Continuous education: implications and opportunities for de professional activity of social workers

Abstracts

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a formação profissional continuada crítica no campo do exercício profissional de Serviço Social. Fundamenta-se em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que procura identificar e apontar estratégias para esse processo de formação. Aborda criticamente a utilização do termo, tendo como referência autores da área de educação. Problematiza a formação continuada como um processo constante e necessário ao exercício profissional, imbricado na relação teórico-prática, na qualidade da produção documental, na apropriação das novas tecnologias para auxiliar a organizar os dados da realidade que se apresentam no cotidiano profissional. A partir do método crítico-dialético, enfatiza a necessária atitude investigativa e propõe estratégias teórico-políticas de formação continuada para o fortalecimento do projeto ético-político do Serviço Social.

Formação continuada; Serviço Social; Relação teórico-prática

THEMATIC SPACE EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY IN SOCIAL WORK

Continuous education: implications and opportunities for de professional activity of social workers

Ana Maria Baima Cartaxo^I; Vania Maria Manfroi^II; Maria Teresa dos Santos^III

^IUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

^IIUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

^IIIUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

Tradução para o inglês de Jeffrey Hoff

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to reflect on continuous and critical professional education in the field of the professional exercise of Social Work. It is based on bibliographic and documental research that sought to identify and indicate strategies for this educational process. It critically analyzes the use of the term, using as a reference authors from the field of education. It problematizes continuous education as a constant and necessary process for professional exercise that is imbricated in the relationship between theory and practice, in the quality of document production and in the appropriation of new technologies to assist in organizing the data about reality that is presented in the daily work of professionals. Based on a critical-dialectic method, it emphasizes the need to have an investigative attitude and to propose theoretical-political strategies for continuing education to strengthen the ethical-political project of Social Work.

Keywords: Continued education. Social Work. Relationship theory-practice.

Introduction

The theme proposed originates from the authors' concern for professional activity in relation to the Political Ethics Project for the profession. The paper is based on research conducted about professional activity and the authors' experience with academic supervision and conducts a critical bibliographical review in the fields of education and Social Work.

To consider the continuous education of professionals in their direct practice within institutions and organizations is not an easy task. Nevertheless, it has extreme importance in the professional debate, considering the density of theoretical production and the need for its expression, with the proper mediations, to strive for the qualified practice of social workers. Marilda Iamamoto (1999) called attention to this factor by providing a review of the advances and challenges of the profession in the 1980s.

This instigated the preparation of this essay with the objective of contributing to the debate about the continuous education of professionals.

How can this education be considered? What elements are determinant for understanding it? The intention is obviously not to conduct an in-depth study based on comprehensive research, but to dare to instigate, question and provoke new studies.

Speaking of continuous education necessarily involves the relationship between theory and practice, the articulation between university and society and the relationship between academic production and the professional exercise of social workers.

Continuous education beyond the needs of the market

To speak of the importance of education today has become common place, given that the market promotes a strong ideology that reduces education to professional qualification, as a condition for the insertion and success of an individual in the labor market. Success and failure are seen as products of a workers' individual effort.

In capitalism, it is necessary to qualify the worker to respond to the needs of production. Workers are required to provide material and objective efficiency, as well as subjective and diversified efficiency, so that there is compatibility with the productive and financial timing of globalized production (BRITO, 2007).

According to Frigotto (2009), there has been a relationship between education and the economy since 1950 when economist Theodore Schultz (1973) developed the concept of "human capital" to explain inequality between nations, social groups and individuals, without, however, relating it to the true causes – the inequality between private property, which controls the means and instruments of production and workers, who maintain only the power of their labor. Schultz identified that in the United States, the strong investment by people in themselves led to significant economic growth. This investment was human capital, constituted basically by an investment in education, in addition to an investment in health.

Based on this, Schultz (1973 apud FRIGOTTO, 2009, on-line) systematically dedicated himself to the construction of this concept, with the premise

[...] that the component of production that is due to instruction is an investment in abilities and knowledge that increase future income similar to any other investment that a nation or individual makes in the expectation of additional future returns.

The concept of "human capital" developed by Schultz led to his receipt of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979, expressing the recognition of this vision to explain social inequality among countries and also among individuals (FRIGOTTO, 2009).

The idea of human capital thus reduces education to market needs, and sees it as a factor of production that helps to understand the dominant vision of professional qualification as a determinant for professional success. With the current crisis in the capitalist mode of production, the concept of human capital has been revised and substituted by concepts such as the society of knowledge, total quality or pedagogy of competencies and employability

According to Frigotto (2000) human capital, society of knowledge, total quality or pedagogy of competencies are ideological concepts constructed to sustain the interests of those who control the means of production and do not help reveal the exploitation of workers in contemporary society.

Meanwhile, UNESCO has not offered any break with the concept of education and qualification for labor, although it has sought to expand the concept. The discussion about continued education occupied an outstanding place in the work of the International Commission on Education for the 21^st century, coordinated by Jacques Delors. This can be seen in the replacement of the concepts of continuous or permanent education by "education throughout life", based on the four pillars of education: to learn to know, learn to do, learn to live together and learn to be. From this perspective, education throughout life goes beyond the concepts of initial education and permanent education by proposing that it be conceived of more broadly, increasing the equality of opportunities for all people,

[...] offering a second or third chance, satisfying their desire for knowledge and beauty or their desire to surpass themselves or making it possible to broaden and deepen strictly vocational forms of training, including practical training (DELORS, 1998, p. 117).

These concepts indicate the neoliberal presumption that inequality, or the lack of access to education, is a question of a "lack of opportunities", and the individual is thus not responsible for a lack of preparation or unemployment, ignoring the historic asymmetry in relation of social classes.

Cattani (1996, p. 150) distinguishes between the concepts of education and training, highlighting that the first can be understood as a "set of actions, in the realm of school institutions, that seek to transmit general and specific knowledge to students, as well as the development of certain attitudes". And that, training concerns different educational actions that are undertaken beyond or independently of the regular school cycle, with the goal of developing the labor capacity of individuals. Thus, according to the author, education develops in a continuous manner in a certain space of time and age range, while training is more limited and random, reaching different age ranges.

More specifically, in the literature studied, mainly in the field of education, there are the denominations: permanent education, continuous training or continuous education. The choice for the latter denomination is made because of the relationship with the initial education, with continuation being an imperative requirement that is inseparable from the first. According to Salles (2004, p. 4),

[...] the process cannot be considered exclusively from any one of its parts, but from all at the same time. Thus, since professional development must not be considered separately from the development of the school and society, initial education and continued education should not be thought of separately.

This leads to a perspective of totality of the old and of the new question between theory and practice, between education and professional activity.

In addition, Salles (2004) affirms that practice cannot be considered exclusively as a criterion for truth without falling into a Manichean attitude about the relationship between it with theory. To this is added the relationship between education and the socio-occupational spaces of professional practice. According to Salles, continuing education cannot be understood – and neither can continued education in service – as merely a recycling, or training or improvement.

Reflecting on the work of some authors, Salles emphasizes that there is a tendency to think of continuous education based on a transmission of knowledge, while continuous education in services as something that originates and takes place in the practice itself. In this regard, knowledge is considered in a dualist manner, denominated as technical reason and practical reason. The first leads from theory to action while the second leads from action to theory.

In Branco (2007, p. 2) a point of convergence is found between the concepts of continuous education and continuous education in service, that is:

We can conceive of continuous education as being an attitude taken before pedagogical, political and social challenges, which must be based on a solid theoretical base and reflection. And continuous education 'in service' implies realization in the educational context of time and space, in a continuous dynamic of the construction of professional development.

From this perspective, Salles (2004, p. 4) highlights that professional development requires solid initial education and a continuous education "of renovation, extension and permanent updating of this education." And that, in addition to the university, education also occurs "in democratic and union struggles, in family life, in moments of leisure and aesthetic fruition, and many others [...]", thus going beyond the notions of preparation, training and recycling.

One study about the state of the art in teacher education in Brazil (ANDRÉ et al., 1999, p. 308) points to continuous education as "education in service, emphasizing the role of the teacher as a professional and stimulating her to develop new ways to conduct her pedagogical work based on a reflection on her own practice." In this case, it is understood that education should take place throughout professional life, particularly in the school.

Among the different professional fields with records of actions aimed at continuous or permanent education, the fields of education and healthcare stand out. In the field of healthcare, the terminology "permanent education" is used for actions aimed at the qualification of professionals in the field, as can be found in the National Policy for Permanent Education in Healthcare. In this document, continuous education is understood as "a discontinuous strategy of education with ruptures in time: they are periodic courses without a constant sequence" (BRASIL, 2009, p. 44).

The same document affirms that permanent education involves the concept of advancement, of change in the practices used to train workers from the field. It thus intends, "to incorporate teaching-learning to the life of the organizations and to the social and labor practices in the context in which they occur" (BRASIL, 2009, p. 45), seeking to overcome the traditional teaching model in the classroom.

This concept of permanent education also contains the idea of "education in service"

[...] characterizing it as an educational process to be applied in human labor relations, in order to develop the cognitive, psychomotor, and relationship abilities of professionals, and to improve them in light of scientific and technological developments. In this way, it emphasizes competence and professional and institutional enhancement (PASCHOAL; MANTOVANI; MÉIER, 2007, p. 480).

In the appropriation in Brazil of the terms continuous education, permanent education and similar ones, it is possible to identify that there is no precise definition for the concepts and their respective use by the authors.

Based on these brief considerations, it is pertinent to think of continuous education of social workers from the perspective of the historic-dialectic method, supported by the category of praxis. It is also important to discuss the need for critical education of social workers, so that they can qualify their professional practice so that it has a commitment with the working class and the construction of a society without social inequality.

Continuous education in Social Work

The Code of Ethics for the Social Workers (CFESS, 1993) includes this first requirement, by establishing a: "commitment to the quality of services provided to the population and to intellectual improvement, from the perspective of professional competence." This presupposes the constant search for developing abilities.

It is understood that continuous education is not limited to a worker's technical-operational arsenal. Technical reasoning is merely a strategy for a broader process for understanding the ontological reasoning of social processes, circumscribed in the expressions of the social issue, which is the object of the professional action of the social worker.

In the literature studied in the field of Social Work, there is not a significant amount of study about continuous education aimed at professionals found in the various socio-occupational spaces

The first distance specialization course for social workers in Brazil was organized in 1999, in a joint effort by Cfess, Cress, Abepss and the Distance Education Center at the University of Brasilia (CEAD/UnB), to "promote the specialization of social workers as a way to qualify professional activity, its revised insertion in the world of work and the strengthening of the professional political-ethical project" (CFESS, 2010).

In 2009, the second edition of this course was realized, revised by the challenges presented to the ethical-political project and by the confrontations in the neoliberal context. The course was denominated "Social Rights and Professional Competencies" and was held from 2009 to 2010

Since 2000, joint initiatives of Cfess-Cress have provided seminars about Social Work in specific fields, such as education, social worker, legal affairs, healthcare, social security and urban issues, based on the needs of the category

There has been undeniable growth in graduate studies in the field of Social Work and a theoretical deepening of important themes related to the profession, with many professionals conducting non-degree oriented graduate courses, as revealed by the studies

Without disconsidering political-economic determinants and the condition of salaried workers (IAMAMOTO, 1999; 2002), social workers have relative autonomy to construct professional alternatives. According to Vasconcelos (2007, p. 413), "these alternatives are possible because of the rich contradictions presented by reality, but the opportunities for their implementation depend on a professional subject who is theoretically, technically and politically trained". Social workers present a discourse in defense of the rights and interests of users, nevertheless, the author affirms that there is an asymmetry between their intentions and what is realized. Thus, even when social workers opt to articulate their work to the interests of the population "they have not had the objective conditions – based on a critical reading of the specific reality with which they work, as part of and an expression of social reality – to capture the possibilities for action contained in this reality" (VASCONCELOS, 2007, p. 416).

Even recognizing the growth of graduate studies in the field and the broad scholarly bibliography about a wide variety of issues that are involved with the professional activity, in addition to the significant political advances, the professional responses are still discontinuous and poorly articulated. In this sense, according to Paulo Netto (1996, p. 149) "the professional category does not have sufficient channels and circuits that activate an effective socialization" of the academic advances.

These circumstances require that professionals make greater efforts to recognize the opportunities that their daily professional activity offers, in an individual and collective manner, to create mechanisms for the analysis of the multiple expressions of the social issue, and to establish mediations that allow developing strategies for the realization of their ethical-political project.

The relation of theory and practice: opportunities for continuous education

The formulation of strategies for continuous education in direct relation with professional exercise is based on a systematization of and reflection upon the regular activities of Social Work professionals. This is highlighted by the importance of professional documentation (reports, analyses, projects, and other types) as vital elements for the construction of mediations between the direct exercise of social workers and the professional ethical-political project, through socialization and collective debate. Almeida (2006) emphasized the importance of the process of systematization in raising data about social reality and evaluating the difficulties, advances and setbacks of the professional exercise. For the author (ALMEIDA, 2006, p. 403),

The effort at systematization as a central component of the work of the social worker does not mean, however, only the generation of data and information, but a process that involves their production, organization and analysis, based on a critical-investigative attitude.

This process allows critically revealing the institutional reality in which the social worker is inserted, the construction of mediations with the macro-societal processes and an analysis "of their different dimensions in relation to the daily expressions of social reality, mediated by social policies, social movements, by the form of organization of collective work in institutions, and above all, by social disputes" (ALMEIDA, 2006, p. 403). The systematization provides a revival of "the intellectual dimension given that it places in gear a theoretical reflection, or that is, it revitalizes and revises the theoretical statute for the profession, this is a condition that is socially and institutionally recognized as being necessary for the education of workers in this profession".

Meanwhile, Paulo Netto (1989b, p. 75) indicates systematization as a "preliminary procedure that requires theoretical reflection," because in dialectical reasoning reality is discovered by means of "successive approximations". That is, the analysis of the real is based

[...] on the empiric (the 'facts'), apprehending their relations with other empiric groups, studying their historic genesis and their internal development and reconstructing this entire process in the plane of thinking.

Thus, for each one of these approximations there is a return to

[...] their starting point; but the facts, at each new and subsequent approach, display products of increasingly complex and mediated historic relations, which can be contextualized concretely and inserted in the macroscopic movement that engenders them and of which they are indexes.

Systematization is understood as a moment previous to the process of knowing, which allows social workers the tendencies found in reality. Battini (1994, p. 144), upon considering professional exercise and the articulation of theory and practice, qualifies the importance of having an investigative attitude, that is, the articulation of the accumulation of already produced knowledge with the possibility of raising new issues to be studied. An investigative attitude allows seeking new responses to the advances found in the ethical-political project. According to Battini, to maintain a "living practice", "it is necessary to have an investigative attitude towards the permanent search for the new, through the reconstruction of theoretical-methodological categories for reading and intervention in the social reality."

An investigative attitude is a necessary condition for developing the knowledge of social reality that guarantees the "recognition of liberty as a central ethical value and of the political demands that are inherent to it – autonomy, emancipation and the complete expansion of social individuals", as affirmed by the Code of Ethics for the Social Worker (CFESS, 1993).

Reality is rich with new questions and to recognize them it is necessary to analyze, think, question, critically reflect and denaturalize "through the continuous re-raising of questions, making them emerge in an increasingly richer and living manner" unveiling the relationship "between the universal and the particular, in a dialectic vision" (BATTINI, 1994, p. 144).

Battini also indicates the need to overcome a pragmatic attitude towards the daily activity of Social Work professionals. The action of social workers, although linked to daily life, must go beyond this. Heller (1985, p. 44) calls this a process of homogenization, which concentrates "all of our attention on a single question" so that we "suspend" any other activity during the execution of the anterior task." It is up to professionals to create strategies for the "suspension" of daily work, by systematizing information collected about users and their relation with social issues, to identify and recognize social needs and the processes of resistance developed by popular groups. This process of overcoming the "extensive superficiality" (HELLER, 1985) allows analyzing the institutional relationships linked to projects of class and envisioning the construction of alliances with other institutional actors and users. At the same time, there is a need to create spaces for socialization and debate, articulating strategies to confront the limits placed on professional exercise, both from the perspective of the insertion in the socio-technical division of labor, and in the selectivity and focalization of the trends of current social policies.

It can be said that during professional activity, choices are "morally motivated" (HELLER, 1985), and therefore the fruits of liberty and the relative autonomy of the professional subjects, in light of the real conditions in this context. There is thus a break with the immediate nature of daily life, which is the result of the investigative attitude that allows the demystification of the place occupied by the social worker in the socio-technical division of labor. This permanent critical process "creates greater possibilities for new explanations [...] allowing going beyond the established limit" (BATTINI, 1994, p. 145).

In this line of thinking, Forti and Guerra (2010) affirm that given the complexity of education and professional activity, it becomes essential for social worker to have knowledge of social reality to be able to act competently and responsibly. For these authors, it is "necessary to have a vision of social processes as totalities that are composed of various factors and realms and which present different levels of complexity". They affirm that it is necessary to have "a theory that allows us to perceive how the central contemporary dilemmas are translated in the peculiarities of Social Work and expressed in the socio-professional requests and competencies and in the professional culture" (FORTI; GUERRA, 2010, p. 3).

Nevertheless, the authors warn about the need to break with an instrumental vision of theory that conceives it as a model, and refer to a functional and pragmatic vision of theory. They emphasize: "it is as if the validity of a theory is based on docile submission to a need for immediate practical responses to problems". A pragmatic view of theory does not allow understanding the complexity of the real from a dialectical perspective, because "by suppressing the social mediations that are constitutive of and constituent to the processes, reified thinking does not go beyond an appearance of the facts" (FORTI; GUERRA, 2010, p. 5, 7).

Based on this argument, this essay affirms that social workers – inserted in the socio-technical division of labor, with the theoretical support advanced since the late 1970s – are capable of formulating broader responses to the daily activity of professionals, based on recognition of the expressions of the social question, trends in social policies and the knowledge of users. To do so, it must be understood that the practice "[...] is not just any activity, but an activity that allows deciphering categories and capturing the legality of the phenomenon" (FORTI; GUERRA, 2010, p. 4). Therefore, it becomes indispensable to revive the role of the conscious, of teleology, of the relationship with professional and social projects, seeking to overcome an academic, abstract and pragmatic view of theory and practice.

Considering the complexity of social demands, it is necessary to find responses, through a process of reflection that goes beyond the immediate and necessary service, because practice "is an action capable of providing knowledge, transforming and qualifying our ideas about things and of providing us means, if we have an intention of changing them" (FORTI; GUERRA, 2010, p. 4).

Thus, continuous education is considered as a constant and necessary process for professional activity, which is imbricated in the relation of theory and practice. It is a process that is based on the qualification of the production of documents and on the appropriation of new technologies. It is considered that the adoption of an investigative attitude allows the professional subject to take a critical perspective, which beyond bringing to light the social reality experienced in the daily institutional activity, also allows formulating collective strategies to confront the targeting and selectivity of social policies.

Final considerations

This study reaffirmed the need for articulation between theory and practice and recognizes the existence of a considerable theoretical and political background in the profession. It noted, however, certain difficulties in the use of this knowledge as a theoretical reference that sustains professional activity.

In the studies conducted about the labor market for social workers, mentioned during the article, there are recurring affirmations that professionals are poorly recognized and have little autonomy. This state of things can be explained by the insertion of social workers in the socio-technical division of labor allied to difficulties in responding to the population's real needs. Nevertheless, if these difficulties are directly related to structural issues, it is possible to infer that there are also scattered weaknesses in the political and theoretical fields.

There are still many issues to be studied, but it is clear that continuous professional education is an important strategy for overcoming the theoretical-political limits mentioned in relation to the activity and the ethical-political project of professionals.

It is essential to address this issue critically, from a dialectical perspective, seeking to overcome routine empiricist, fragmented, disarticulated practices, and theory that is only grasped in an academic manner. It is also essential to reconsider the concept of the inseparability between theory and practice. In the 1990s, Paulo Netto (1996) identified the distance between educational agencies and the field of professional activity. The role of the university is to produce knowledge, but also to accompany professionals beyond their graduate courses (whether in degree programs or not).

Finally, it is important to remember the social commitment of the university as affirmed by the National University Extension Policy which emphasizes the inseparability of teaching, research and extension, as "an interdisciplinary, educational, cultural, scientific and political process that promotes the transformative interaction between the university and other sectors of society"

It is possible to think of and propose concrete actions that effectuate the role of the university in supporting thematic discussions, realized in conjunction by professors, professionals and undergraduate and graduate students, whether by means of forums on supervision, seminars, analyses of the political, economic and social situation or by other strategies for continuous education, in a way that is articulated to social movements, unions and other organized segments.

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¹

.

²

. Studies do exist in the field of healthcare, specifically about in-service education. Nevertheless, the education of social workers as a

continuum process has been a constant concern of entities in the category including the Federal Social Work Council (Cfess), the Regional Social Work Councils (Cress), the Brazilian Association of Education and Research in Social Work (Abepss) and the National Executive of Social Work Students (Enesso).

³

.

⁴

. This focus can be observed in the agendas of Enpess and the Brazilian Congresses of Social Assistance (CBAS)

⁵

, which has established discussion spaces aimed at better qualification of professional activity.

⁶

. Nevertheless, given the complexity of the professional activity, this issue deserves special attention, analysis and a search for collective options to address the issue.

⁷

.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Nov 2012
• Date of issue
  Dec 2012