Revision Stapedotomies: The Role of Periprosthetic Scar Tissue Formation in the Development of Unsatisfactory Hearing Results after Stapedotomy

Abstract

Introduction

Revision stapes surgeries are difficult to perform, and their audiological results are inferior to primary surgeries.

Objective

Our goal was to identify the most common and most influential postoperative reasons that cause persistent air-bone gap (ABG) after the primary surgery. Our focus was concentrated on the mechanical dysfunctions in the middle ear, with special regard to postoperative adhesion formation.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case series study with 23 cases that underwent revision stapedotomies.

Results

A significant improvement was seen in ABG and air conduction levels after surgery. The periprosthetic adhesion formation was seen in 65% of the cases, and it was the primary cause behind the unsatisfactory hearing result in 30% of cases. There was no significant difference in the level of persistent ABGs after the primary surgery, in case of the intratympanic adhesion presence, compared with the presence of other surgical failures. Concerning hearing and ABG gain after revision surgery, the non-inferiority of the negative effect associated with adhesion was shown compared with the other reasons.

Conclusion

The revision stapedotomy is an efficient treatment option in case of persistent ABG. Periprosthetic adhesions are the most common intratympanic reasons for compromised audiological outcomes after stapedotomy.

Keywords
otosclerosis; stapes; stapedotomy; otologic surgical techniques; middle ear

Introduction

The stapedotomy is considered an efficient and safe surgical option in the treatment of stapes fixation.¹ It has been shown that the postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) of 10dB or less—which is defined as surgical success according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines²—could be achieved in 87 to 97% of the cases.³ Although this number is considered as a high success rate, it means that at least one revision is needed in 3 to 13% of the surgeries. According to available data, revision surgeries are generally more difficult to perform, and their audiological results are inferior to primary surgeries.⁴ The prevention of primary failure seems to be the most favorable option to achieve superior results. Revision surgeries offer the opportunity to recognize the exact reasons behind unsatisfactory results. According to previous data, intratympanic adhesion formation is one of the most common findings during revisions,⁵,⁶ but its influence on the hearing results is not clear yet. Our goal was to identify the most common and most influential postoperative causes for persistent ABG, and to clarify the relationship between the presence of adhesion and its impact on hearing. We focused on the mechanical dysfunctions in the middle ear, with special regard to postoperative adhesion formation. Our hypothesis was that postsurgical inflammation and scar tissue formation in the middle ear could be the main reasons behind compromised ABG gain.

Materials and Methods

Patients

A retrospective case series study of 23 revision stapedotomies was performed. Thesurgeries were performed between 2013 and 2020, at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. During this period, 175 primary stapedotomies and 33 revision stapes surgery cases were noted, of which 10 cases were excluded due to incomplete follow-up data. Regarding the revision surgeries, the primaryoperation was performed by another surgeon in 13 cases. The indication for revision was 10dB or higher persistent air-bone gap pure tone average (ABG-PTA). The average time between the primary and revision surgeries was 749 days (range: 84– 11,764 days). The presumed preoperative clinical diagnosis of stapes fixation before primary intervention was made by pure tone average (PTA) testing, tympanometry, stapedius reflex, and physical examination, and was confirmed with palpation during the surgery. Out of the 23 cases, 6 patients were male (26%) and 17 were female (74%), with an average age of 50.4 (standard deviation [SD] 12.0) years.

Surgical Technique

The same standardized surgical approach was applied and performed by the same senior surgeon inall of the cases. After an endaural approach, the posterior tympanomeatal (TM) flap was elevated, and the cause of failure was verified by the palpation of the ossicular chain and by microscopic examination.

According to the intratympanic findings, prosthesis replacement or repositioning was performed, and adhesions were removed mechanically. In five cases, a malleovestibulopexy was performed. The stapedectomy was performedinone case, otherwise, small fenestra technique was preferred. Most of the surgeries were performed under general anesthesia (19 cases, 82.6%), while in 4 cases (17.4%) local anesthesia was preferred according to the patient’s choice.

The prosthesis loop was bridged with a small connective tissue to prevent the slipping and necrosis of the long process. The adequate positioning and mobility of the ossicular chain and prosthesis were verified under microscope in each case at the endof the procedure. The TMflap was restored, the meatal incisions were overlaid with sterile silicone sheets, and the ear canal was stuffed with ofloxacin-impregnated, absorbable, hemostatic-gelatin sponge (Spongostan, Ethicon Somerville, NJ, USA) pieces. The incision was closed with sutures.

The length of the applied prosthesis was 4.5 mm in 52% of the cases, 5mm in 9%, and 6mm in 22% of the cases, with a diameter of 0.4mm in 34% and 0.6mm in 49% of the cases. The majority (48%) of the applied pistons were stainless/ fluoroplastic Schuknecht Wire Pistons Slim Shaf (Gyrus Acmi Inc., Westborough, MA, USA). Richards Platinum Fluoroplastic Pistons (Olympus, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan) were applied in 35% of the cases. In the remaining surgeries (17%), the original pistons were used.

Methods

In all cases, the exact reason behind the unsatisfactory primary results and the surgical solution were noted. The intratympanic problems were classified based on whether the failure was related to scar tissue formation, such as periprosthetic adhesion, inter- or periossicular adhesion (ossicular chain fixation), or any other specific surgery-related complication (long process of the incus [LPI] necrosis, prosthesis dislocation, ossicular luxation etc.). The scar tissue formation was considered as the main reason if it was the only finding during surgery.

In our definition, adhesion is an intratympanic scar tissue formation, considered as a fibrotic, non-anatomical connection between two tissue planes induced by injury.

The cases were divided into three groups: group I - no scar tissue present; group II - scar tissue present; and group III -only scar tissue present. During the statistical evaluation, groups II and III were tested against group I.

The average postoperative follow-up time was 526 days (SD 521; range 92–1827 days). The cut-off point was at least 3 months of follow-up. These results could be interpreted as midterm results, but, according to the literature, they could be considered as an indicator of the long-term results.⁷

The air conduction (AC) levels were measured at 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2;4; and 8kHz, and the bone conduction (BC) was registered at 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2; and 4kHz. The evaluation was done according to the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines of the AAO-HNS.² The thresholds were reported, and the extended PTA was calculated from 0.5; 1; 2; 3kHz frequencies. The 3kHz values were considered as the mean of 2 and 4kHz.⁸ The ABG was calculated from same-time measurements. These data were retrospectively analyzed statistically (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0, Armonk, NY, US) to define descriptive data and the difference between types of surgical failure. The bootstrapped independent samples t-test was used for analyzing group differences, while intervention success was examined with the paired samples t-test. The two one-sided t-tests (TOST) with the effect size of ‘1’ were used to determine equivalence and non-inferiority (TIBCO Statistica, Palo Alto, CA, US). The statistical significance level was p < 0.05.

Results

The average postoperative AC-PTA was 46.9 dB, which is significantly better compared with the 60.7dB preoperative value (p = 0.003). After surgical intervention, ABG-PTA also improved significantly: 17.2 dB vs 31.1dB (p < 0.001). No significant difference could be seen between pre and postoperative BC-PTAs: 29.6dB vs 29.6 dB (p = 0.984) (►Fig. 1.a). The minimum of 30dB AC-PTA was achieved in 39% of the cases. In 52.2% of the cases, at least 10 dB ABG gain was achieved, while the 10dB or better ABG closure was achieved in 43.5%.Finally, ABG closurebetween10and20dB prevailed in 13% of the cases (►Fig. 1.b).

Fig. 1
(a) Pre and postoperative pure tone audiometry air-conduction hearing thresholds. Significant improvement after revision surgery. (b) Distribution of ABG gain after revision surgery in 10 dB bins.

Intratympanic adhesion was the most common finding during revision surgeries, with a prevalence of 65%, and, in 30%of the cases, it wasthemainreasonbehind compromised ossicular chain mobility. Among the 30% (8 patients) of cases in which the only abnormal intratympanic finding was scar tissue, there were 6 cases with satisfactory hearing gain after the first intervention, which was followed by a progressive conductive hearing loss.In the remaining 35% of patients, the main problem was duetoother surgical failures, while in 35% we found a combination of two factors (►Fig. 2.). The most common prosthesis-related complication was the disconnection between the piston loop and the LPI. According to ►Fig. 2., the highest hearing gains were accomplished in cases in which the cause of failure was LPI-prothesis disconnection, while in the cases with adhesions as the primary cause of failure the hearing gains were the lowest.

Fig. 2
Connection between hearing gain and the intratympanic finding in each revision case. The cases were classified in three groups according to intratympanic scar tissue presence.

Although in the presence of intratympanic adhesion mean, the ABG and hearing-gains were lower compared with other cases (►Fig. 3a), no statistically significant difference could be found (p = 0,075; p = 0.121). On this basis, TOST were performed to determine equivalence. Concerning hearing and ABG gains, equivalence was rejected, and the non-inferiority of the negative effects associated with intratympanic fibrosis was shown (p = 0.962 upper tailed; p = 0.037 lower tailed and p = 0.919; p = 0.044 respectively).

Fig. 3
(a) ABG and hearing gain differences after revision surgery in case of scar tissue present vs. scar tissue not present. (b) ABG and AC pure tone average levels after primary stapes surgery, scar tissue present vs. scar tissue not present.

There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative (after primary stapes surgery) ABG and AC PTA levels across ‘scar tissue’ and ‘no scar tissue’ groups (►Fig. 3b) (p = 0.826 and p = 0.692 respectively).

Discussion

Revision stapedotomy is a valuable treatment option in case of unsatisfactory hearing results after primary stapedotomy. However, our results—in consensus with other data—show that the audiological outcomes in these cases are still inferior to those of primary surgeries. From this standpoint, the efficacy of the first operation is fundamental in stapes surgery.

The experience during revision surgeries could explain the reasons behind the unsatisfactory results. In our series, periprosthetic adhesions were the leading cause behind mechanical failures. The scar tissue formation has the same negative effect on ABG development after the primary surgery as any other surgical failure. At the same time, it was the most frequent intratympanic finding. Furthermore, after the revision surgery, in the presence of intratympanic adhesions, the audiological results were not superior when compared with those of the remaining cases. The difficulty of managing patients with adhesions was described previously in the literature.⁵

Our findings highlight the importance of the most atraumatic surgical technique, the preservation of intact intratympanic mucosa, and the prevention of postsurgical scar tissue formation.

The stapes surgery is an essential otologic procedure; however, much experience and deep surgical knowledge is needed to perform it on a high a level. The appropriate experience and surgical instruments are essential for good results, and the operation should be performed under the supervision of experienced surgeons.⁹

The laser-assisted stapes surgery is an increasingly widespread procedure¹⁰ with excellent audiological results. According to current knowledge, the use of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and CO₂ laser could be superior to other techniques,¹¹ while promising results with new solutions such as diode laser could be found¹² as well. In our practice, the use of CO₂ laser is preferred during otologic surgery, due to its wide versatility and atraumatic properties. In our opinion, the main advantage of the CO₂ over other laser techniques is the very low penetration depth in liquids (0.01 mm in perilymph), which is essential to avoid intraoperative inner ear damage. In our routine, during primary surgeries, beyond the footplate perforation, the posterior crus of the stapes is also vaporized with the CO₂ laser single shot technique (OPAL L30; TrueScan scanner; UniMax 2000 micromanipulator; Lasram, Budapest, Hungary) before superstructure removal. The CO₂ laser technique also has the capability of tympanosclerotic-lesion removal and piston crimping¹³ without mechanical manipulation. This noncontact surgical technique minimizes trauma of themiddleearstructuresandmucosa, whichmight preventscar tissue formation.

The introduction of assisted or fully endoscopic stapes surgery could be another step towards minimally invasive otologic surgery. According to recent data, the audiological results are similar when compared with conventional microscopic surgery.¹⁴ A clear advantage over the microscopic technique is the better visualization due to better viewing angles, which leads to a less invasive transcanal approach by avoiding lateral atticotomy and endaural incision. The detailed exploration allowed by the endoscope is beneficial during the identification of the cause of failure. The endoscopic approach enables close visualization of the platinotomy hole and atticus, including the anterior malleolar ligament, the areas are frequently affected by scar tissue formation. Detailed magnification also allows the fine removal of thefibrous tissue. These features could be especially helpful in cases of middle ear malformations, in which the visualization is limited.¹⁵ On the other hand, the bleeding management and the one-handed manipulation, especially when handling the prosthesis, can be challenging. Surgeons with appropriate endoscopic ear surgery skills could consider endoscopic stapedotomy as an alternative, especially in revision cases. The better view of angles could be helpful in the identification of the exact reasons behind failure, even though the microscopic technique is still the gold standard surgical treatment for otosclerosis.

Using perioperative corticosteroid treatment to prevent postoperative fibrosis is already a topic of discussion.¹⁶ Our group was the first to describe that the above-mentioned adjuvant treatment contributes to a significantly better ABG closure after primary CO₂ laser stapedotomy compared with the controlgroup.¹⁷ Our assumptionisthat thiscontributionis manifested through the prevention of scar tissue formation.

Limitations

Due to the retrospective setting and the low number of cases, the statistical power of this study is limited, which could explain why there was no statistical difference, but non-inferiority was demonstrated.

The datarepresents the results ofa single institution and a single surgeon casestudy. Theevaluation is basedexclusively on subjective hearing tests, as the pure-tone audiometry is considered the gold standard for monitoring hearing outcomes after middle-ear surgery.

Conclusion

In our experience, the revision stapedotomy is an efficient treatment option in case of persistent ABG after primary surgery. Periprosthetic fibrosis is the most common reason behind compromised audiological outcomes after stapedotomy, andthesecond mostcommon failureistheprosthesis-LPI disconnection. Wealso concludedthat the adhesion formation itselfhasatleast thesame negativeeffectonABGdevelopment as any other surgical failure, although revision could be more challenging in such cases. According to these findings, the mitigation of postoperative inflammatory reactions in the middle ear is mandatory for optimal results.

Bullet Point Summary:

• - Our goal was to identify the most common and most influential postoperative reasons causing persistent ABG. Our focus was on the mechanical dysfunctions in the middle ear, with special regard to postoperative adhesion formation.

• - Periprosthetic adhesionformationwasseen in64%of the cases, and it was the primary cause behind the unsatisfactory hearing results in 32% of all cases.

• - Periprosthetic fibrosis is the most common reason for compromised audiological outcomes after stapedotomy andhas the same negative effecton ABG developmentas any other surgical failure, while the revision could be more challenging in these cases.

• - The use of the most atraumatic surgical technique and preservation of intact intratympanic mucosa is a key factor during middle ear surgery.

• Ethical Approval
  The present research was approved by Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. For this type of study, formal consent is not required.
  Semmelweis University Regional and Institutional Committee of Science and Research Ethics (SE RKEB 159/2019.)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  Jul-Sep 2022

History

• Received
  30 Nov 2020
• Accepted
  02 Sept 2021
• Published
  13 Dec 2021