent acute otitis media, treatment of serous otitis media with ventilation tube insertion into the TM, chronic otitis media, immunological hypersensitivity reaction, genetic tendency, or trauma. Recent studies have investigated formation of myringosclerosis after myringotomy and pointed out a relationship between the development of TS and ROS. 11 Shin SG, Koh SH, Woo CH, Lim JH. PAI-1 inhibits development of chronic otitis media and tympanosclerosis in a mouse model of otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134:1231-8.,44 Polanski JF, Soares AD, de Mendonça Cruz OL. Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:269-74.,55 Kazikdas KC, Uguz MZ, Erbil G, Tugyan K, Yilmaz O, Guneli E, et al. The anti-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:882-6. When compared to 10% in ambient air, approximately 5% oxygen concentration in the middle ear cavity is much lower than that in ambient air. Myringotomy leads to an increase of oxygen concentration in the middle ear cavity, resulting in a relatively hyperoxic condition.1919 Sakalli E, Baylancicek S, Yuksel M, Erdurak SC, Dadas B. Levels of reactive oxygen species in rat tympanic membranes after incisional versus radiofrequency myringotomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:792-5. Hyperoxia causes formation of ROS thereby might provoke inflammatory process. The increase of ROS and the impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms cause tissue damage involving fibrosis, hyalin degeneration, accumulation and aggregation of calcium and phosphorus forming sclerotic deposits. ROS scavengers have been shown to decrease the inflammatory reaction which also decrease the adhesion formation. 44 Polanski JF, Soares AD, de Mendonça Cruz OL. Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:269-74.
5 Kazikdas KC, Uguz MZ, Erbil G, Tugyan K, Yilmaz O, Guneli E, et al. The anti-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:882-6.
6 Polanski JF, Cruz OL. Evaluation of antioxidant treatment in presbycusis: prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised trial. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:134-41.-77 Vuralkan E, Tokgöz SA, Simsek G, Koybasioglu F, Han U, Caliskan M, et al. Effect of local use of l-carnitine after myringotomy on myringosclerosis development in rats. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:468-72. Therefore, antioxidant treatment may be hypothesized to reduce TS formation and reformation.
Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and free radicals scavenger.99 Ersoz N, Ozler M, Altinel O, Sadir S, Ozerhan IH, Uysal B, et al. Melatonin prevents peritoneal adhesions in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1763-7. Both direct and indirect antioxidant effects of melatonin have been reported. Melatonin has an indirect antioxidant effect by inducing SOD and GSH-Px activities. By scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals, such as hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, melatonin discloses its direct antioxidant effect.1414 Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Collin F. Melatonin: action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging. Toxicology. 2010;278:55-67. In addition, melatonin prevents from sclerosis by inhibiting aggregation and secretion of platelets, prostaglandin synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation.2020 Aksakal O, Yilmaz B, Gungor T, Sirvan L, Sut N, Inan I, et al. A randomised controlled trial on melatonin and rosiglitazone for prevention of adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn model. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;282:55-61. Rosa et al.2121 Rosa DP, Bona S, Simonetto D, Zettler C, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Melatonin protects the liver and erythrocytes against oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47:72-8. have reported that melatonin reduces destruction and fibrosis caused by oxidative stress by means of elevating antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GSH-Px in cirrhotic rats. Koc et al.1111 Koc O, Duran B, Topcuoglu A, Bugdayci G, Yilmaz F, Dönmez M. Intraperitoneal administration of single dose type I collagen or low dose melatonin to prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation: a comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;145:209-13. have examined effects of melatonin on oxidative stress and adhesion in rats after laparotomy and standard injury on right uterine horn. In the melatonin given group they have found adhesion to be less, SOD and CAT activity to be high and Malondialdehite (MDA) level to be low. In another study melatonin has shown to prevent peritoneal adhesion by reducing oxidative stress.99 Ersoz N, Ozler M, Altinel O, Sadir S, Ozerhan IH, Uysal B, et al. Melatonin prevents peritoneal adhesions in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1763-7.
A curative treatment for myringosclerosis (MS) and TS has not been identified yet. Various antioxidants have been used in treatment and proved to reduce MS.2121 Rosa DP, Bona S, Simonetto D, Zettler C, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Melatonin protects the liver and erythrocytes against oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47:72-8. Emir et al.2222 Emir H, Kaptan ZK, Samim E, Sungu N, Ceylan K, Ustun H. The preventive effect of ginkgo biloba extract in myringosclerosis: study in rats. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:171-6. have stated that ginkgo biloba extracts, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, reduced or inhibited MS in rats who had myringotomy. Dundar et al.1212 Dündar R, İnan S, Muluk NB, Cingi C, İlknur AE, Katılmış H. Inhibitory effect of N-acetyl cysteine and ascorbic acid on the development of myringosclerosis: an experimental study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78:1019-25. used ascorbic acid in myringotomized rat ears and showed that ascorbic acid reduced the occurrence of MS both in otomicroscopic and histopathologic examinations. Karlidag et al.2323 Karlidag T, Ilhan N, Kaygusuz I, Keleş E, Yalçin S. Comparison of free radicals and antioxidant enzymes in chronic otitis media with and without tympanosclerosis. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:85-9. have evaluated oxidative stress and TS in 65 patients who underwent tympanoplasty or tympanoplasty together with mastoidectomy. In the patients with TS levels were found to be high and CAT activity low as compared to the patients without TS, whereas, no difference was found between groups in SOD activity. Kazikdas et al.55 Kazikdas KC, Uguz MZ, Erbil G, Tugyan K, Yilmaz O, Guneli E, et al. The anti-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:882-6. have demonstrated that alpha tocopherol reduces oxidative stress and MS by means of biochemical analysis, otomicroscopic, tympanometric and histopathologic assessments.
In the current study, effect of melatonin and vitamin C on TS was assessed in myringotomised and middle ear mucosa damaged rats by using histopathology and determination of oxidative status via measurement of TAS levels. In this trial, it was shown that the mean values of TAS were similar in the all study groups before the treatment period. The mean values of TAS were significantly higher in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to control group but vitamin C with melatonin groups were similar after the treatment period. Minimum and maximum wall thicknesses were lower in the melatonin and vitamin C groups compared to the control group but the differences were insignificant. Minimum and maximum wall thicknesses were similar in the melatonin and vitamin C groups.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the administration of melatonin increases TAS level and might have some effect on TS that develops following myringotomy, but these observations are not statistically significant. Nevertheless, further experimental studies on large number of subjects using melatonin and/or vitamin C in high doses and for various periods should be designed to affirm the effects of melatonin and/or vitamin C on TS induced by myringotomy.
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Peer Review under the responsibility of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.
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☆
Please cite this article as: Koc S, Kıyıcı H, Toker A, Soyalıç H, Aslan H, Kesici H, et al. The effect of melatonin and vitamin C treatment on the experimentally induced tympanosclerosis: study in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 20177;83:541-5.
References
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1Shin SG, Koh SH, Woo CH, Lim JH. PAI-1 inhibits development of chronic otitis media and tympanosclerosis in a mouse model of otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134:1231-8.
-
2Aydoğan F, Aydin E, Taştan E, Akgedik Ş, Tekeli A, Üstün H. Is there any effect of coenzyme Q10 on prevention of myringosclerosis? Experimental study with rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;79:293-7.
-
3Wallace IF, Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Harrison MF, Kimple AJ, Steiner MJ. Surgical treatments for otitis media with effusion: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014;133:296-311.
-
4Polanski JF, Soares AD, de Mendonça Cruz OL. Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:269-74.
-
5Kazikdas KC, Uguz MZ, Erbil G, Tugyan K, Yilmaz O, Guneli E, et al. The anti-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:882-6.
-
6Polanski JF, Cruz OL. Evaluation of antioxidant treatment in presbycusis: prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised trial. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:134-41.
-
7Vuralkan E, Tokgöz SA, Simsek G, Koybasioglu F, Han U, Caliskan M, et al. Effect of local use of l-carnitine after myringotomy on myringosclerosis development in rats. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127:468-72.
-
8Bruni O, Alonso-Alconada D, Besag F, Biran V, Braam W, Cortese S, et al. Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:122-33.
-
9Ersoz N, Ozler M, Altinel O, Sadir S, Ozerhan IH, Uysal B, et al. Melatonin prevents peritoneal adhesions in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1763-7.
-
10Marçola M, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PA, Monteiro AW, Markus RP, Tamura EK. Endothelial cell adhesiveness is a function of environmental lighting and melatonin level. J Pineal Res. 2013;54:162-9.
-
11Koc O, Duran B, Topcuoglu A, Bugdayci G, Yilmaz F, Dönmez M. Intraperitoneal administration of single dose type I collagen or low dose melatonin to prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation: a comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;145:209-13.
-
12Dündar R, İnan S, Muluk NB, Cingi C, İlknur AE, Katılmış H. Inhibitory effect of N-acetyl cysteine and ascorbic acid on the development of myringosclerosis: an experimental study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78:1019-25.
-
13Hemmati AA, Nazari Z, Ranjbari N, Torfi A. Comparison of the preventive effect of vitamin C and E on hexavalent chromium induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat. Inflammopharmacology. 2008;16:195-7.
-
14Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Collin F. Melatonin: action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging. Toxicology. 2010;278:55-67.
-
15Kiroglu AF, Noyan T, Oger M, Kara T. Oxidants and antioxidants in tonsillar and adenoidal tissue in chronic adenotonsillitis and adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:35-8.
-
16Koc S, Aksoy N, Bilinc H, Duygu F, Uysal IÖ, Ekinci A. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activity and total oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with chronic adenotonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:1364-7.
-
17Turan M, Ucler R, Aslan M, Kalkan F, Taskın A, Garca MF, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with chronic otitis media. Redox Rep. 2015;20:241-5.
-
18Hao W, Zhu Y, Meng L, Ni C, Yang J, Zhou H. Serum paraoxonase, arylesterase activity, and oxidative status in patients with nasal polyp. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:1861-5.
-
19Sakalli E, Baylancicek S, Yuksel M, Erdurak SC, Dadas B. Levels of reactive oxygen species in rat tympanic membranes after incisional versus radiofrequency myringotomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:792-5.
-
20Aksakal O, Yilmaz B, Gungor T, Sirvan L, Sut N, Inan I, et al. A randomised controlled trial on melatonin and rosiglitazone for prevention of adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn model. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;282:55-61.
-
21Rosa DP, Bona S, Simonetto D, Zettler C, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Melatonin protects the liver and erythrocytes against oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47:72-8.
-
22Emir H, Kaptan ZK, Samim E, Sungu N, Ceylan K, Ustun H. The preventive effect of ginkgo biloba extract in myringosclerosis: study in rats. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:171-6.
-
23Karlidag T, Ilhan N, Kaygusuz I, Keleş E, Yalçin S. Comparison of free radicals and antioxidant enzymes in chronic otitis media with and without tympanosclerosis. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:85-9.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Sep-Oct 2017
History
-
Received
1 June 2016 -
Accepted
24 June 2016