Quality of LifeSickle Cell Disease: quality of life in patients with hemoglobin SS and SC disorders

On reading the paper from Belo Horizonte entitled "Sickle Cell Disease: Quality of Life in patients with hemoglobin SS and SC disorders" published in this edition of the Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, I had no hesitation in accepting the authors' thesis that the quality of life is diminished in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) both Hb SS and Hb SC⁽¹⁾. Two questions did come to mind: are Hb SS and HB SC patients in Minas Gerais different from those in Maryland, and whether or not they are different, what can we (in Brazil and in the United States) do to improve the situation?

The SCD patients at the Fundação HEMOMINAS are different from those at Johns Hopkins Hospital: I think that overall, more of our patients do not work, their incomes are lower, and fewer are heads of households. If the numbers in this study reflect the make-up of the HEMOMINAS clinic population, the foundation sees more Hb SC patients than we do, and those we see are not as sick as those in Minas Gerais (as mentioned in the discussion of this paper). Maybe the frequency of the hemoglobin C gene is higher in Minas Gerais, but maybe the 'climate' in the Belo Horizonte clinic is more welcoming and Hb SC patients whose quality of life is only moderately impaired stay home in Baltimore but attend the clinic in Belo Horizonte. The majority of our patients do not travel an average of 254 km to come to the clinic; they can take the city bus, and the rigors of travel may also bias the Brazilian population toward somewhat sicker Hb SC patients who really have to see a doctor. Whether or not the mix of hemoglobin types is really different, I do not doubt for a moment that the quality of life of SCD patients is diminished in both clinics and elsewhere, also cited in the discussion.

The big question, of course, is 'what can we do to improve the situation'. Treatment of SCD is less than satisfactory. Hydroxyurea therapy, if it is available, affordable, and carefully monitored, can help⁽²⁾. Chronic transfusion therapy can help, but the expense, discomfort and inconvenience of transfusions, the development of alloantibodies, and iron overload can make such treatment difficult or impossible⁽²⁾. Bone marrow transplantation can be curative, but haploidentical donors can be hard to find, and both costs and risks are significant⁽³⁾. Use of related donors who are not haploidentical⁽⁴⁾ or use of hematopoietic stem cells⁽⁵⁾ are still not widely available, and gene therapy⁽⁶⁾ is still further off.

Does that mean we can only wring our hands and say "I'm sorry"? Not quite! The three "C's" of patient care, which should be used for all patients, have been available for a long time. Comprehensive, Consistent and Compassionate care may not prevent painful crises, but they can make pain, anemia, decreased financial resources and loneliness more bearable. That kind of care can be very difficult to deliver, but spreading the burden to a specially trained nurse, social worker or lay person in an 'outpatient medical home' near the patient can make the job easier^(7,8). When I visited the Fundação HEMOMINAS some years ago, I think the personnel there were trying to do just that. I know that my hospital and other hospitals and clinics in the United States and elsewhere are trying to do the same. The hope is that early provision of the three "C's" outpatient care to some patients can not only improve the quality of their lives, but may be able to save some of the cost of inpatient admission.

Dr. Santos Pereira et al.⁽¹⁾ have done us all a service by providing us with facts to use when trying to justify the expense of such care.

References

• ¹
  Santos Pereira AS, Brener S, Cardoso CS, Carneiro Proietti AB. Sickle cell disease: quality of life in patients with hemoglobin SS and SC disorders. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2013;35(5):325-31.
• ²
  McGann PT, Nero AC, Ware RE. Current management of sickle cell anemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(8). pii: a011817.
• ³
  Bolaños-Meade J, Fuchs EJ, Luznik L, Lanzkron SM, Gamper CJ, Jones RJ, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide expands the donor pool for patients with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2012;120(22):4285-91. Comment in: Blood. 2012; 120(22):4276-7.
• ⁴
  Gaziev J, Marziall M, Isgrò A, Sodani P, Paciaroni K, Gallucci C, et al. Bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia from alternative related donors: improved outcomes with a new approach. Blood. 2013 Aug 20. [ahead of print].
• ⁵
  Matthes-Martin S, Lawitschka A, Fritsch G, Lion T, Grimm B, Breuer S, et al. Stem cell transplantation after reduced-intensity conditioning for sickle cell disease. Eur J Haermatol. 2013;90(4):308-12.
• ⁶
  Dong A, Rivella S, Breda L. Gene therapy for hemoglobinopathies: progress and challenges. Transl Res. 2013;161(4):293-306.
• ⁷
  Fisher ES. Building a medical neighborhood for the medical home. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1202-5.
• ⁸
  Rosland AM, Nelson K, Sun H, Dolan ED, Maynard C, Bryson C, et al. The patient-centered medical home in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(7):e263-72.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2013

History

• Received
  25 Aug 2013
• Accepted
  03 Sept 2013