Boron and calcium sprayed on 'Fuyu' persimmon tree prevent skin cracks, groove and browning of fruit during cold storage

Boro e cálcio pulverizado em árvores de caqui "Fuyu" previnem fissuras, estrias e escurecimento do fruto durante o armazenamento refrigerado

PAPERS

CROP PRODUCTION

Boron and calcium sprayed on 'Fuyu' persimmon tree prevent skin cracks, groove and browning of fruit during cold storage

Boro e cálcio pulverizado em árvores de caqui “Fuyu” previnem fissuras, estrias e escurecimento do fruto durante o armazenamento refrigerado

Valdecir Carlos Ferri^I,1; Cesar Valmor Rombaldi^I; Jorge Adolfo Silva^I; Camila Pegoraro^I; Leonardo Nora^I; Pedro Luiz Antunes^I; Cesar Luiz Girardi^II; Casiane Salete Tibola^III

^IDepartamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial (DCTA), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CP 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [e-mail]

^IIEmbrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil

^IIIEmbrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Flesh softening, skin browning and rotting are chief problems during cold storage (CS) of 'Fuyu' Persimmon. We studied the effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) sprayed on the trees during three consecutive years, on the development of skin cracks, grooves and browning in persimmon fruit under CS in Farroupilha, RS, Brazil (29°31' south, 51°21' west, about 750 m altitude). A homogeneous orchard area of 0.5 ha was delimitated and three sets of five plants for each treatment were randomly selected. The persimmon trees were sprayed at a 20 day interval, from 15th January until harvest, for three consecutive years, with: T1) water; T2) calcium nitrate at 0.5% (m/v); T3) calcium chloride at 0.5% (m/v); and T4) boron at 0.3% (m/v). The fruit were harvest with orange-reddish colour; 18-20°Brix, pulp firmness of 45 to 60N, and kept under CS at 0±1°C for 45 days. The fruits were evaluated immediately before CS, after six hours at 23±2°C after removal from CS, and after four days at 23±2°C after removal from CS. Equally boron and calcium sprayed on the trees prevented skin cracks, skin grooves and skin browning. Besides, when boron was sprayed on the trees, the mentioned effects were additive in the following year.

Key words:Diospyrus kaki, postharvest injuries, micronutrients, macronutrients.

RESUMO

As principais alterações indesejáveis observadas no período pós-colheita de caquis em armazenamento refrigerado (AR) são a perda de firmeza de polpa, e a ocorrência de escurecimento epidérmico e de podridões. Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal estudar as respostas da aplicação de boro (B) e cálcio (Ca), em três safras sucessivas, na prevenção da ocorrência de fissuras, estrias e escurecimento epidérmico de caquis “Fuyu”. No pomar (Farroupilha-RS-Brasil, 29°31' Sul, 51°21' Oeste, aproximadamente 750m altitude) delimitou-se uma área homogênea de 0,5ha., marcando-se, ao acaso, três repetições de cinco plantas para cada tratamento: T1 – controle, caquizeiros não-pulverizados com B e Ca; T2 – pulverizações com Nitrato de Ca 0,5% (m/v); T3 – pulverizações com Cloreto de Ca 0,5% (m/v); e T4 - pulverizações com B 0,3% (m/v). As aplicações foram realizadas em três anos sucessivos a partir de 15 de janeiro a intervalos de 20 dias. Foram colhidos os caquis na coloração alaranjado-avermelhada, com 18-20°Brix e 45 a 60N, que posteriormente foram armazenados em AR a 0±1°C por 45 dias. As avaliações foram realizadas no dia do armazenamento, após seis horas a 23±2°C a partir da retirada AR, e após quatro dias a 23±2°C a partir da retirada do AR. Foi avaliada a ocorrência de frutas com fissuras, estrias e escurecimento epidérmico. Comprovou-se o efeito benéfico da aplicação de B ou Ca na prevenção de fissuras, estrias e escurecimento epidérmico. Adicionalmente, foi detectado o incremento da resposta à aplicação de B, que, além de prevenir (à semelhança das aplicações com Ca), apresentou efeito aditivo no segundo ano. O resultado sugere que as respostas às aplicações com B são progressivas.

Palavras-chave:Diospyrus kaki, distúrbios pós-colheita, micronutrientes, macronutrientes.

INTRODUCTION

Among persimmon cultivars grown in Brazil, the variety 'Fuyu' stands out for presenting good adaptation and productivity with seedless intermediate-large size fruits (150 to 350g), yellow-reddish coloration and sweetish taste (MARTINS & PEREIRA, 1989). In southern Brazil, the harvest period goes from April to June, resulting, as for most fruits, in higher offer and lower prices in this period (FERRI et al., 2004a). In order to minimize this problem, studies have been aimed at enlarging the commercialization period and at delaying the maturation rate of fruits, either in the field or during the postharvest period (COLLINS & TISDELL, 1995; WOOLF et al., 1997; BRACKMANN et al., 1999; GIRARDI et al., 2003; HARIMA et al., 2003; FERRI et al., 2004a; FERRI & ROMBALDI, 2004; SALVADOR et al., 2004).

The main undesirable alterations observed during the postharvest period of sweet persimmon during cold storage (CS) are the loss of the flesh firmness, the occurrence of skin browning and rottenness. These problems become worse when fruits are removed from cold storage and kept at room conditions with temperatures above 15°C (WOOLF et al., 1997).

Seeking for extending the harvest period, it was verified that pulverizations with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 50-100ppm, 20-30 days before the date established for the harvest, allow delaying harvest in 10-20 days. However, it was observed that such procedure affects negatively the yield of the orchard in the year following the application (FERRI et al., 2004b). Pulverizations with Calcium under the form of Calcium Chloride in the preharvest period also contribute for the improvement of the conservation potential (FERRI, 2000). However, these authors verified that the application of calcium reduces the beneficial effects of the application of gibberellic acid, applied with the objective of delaying harvest.

After harvest, the conservation of 'Fuyu' persimmon may be performed under CS at temperatures from 0 to 0.5°C and relative humidity of 90-95%; with active or passive modified atmospheres (MA), with the employment of low-density polyethylene packages (LDPP), with thickness from 30 to 80µm (FERRI, 2000); and with controlled atmosphere (CA). In this case, in addition to temperature and relative humidity, O₂ and CO₂ concentrations are kept between 2.0-3.0kPa and 5.0-10.0kPa, respectively (BRACKMANN & SAQUET, 1995).

The skin browning in fruits is still a limiting factor for the storage of 'Fuyu' persimmon in southern Brazil (FERRI & ROMBALDI, 2004). In the research conducted by (GONÇALVES et al., 2004), it was observed that the browning characterized by skin cracks and grooves is associated to the delay on the fruit harvest, resulting in high soluble solids concentration and bioconversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose, thus increasing the localized osmotic pressure. Moreover, it was observed that the flesh under skin containing cracks and grooves presents sorbitol, molecule known in rosaceous for being synthesized and translocated through the phloem under stress conditions, for example, at low temperatures.

Based on this knowledge, the hypothesis that Boron and Calcium supplementation in the preharvest period may prevent from the occurrence of skin cracks/grooves and hence skin browning in persimmon fruits was raised. This hypothesis is also based on studies of (BROWN & HU, 1996), who reported that sorbitol may act as a translocation facilitating agent for not much movable cations such as Calcium and Boron through the phloem of plants. Thus, responses to the application of these cations may have accumulative effect, once these cations may be stored in vegetative and floral buds.

In this context, the main objective of this reserach was to study the responses to the application of Boron and Calcium in three successive years in the prevention of the occurrence of skin cracks, grooves and browning in 'Fuyu' persimmon.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted in 'Fuyu' persimmon trees established in commercial orchard in Farroupilha - RS – Brazil (29°31' south, 51°21' west, about 750m altitude), which injuries occurrence history has been followed since 2001 (FERRI et al., 2004b). The trials were performed in the harvests of 2003, 2004 and 2005. A homogeneous area of 0.5ha was delimitated and three sets of five plants per treatment were randomly marked.

The experimental treatments consisted of spraying the persimmon trees with a calcium or boron solutions, from January 15th until harvest, at 20 days interval: T1) water (control); T2) Calcium nitrate 0.5% (m/v); T3) Calcium chloride 0.5% (m/v); T4) Boron 0.3% (m/v). In 2003, for each experimental treatment, the first set of five plants was sprayed. In 2004, for each experimental treatment, two sets of five plants were sprayed. In 2005, for each experimental treatment, all the three sets of five plants were sprayed. Therefore, for each treatment, one third of the trees were treated for three consecutive years; one third were treated for two consecutive years and one third of the trees were treated for one year only. For the evaluation of treatments, fruits were only harvested when presenting an orange-reddish coloration, total soluble solids concentration of 18-20°Brix and 45-60N of flesh firmness. Each sample was composed of 60kg of fruits. Twenty kilograms were aimed at the initial evaluations and two sub-samples of 20kg each were stored under CS at 0°C±1°C and RH of 92±5%. The storage period was of 45 days. The evaluations were performed at the storage day, six hours after removal from CS and four days after removal from CS with maintenance of fruits at temperature of 23°C±2°C and relative humidity (RH) of 72±5%.

As variables for the evaluation of treatments, the occurrence of fruits with skin cracks, grooves and browning was evaluated and only those with symptoms larger than 0.5mm were considered. Since each sample was composed of 20kg of fruits, the fruits were counted and the percentage of fruits presenting symptoms was calculated. Additionally, the B and Ca contents in the flesh of fruits and floral buds were determined, adopting collection procedures described by VERÍSSIMO et al. (2006), and analysis procedures described by FREIRE (1998). To do so, cubes of approximately 1.0cm were collected from the equatorial region of 20 fruits belonging to each sample. These cubes were gathered in order to form the work sample, in which analyses were performed in triplicate. For buds, the sampling was performed at the first fortnight of September every year, with 50 buds collected from each plant (5 to 15 plants per treatment). The 50 buds were pulled to form the work sample, in which analyses were performed in triplicate. Sanest (ZONTA & MACHADO, 1991) was used for statistical analysis. The percentage data was normalized according to the equation f(x) = arcsine x. ANOVA was performed using the F test (P<0.01). Means of treatment were compared using the Duncan's test (P<0.01).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Almost 50% of the fruit evaluated in this study was affected by skin cracks, grooves and browning at harvest and the percentage of affected fruit increased during CS (Figure 1). This fact was supposedly known, once the history of this orchard is similar to others from the highland regions of the Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul where the occurrence of these injuries is significant, above all when the harvest of persimmon is performed in more advanced maturation stages, as in the case of this experiment. In this study we observed that application of Ca or B, even in a sole production year, contributes for the prevention of skin cracks, grooves and browning both at the harvest occasion and after CS. Good results were obtained with the application of Ca or B, regardless the source used (Figure 1).

In experimental units where treatments were applied for two consecutive years (Figure 1), a beneficial effect of the application of B or Ca on the prevention of skin cracks, grooves and browning was observed. In addition, the application of B, besides preventing skin cracks, grooves and browning (similarly to the application of Ca), also presented an additive effect in the following year. This result suggests that responses to applications with B are progressive, what could be verified when fruits from trees that were sprayed with this cation for three consecutive years were evaluated (Figure 1).

Based on determinations of the B and Ca concentrations in the buds that originate the fruit and in the flesh of persimmon fruit (Figure 2), it was observed that the prevention of injuries (Figure 1) was directly associated with the increase of B and Ca concentration. The concentration of B in the fruits from plants sprayed with this cation increased up to the third evaluation year and contributed to prevent the occurrence of skin cracks, grooves and browning. Moreover, the higher concentration of B in the buds of these plants resulted in a general reduction in the occurrence of fruit injuries.

This browning of fruits observed after removal from the CS must be related with the exposition of fruits to room temperatures (23°C ± 2°C), so that the enzymatic activity increases expressively and leads to the occurrence of skin cracks, grooves and browning. Boron presents the capacity of inhibiting these injuries when compared to Ca, and as a result, determines a higher occurrence and severity of skin browning. It was also observed that the occurrence of skin browning increased as the storage time elapsed and that the concentration of skin damages increased drastically after 45 days of storage.

In relation to the incidence of skin cracks and grooves, no significant difference was observed between calcium-based nutrients applied. However, when the fruits were removed from the CS, the injury rate was lower for fruits treated with calcium nitrate. After four days at 23°C ± 2°C, the occurrence of skin browning was higher in fruits treated with calcium chloride. In all the treatments, increases in the respiratory rate and the quick evolution of fruits in their senescence probably made them more susceptible to skin injuries.

Skin cracks, grooves and browning are considered the worth problem in the postharvest of 'Fuyu' persimmon (BRACKMANN et al., 1999; GIRARDI et al., 2003; FERRI et al., 2004a). Our results show that these disturbs are partially prevented by supplying Ca and B to the plants in successive years. The exact causes of this behaviour were not the focus of this work. Considering that calcium and boron contributes to cell wall stability and maintenance of endomembrane system, respectively (COLLINS & TISDELL, 1995; NATALE et al., 2005), it is possible that these mechanism may be associated with the prevention of the mentioned injuries.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a beneficial effect of the application of boron, calcium nitrate and calcium chloride on the prevention of skin cracks, grooves and browning of Fuyu persimmon, providing additive effect when applied in successive years, suggesting that the responses to the application of boron are progressive.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to Comissão de Aperefeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), for the granting of fellowships; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), for fellowships and financial support; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), for the financial support and Universidade Federal de eplotas (UFPel), for making works feasible.

Received 08.27.07

Approved 06.11.08

• BRACKMANN, A.; SAQUET, A.A. Efeito da temperatura e condições de atmosfera controlada sobre a conservação de caqui (Diospyrus kaki, L.). Ciência Rural, v.25, n.2, p.215-218. 1995.
• BRACKMANN, A. et al. Armazenamento de caqui (Diospyrus kaki, L.), cv. Fuyu, em condições de atmosfera modificada e controlada. Revista Brasileira de Armazenamento, v.24, n.2, p.42-46, 1999.
• BROWN, P.; HU, H. Phloem mobility of boron is species dependent: Evidence for phloem mobility in sorbitol-rich species. Annals of Botany, v.77, n.5, p.497-506, 1996.
• COLLINS, R.J.; TISDELL, J.S. The influence of storage time and temperature on chilling injury in Fuyu and Suruga persimmon (Diospyros kaki, L.) grown in subtropical Australia. Postharvest Biology and Technology, v.6, n.1-2, p.149-157, 1995.
• FERRI, V.C. Controle da conservação e da maturação de caquis (Diospyrus kaki, L.), cv. Fuyu 2000. 105f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência na área de Agronomia) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia - Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas.
• FERRI, V.C. et al. Atmosfera modificada na conservação de caquis (Diospyrus kaki, L.) cultivar Fuyu. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, v.10, n.1, p.111-115, 2004a.
• FERRI, V.C. et al. Ácido giberélico no retardamento da maturação de caquis (Diospyrus kaki, L.), cultivar Fuyu. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, v.24, n.1, p.1-5, 2004b.
• FERRI, V.C.; ROMBALDI, C. Resfriamento rápido e armazenamento de caquis (Diospyrus kaki, L.), cv. Fuyu, em condições de atmosfera refrigerada e modificada. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v.26, n.1, p.36-39, 2004.
• FREIRE, C.J.S. Manual de métodos de análises de tecidos vegetal, solo e calcáreo Pelotas, RS, Brasil: Embrapa - CPACT, 1998. 208p.
• GIRARDI, C.L. et al. Conservação de caqui (Diospyrus kaki, L.), cv. Fuyu, pela aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v.25, n.1, p.53-55, 2003.
• GONÇALVES, E.D. et al. Estudo da variabilidade genética e escurecimento epidérmico em caqui Fuyu (Diospyrus kaki) após armazenamento refrigerado. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v.26, n.3, p.555-557, 2004.
• HARIMA, S. et al. Extending shelf-life of astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit by 1-MCP. Postharvest Biology and Technology, v.29, n.3, p.319-324, 2003.
• MARTINS, F.P.; PEREIRA, F.M. A cultura do caquizeiro Jaboticabal, SP: Funep, 1989. 71p.
• NATALE, W. et al. Alterações anatômicas induzidas pelo cálcio na parede celular de frutos de goiabeira. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, v.40, n.12, p.1239-1242, 2005.
• SALVADOR, A. et al. Reduction of chilling injury symptoms in persimmon fruit cv. Rojo Brillante by 1-MCP. Postharvest Biology and Technology, v.33, n.3, p.285-291, 2004.
• VERÍSSIMO, V. et al. Níveis de cálcio e boro de gemas florais de pereira (Pyrus sp.) no sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v.28, n.1, p.28-31, 2006.
• WOOLF, A.B. et al. Reduction of chilling injury in the sweet persimmon 'Fuyu' during storage by dry air heat treatments. Postharvest Biology and Technology, v.11, n.3, p.155-164. 1997.
• ZONTA, E.P.; MACHADO, A.A. Manual do SANEST: sistema de análise estatística para microcomputadores Pelotas, RS: DMEC/IFM/UFPEL. 1991. 102p.

1

Autor para correspondência.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Nov 2008
• Date of issue
  Nov 2008

History

• Received
  27 Aug 2007
• Accepted
  11 June 2008