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Approaches of psychoanalysis in the care of the elderly: an integrative review

Abstract

Objective:

to map publications about the clinical psychoanalytical care of the elderly and describe their characteristics.

Method:

an integrative review was carried out, considering the period 2008 to 2017 using the following databases: Index-Psychology, LILACS, MedLine, PubMED, SciELO and RedALyC, irrespective of language. The terms Elderly (Idoso), Aging (Envelhecimento) and Psychoanalysis (Psicanálise) were used. The guiding question was: what scientific literature exists about the elderly and psychoanalytical clinical care? A total of 33 articles were considered.

Results:

five categories were constructed: "Elderly clinical care with a psychoanalytical approach" (15), "Psychoanalytical Approaches in old age” (9), "Psychoanalytical Interventions in long-term care facilities" (6), "Representations of old age for health professionals in the light of psychoanalysis" (2) and "Generationality and psyche" (1). The concern of psychoanalysis for the elderly is incipient and precedes epistemological issues, meaning that production regarding clinical practice is greater; in turn, there are fewer research studies, as most of the articles are reflective in nature.

Conclusion:

the published studies indicate the possibility of employing psychoanalysis with the elderly, as the unconscious does not age and symptoms are continuously updated. The timidity of psychoanalysis in contrast to the increase in the numbers of elderly persons may be criticized. It is also emphasized that the losses, the effects on the body and the reduction of social ties require adjustments in clinical care, such as the inclusion of group activities and activities beyond the analytical setting, especially hospitals, homes and LTCFs.

Keywords:
Aged; Psychoanalysis; Health of the Elderly; Old Age

Resumo

Objetivo

: mapear as publicações e suas especificidades acerca da clínica psicanalítica com idosos.

Método

: revisão integrativa que considerou o período de 2008 a 2017, nas bases de dados: Index-Psicologia, LILACS, MedLine, PubMED, SciELO e, RedALyC, independente da língua. Utilizaram-se os termos: Aged (Idoso), Elderly (Envelhecimento) e Psychoanalysis (Psicanálise). A questão norteadora foi: qual a produção científica acerca do idoso e a clínica psicanalítica?

Resultados:

na seleção 33 artigos foram considerados. Isto feito, cinco categorias foram construídas: “Clínica de idosos com abordagem psicanalítica” (15), “Abordagens psicanalíticas da velhice” (9), “Intervenções psicanalíticas em instituições de longa permanência para idosos’’ (6), “Representação da velhice para profissionais de saúde à luz da psicanálise” (2) e, “Geracionalidade e psiquismo” (1)”. Há uma incipiente preocupação da psicanálise com o idoso, que precede a questões epistemológicas, de modo que a prática clínica aparece com maior produção; por sua vez, há carência de pesquisas, pois a maioria dos artigos era de reflexão.

Conclusão:

os estudos publicados apontam a possibilidade da psicanálise com o idoso, uma vez que, o inconsciente não envelhece e o sintoma o atualiza. Critica-se a timidez da psicanálise em contraste ao aumento de idosos. E, enfatiza-se que as perdas, os efeitos no corpo e a redução de laços sociais pedem ajustes na clínica; como a inclusão de atividades em grupo e, atuação para além do setting analítico, notadamente hospitais, domicílios e instituições de longa permanência.

Palavras Chaves:
Idoso; Psicanálise; Saúde do Idoso; Velhice

INTRODUCTION

The United Nations Fund for Population Activities estimates that there were 15 million elderly people in the world in 2010, and that this number will climb as high as 20 million by the year 205111 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo Demográfico 2010 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010 [acesso em 22 mar. 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/. This development could hardly be overlooked by the field of psychoanalysis. While the effectiveness of this approach among people over 50 was initially questioned, such an idea is no longer valid.22 Mucida A. Escrita de uma memória que não se apaga: envelhecimento e velhice. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica; 2014..

Psychoanalysis has introduced a new form of understanding human beings. The human psyche is formed by the preconscious/conscious and unconscious systems, which is understood by subjectivity. To speak of the psychic apparatus leads rapidly to a reference to the drives that make up the same, in its articulation to the registering of the symbolic and, therefore, to language33 Torezan ZCF, Aguiar F. O Sujeito da psicanálise: particularidades na contemporaneidade. Rev Mal-estar Subj [Internet]. 2011 [acesso em 27 out. 2018];11(2):525-54. Disponível em: http://periodicos.unifor.br/rmes/article/view/4993/4000
http://periodicos.unifor.br/rmes/article...
.

The elderly are prone to suffering losses of all natures: bodily changes, retirement, the loss of social status, the death of loved ones, and the ghosts of death itself44 Altman M. O envelhecimento à luz da psicanálise. J Psicanál. 2011;44(80):193-206. which can be elaborated by psychoanalytic practice.

Finitude emphasizes feelings of helplessness and distress. Remembrance may emerge as a way of dealing with this distress, through the re-signification and reconstruction of identity55 Lima PMR, Viana TC, Lima SC. Estética e poética da velhice em narrativas autobiográficas: um estudo a luz da psicanálise. Estud Pesqui Psicol. 2015;15(1):58-78..

One of the main issues of the psychoanalytical treatment of the elderly is the fact that the timelessness of the unconscious intersperses with chronological time, where the presence of bodily alterations66 Mucida A. Atendimento psicanalítico do idoso. São Paulo: Zagogoni; 2014. (whether through senility or senescence) is frequent. To this we must add a certain distancing from the psychoanalytic field that precedes the Freudian orientations of the past when dealing with psychoanalysis for those aged over 5022 Mucida A. Escrita de uma memória que não se apaga: envelhecimento e velhice. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica; 2014..

In considering contemporaneity and the rapid aging process, there are aspects that cannot be overlooked when using psychoanalysis in the care of the elderly. The present study therefore aims to map publications that deal with the psychoanalytic care of the elderly and their specific characteristics.

METHOD

An integrative review was carried out. This allows the synthesis of knowledge and the incorporation of significant studies in the practice, and is considered an instrument of Evidence Based Practice77 Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein [Internet]. 2010 [acesso em 13 fev. 2018];8(1 Pt 1):102-6. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eins/v8n1/pt_1679-4508-eins-8-1-0102
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eins/v8n1/pt_16...
. The guiding question was: What scientific literature exists about the elderly and psychoanalytical care?

The search was carried out in February 2018 and considered the period from 2008 to 2017, using the following databases: Psychological-Index, LILACS, MedLine, PubMED, SciELO and RedALyC, in any language. The following descriptors were used: elderly (idoso), aging (envelhecimento), psychoanalysis (Psicanálise), composed as follows: (elderly OR idoso) AND (aging OR envelhecimento) AND (psychoanalysis OR psicanálise).

Repeat articles, editorials, books, course papers, studies where full access was not possible, those that did not respond to the guiding question or which were published outside the period considered were excluded. The selection of the articles occurred in three stages:

  • 1) search for articles according to listed descriptors, period and databases. This phase identified 198 articles;

  • 2º) application of exclusion factors. A total of 51 articles remained;

  • 3º) interpretative reading of the 51 articles, where 18 were excluded, as they did not address the guiding question, leaving 33 articles.

The articles were read in full and categorized based on thematic similarities.

RESULTS

A total of 33 articles were considered, of which 14 were published in LILACS, seven in the Psychology Index (VHL Psi), seven in PubMED, three in SciELO and two in RedALyC. The numbers of articles per year were as follows: 2008-3, 2009-1, 2010-1, 2011-8, 2012-4, 2013-1, 2014-6, 2015-6, 2016-2 and 2017-1. The following types of article were identified: 19 Reflections, six Case Studies, five Surveys and three Experience Reports.

From the survey, five categories were created: "Elderly Clinical Care with a Psychoanalytical Approach" (15), "Psychoanalytical Approaches in Old Age” (9), "Psychoanalytical Interventions in Long-term Care Facilities For The Elderly" (6), "Representations of Old Age for Health Professionals in the Light of Psychoanalysis" (2) and "Generationality and the Psyche" (1).

Elderly Clinical Care with a Psychoanalytical Approach

The articles in this category are described in Chart 1 and discuss the clinical pathways in the treatment of the elderly.

Chart 1
Clinical treatment of elderly persons with a psychoanalytical approach. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2018.

Psychoanalytical approaches in old age

The articles in this category are described in Chart 2, and address the psychoanalytic views about the elderly individual.

Chart 2
Psychoanalytical approaches in old age. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2018.

Psychoanalytical Interventions in Long-term Care Facilities For The Elderly

The articles in this category are described in Chart 3, and address the psychoanalytic work in Long-Term Care Facilities For the Elderly (LTCF).

Chart 3
Psychoanalytic Interventions in Long-Term Care Facilities for the Elderly. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2018.

Representations of Old Age for Health Professionals in the Light of Psychoanalysis

The articles in this category are described in Chart 4 and deal with how health professionals see old age.

Chart 4
Representations of Old Age for Health Professionals in the Light of Psychoanalysis. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2018.

Generationality and the psyche

The article in this category is described in Chart 5, and deals with generationality and the psyche.

Chart 5
Generationality and the psyche. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2018.

DISCUSSION

Elderly population growth in comparison with the general population66 Mucida A. Atendimento psicanalítico do idoso. São Paulo: Zagogoni; 2014.,99 Genaro Junior F. Considerações sobre a clínica psicanalítica do envelhecimento no SUS: o CRI-Norte. Mais 60. 2016;27(66):20-45. and the distance from the Freudian gaze of "proscribing" psychoanalytic care to the elderly cannot be denied1111 Silva JM, Moreira JO. Psicanálise e velhice: considerações clínicas. Ciênc Téc Vitiv. 2015;30(2):238-56.,1818 Gil CA, Tardivo LSPC. A oficina de cartas, fotografias e lembranças como intervenção psicoterapêutica grupal com idosos. Mudanças. 2011;19(1-2):19-30..

Aging occurs from birth, but for psychoanalysis old age is the stage where the elderly are to be found44 Altman M. O envelhecimento à luz da psicanálise. J Psicanál. 2011;44(80):193-206.. If the main subject of psychoanalysis is the unconscious, and if this does not age, in addition to the fact that "symptoms of the old" do not exist, the symptom itself brings the direction of analysis up to date66 Mucida A. Atendimento psicanalítico do idoso. São Paulo: Zagogoni; 2014.,1010 Mucida A. Direção do tratamento na clínica com idosos. Rev Bras Ciênc Envelhec Hum. 2015;12(3):245-55.,1919 Santos SS, Carlos AS. Observações clínicas sobre o valor das reminiscências no processo de envelhecimento. Barbarói. 2011;35:128-40.,3737 Silva DPG, Kiyan L, Wanderley KS. O óbito sob a ótica da equipe de limpeza. Saúde Debate. 2009;33(81):140-7.. One study showed that analysis with the elderly allowed the construction of knowledge of the real, through the elaboration of the process of guilt1919 Santos SS, Carlos AS. Observações clínicas sobre o valor das reminiscências no processo de envelhecimento. Barbarói. 2011;35:128-40.. Thus, it is up to the analyst to create a relationship with their patient, so that the symptoms presented connect with healthy elements3939 Brasil KTR, Barcelos MAR, Arrais AR, Cárdenas CJ. A clínica do envelhecimento: desafios e reflexões para prática psicológica com idosos. Aletheia [Internet]. 2013 [acesso em 22 mar. 2018];(40):120-33. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-03942013000100011&lng=pt&tlng=pt
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
.

The articles show that the classic approach needs to be reviewed when providing care in old age. There is a possibility of group actions, including the elderly individual, their family and the professionals who take care of them55 Lima PMR, Viana TC, Lima SC. Estética e poética da velhice em narrativas autobiográficas: um estudo a luz da psicanálise. Estud Pesqui Psicol. 2015;15(1):58-78.,99 Genaro Junior F. Considerações sobre a clínica psicanalítica do envelhecimento no SUS: o CRI-Norte. Mais 60. 2016;27(66):20-45.,1515 Castilho G. Psicanálise e velhice: o idoso é obsoleto? Trivium. 2012;4(2):48-58.,1818 Gil CA, Tardivo LSPC. A oficina de cartas, fotografias e lembranças como intervenção psicoterapêutica grupal com idosos. Mudanças. 2011;19(1-2):19-30..

Through varied contexts, old age is the cycle that occupies the most hospital beds. In this period the elderly receive clinical care while their unconscious remains active. Their symptoms bring up to date their psychic condition, their life history (and their neurosis) and their drives, all of which are there; it is, therefore, a unique analytical moment1111 Silva JM, Moreira JO. Psicanálise e velhice: considerações clínicas. Ciênc Téc Vitiv. 2015;30(2):238-56.,1313 Fontoni MR, Oliveira WL, Kaneta CN. Winnicotti e o desafio do atendimento a pacientes idosos em estado confusional. Psicol Saúde Doenças. 2014;15(3):816-27.,1616 Pierron-Robinet G. Pour une approche intégrative de la maladie d'Alzheimer: pertinence et limites. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2012;10(1):73-81..

Another niche is the home. An elderly person may be hospitalized (in conditions of intermediate or palliative care) in their home and, if there is no significant cognitive impairment, such an individual can be subject to psychoanalytic care1212 Plotkin DA. Older adults and psychoanalytic treatment: it's about time. Psychodyn Psychiatr. 2014;42(1):23-50.,1919 Santos SS, Carlos AS. Observações clínicas sobre o valor das reminiscências no processo de envelhecimento. Barbarói. 2011;35:128-40..

The non-aging of the unconscious and the maintenance of structure in the elderly, despite the physical and emotional condition that old age denotes, require other instruments of psychoanalytic intervention.

The intersubjectivity and importance of the subjective dimension, especially in the meaning of pain, recurrent falls, forgetfulness and dependence on care can adopt an empathetic route88 Cherix K, Coelho Júnior NE. O cuidado de idosos como um campo intersubjetivo: reflexões éticas. Interface. 2017;21(62):579-88.,1515 Castilho G. Psicanálise e velhice: o idoso é obsoleto? Trivium. 2012;4(2):48-58.. Or in the projective identification, passing from one affect to another, which may occur between the elderly and caregiver88 Cherix K, Coelho Júnior NE. O cuidado de idosos como um campo intersubjetivo: reflexões éticas. Interface. 2017;21(62):579-88.,1515 Castilho G. Psicanálise e velhice: o idoso é obsoleto? Trivium. 2012;4(2):48-58..

The representations of old age in a social panorama bring a contrast of advances in various areas (sanitation, health, economy, politics, education) that extend life expectancy, access to goods and services, perspectives of well-being4040 Silva MC, Ogata MN, Oliveira DC. O estado de arte das produções científicas nacionais das representações sociais do envelhecimento na perspectiva da saúde. Rev Kairós. 2015;18(Esp 19):49-63.,4141 Brito A, Camargo B, Castro A. Representações sociais de velhice e boa velhice entre idosos e sua rede social. Rev Psicologia da IMED. 2017;9(1):5-21.. But these advances can create other issues of suffering, especially psychic.

The "ideal of the Self" regulates the subject with the insignia of the "Other", in the search for recognition and being loved, but not fulfilling this requirement can bring the haunting sense of failure; so that unprocessed changes reveal something we want no contact with, old age2121 Rosa MC. Vilhena J. O Silenciamento da velhice: apagamento social e processos de subjetivação. Rev Subj. 2016;16(2):9-19..

Achieving old age (even from a biological point of view) for the present day (considering the past) is a success; and brings about a new symbolic and social experience.

Elderly men and women tend to become castrated with age, through difficulties in getting erections and menopause, which bring distress to the subjects; who may not want to give up what they were, and still less readjust to new life projects2323 Cherix K. Corpo e envelhecimento: uma perspectiva psicanalítica. Rev SBPH. 2015;18(1):39-51.. But to medicalize the social space, prevent health problems and promote health without subjectivation and the elaboration of life scenarios is unproductive.

Symptoms subjectivated in diseases, or as a form of pleasure, can make old age tragic and more acute, and the elderly may stop caring and become more and more detached from life. In this case, the analyst's function is to listen to human beings who speak, in an attempt to build a bridge between the real and the symptom3838 Hartmann IB, Schestatsky S. Transmissão do psiquismo entre as gerações. Rev Bras Psicoter. 2011;13(2):992-1114..

We are talking here of a subject with desires but a weakened body, which will require the revision of narcissistic ideals and the search of projects, to the limits of the body and to social and cultural questions, influencing daily life. It is the dilemma of the temporal body with a timeless unconscious2424 Vilhena J, Novaes JV, Rosa CM. A sombra de um corpo, imagem e envelhecimento. Rev Latinoam Psicopatol Fundam. 2014;17(2):251-64..

The loss of a loved one or an object that replaces it can generate grief with a high instinctual investment, and thus the libido needs to be redirected2727 Concentino JMB, Viana TC. A Velhice e a morte: reflexões sobre o processo de luto. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(3):591-600..

The fact of being in an LTCF reveals several contexts of institutional insertion: the decision of the family, an elderly person with multimorbidities and polypharmacy, dependent on a great deal of care.

The distress of the institutionalized elderly person is beyond the distress of the life cycle. There are losses in the body, but especially in the symbolic and imaginary dimensions, which generates introspective behavior and absence of openness to speech. One study showed that the notion of charity as a gift and the need of the elderly converge towards the intention of the "Other," which transitions from the power of the caregiver to the dependence of caring3030 Barbieri NA, Sarti C. Amor demais: o cuidado institucional à velhice. Vibrant 2015;13(1):71-88..

However, LTCF professionals tend to suffer from psychic suffering, so they can receive psychoanalytic support for the constant experience of loss, lack of autonomy and proximity to death3131 Charazac PM. L'apport de la psychanalyse aux soins en institution gériatrique. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr. 2014;12(2):193-8. experienced by caring for elderly people.

Infantile and psychological regression, overvaluation of basic needs (analogous to childlike dependence), discouragement of self-care, lack of interaction between the elderly and the external world, and monotony through routines are described3333 Rozendo AS, Justo JS. Institucionalização da velhice e regressão: um olhar psicanalítico sobre os asilos de velhos. Rev Kairós. 2012;15(8):25-51..

The disinterest towards the elderly on the part of psychoanalysis as a whole, makes its contribution to the LTCF a distant reality; but there is much to be done in this space, whether through the elderly, family members or caregivers.

The view of the health professional about old age does not tend to be very different from the social perspective. Even if different visions were hoped for, they are usually negative. Research on social representations of old age and a good old age from the view of the elderly was due to being active or not and, of the people around them, by valorization or devaluation; and for both by economic, family and behavioral dimensions4141 Brito A, Camargo B, Castro A. Representações sociais de velhice e boa velhice entre idosos e sua rede social. Rev Psicologia da IMED. 2017;9(1):5-21.,4242 Fernandes JSG, Andrade MS. Representações sociais de idosos sobre velhice. Arq Bras Psicol [Internet]. 2016 [acesso em 10 maio 2018];68(2):48-59. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672016000200005&lng=pt&tlng=pt
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
.

The issue of sexuality and the support of social services (especially health) are not mentioned. Studies claim that it is not old age that determines the absence of desire or the diminution of sexual relations, but the complexity of desire that imposes new hues for sexuality in old age4343 Vieira KFL, Coutinho MPL, Saraiva ERA. A sexualidade na velhice: representações sociais de idosos frequentadores de um grupo de convivência. Psicol Ciênc Prof [Internet]. 2016 [acesso em 13 fev. 2018];36(1):196-209. Disponível em: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703002392013
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-37030023...
,4444 Alencar DL, Marques APO, Leal MCC, Vieira JCM. Fatores que interferem na sexualidade de idosos: uma revisão integrativa. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2014;19(8):3533-42..

CONCLUSION

Among the main gaps found in the literature are: the need for more clinical studies of psychoanalysis with the elderly, the mapping of experiences, knowledge of what psychoanalysts think in this clinical area, cognitive capacity in old age, psychoanalytic actions and psychoanalysis in Long Term Care Facilities for the Elderly.

Essential supports of psychoanalysis widely used in other life cycles (sexuality, free association, the symptom and its time and temporal chronological relationship, specific or more creative approaches) need to be adapted to the care of old age.

The scientific community and journals need to create pendular movements (of dialogue, of coming and going, of criticism) that stimulate not only the production and the interest of psychoanalysis, but also the training of psychoanalysts focused on actions in old age, a contemporary demand.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Nov-Dec 2018

History

  • Received
    18 Aug 2018
  • Reviewed
    23 Oct 2018
  • Accepted
    05 Nov 2018
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