RESUMO
Objetivo:
Identificar na literatura como as Teorias de Médio Alcance (TMA) têm sido desenvolvidas na enfermagem.
Método:
Revisão integrativa nas bases Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), Scopus, Cinahl (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science e portal PubMed, utilizando a palavra-chave middle range theory, o descritor nursing, seus correspondentes em português (Lilacs) e o operador booleano AND. A amostra incluiu 25 artigos.
Resultados:
Todos os artigos apresentaram conceitos relacionados às TMA. A maioria desenvolveu quadro síntese. Algumas teorias formularam proposições, hipóteses e nomes específicos. Apenas 16 artigos citavam o referencial metodológico, enquanto 22 usavam teorias ou modelos para fundamentação teórica e 11 utilizavam revisão na literatura.
Considerações finais:
O desenvolvimento das TMA incluiu apresentação de conceitos fundamentais, quadro síntese, proposições, hipóteses e nome específico. Reconhece-se as TMA como forma de desenvolver conhecimento para orientar a prática de enfermagem.
Descritores:
Enfermagem; Teoria de Enfermagem; Revisão; Conhecimento; Construção
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To identify in the literature how Middle-Range Theories (MRT) are being developed in Nursing.
Method:
Integrative review on the databases Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), Scopus, Cinahl (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science and PubMed portal, using the keywords middle range theory and nursing, as well its Portuguese correspondents (Lilacs), and the Boolean operator AND. The sample included 25 articles.
Results:
All articles presented concepts related to MRT. Most developed a synthesis picture. Some theories have formulated specific propositions, hypotheses, and names. Only 16 articles cited the methodological framework, while 22 used theories or models for theoretical foundation and 11 carried out literature reviews.
Final considerations:
The development of MRT included the presentation of fundamental concepts, synthesis, propositions, hypotheses and specific name. The MRT is recognized as a way of developing knowledge to guide the nursing practice.
Descriptors:
Nursing; Nursing Theory; Review; Knowledge; Nursing Methodology Research
RESUMEN
Objetivo:
Identificar en la literatura cómo las Teorías de Medio Alcance (TMA) se están desarrollando en enfermería.
Método:
Revisión integrativa en las bases de datos: LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), Scopus, Cinahl (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science y PubMed, utilizando la palabra clave middle range theory, el descriptor nursing y sus equivalentes en portugués (LILACS) y el operador booleano AND. La muestra constó de 25 artículos.
Resultados:
Todos los artículos presentaron conceptos relacionados con las TMA. La mayoría desarrolló un cuadro resumen. Algunas teorías presentaron proposiciones, plantearon hipótesis y nombres específicos. Solamente 16 artículos citaban el referencial metodológico, mientras que 22 utilizaban teorías o modelos en la fundamentación teórica y 11 hicieron revisión de la literatura.
Consideraciones finales:
El desarrollo de las TMA incluyó la presentación de conceptos fundamentales, de cuadro resumen, de proposiciones, hipótesis y nombre específico. Se reconocen las TMA como forma de desarrollar conocimiento para orientar la práctica en enfermería.
Descriptores:
Enfermería; Teoría de Enfermería; Revisión; Conocimiento; Construcción
INTRODUÇÃO
As teorias são conjuntos de conceitos menos amplos que modelos conceituais e que propõem resultados mais específicos. Todavia, essas teorias podem variar de acordo com seu nível de abstração e escopo, sendo que as grandes teorias são relativamente amplas, enquanto as Teorias de Médio Alcance (TMA) abordam um conjunto de conceitos menos abstratos e mais específicos para os detalhes da prática de enfermagem(11 Alligood MR. Nursing theory: utilization & application. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2013.).
As TMA são teorias intermediárias que surgem em decorrência da necessidade de os pesquisadores desenvolverem uma teoria unificada capaz de explicar todas as uniformidades observadas de comportamento, organização e mudanças sociais. Estas não buscam explicar o todo em uma única teoria, mas buscam desenvolver explicações para as partes que compõem o todo, por isso a denominação “médio alcance”(22 Merton RK. Sociologia: teoria e estrutura. São Paulo: Mestre Jou; 1970.).
O uso de TMA que façam ligação entre o conhecimento teórico e o empírico pode ser útil para o desenvolvimento de um novo conhecimento. Elas se baseiam em teorias maiores ou utilizam parte de uma teoria, são compostas por conceitos e sugerem relações entre estes que possam ser representadas em um único modelo.
Na enfermagem, uma TMA é definida como um conjunto de ideias relacionadas que estão focalizadas em uma dimensão específica de um fenômeno, incluindo um número restrito de conceitos e proposições, descritos em um nível concreto, que estão diretamente ligadas à pesquisa e à prática(33 Smith MJ, Liehr PR. Middle range theory for nursing. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2014.).
Existem três tipos de TMA para enfermagem, classificadas de acordo com a sua finalidade, sendo elas: descritiva, explicativa e preditiva(44 Fawcett J, Garity J. Evaluating research for evidence-based nursing practice. Philadelphia: Davis; 2009.). A primeira descreve ou classifica um fenômeno, como a taxonomia de diagnósticos de enfermagem que organiza o fenômeno da enfermagem a partir de um simples conceito (diagnóstico de enfermagem). A explicativa envolve a relação entre muitos conceitos que estão preocupados com a forma e a extensão das relações existentes entre eles, a qual se exemplifica no modelo de raciocínio clínico OPT (Outcome-Present state-Test). Por fim, a preditiva procura estabelecer as relações precisas entre conceitos ou efeitos de um ou mais conceitos em um ou vários conceitos, com o objetivo de descrever como as mudanças ocorrem dentro de um fenômeno (modelos de causalidade)(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
).
O desenvolvimento de TMA, a nível mundial e nacional, ainda é limitada. No Brasil, poucas pesquisas têm abordado a temática, mas alguns autores já trazem contribuições importantes para a construção de TMA de enfermagem e, assim, direcionar a prática dos enfermeiros(66 Primo CC, Brandão MAG. Interactive theory of breastfeeding: creation and application of a middle-range theory. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(6):1191-8. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0523
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0...
-77 Brandão MAG, Martins JSA, Peixoto MAP, Lopes ROP, Primo CC. Theoretical and methodological reflections for the construction of middle-range nursing theories. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2017;26(4):e1420017. doi: 10.1590/0104-07072017001420017
https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017001...
). A nível mundial, existem grupos de pesquisa específicos que tratam do desenvolvimento de TMA baseados em grandes teorias e algumas revistas especializadas em estudos sobre o uso de abordagens teóricas específicas da enfermagem(88 Roy C. Generating middle range theory: from evidence to practice. New York: Springer; 2013.). Entretanto, essas revistas incluem artigos que abordam desde discussões sobre o metaparadigma da enfermagem até o desenvolvimento de TMA. Além disso, as abordagens para construção dessas teorias parecem seguir padrões diversos entre diferentes autores. De qualquer forma, as TMA têm sido propostas como forma de reduzir a lacuna entre teoria e prática de enfermagem e uma alternativa a outros movimentos como a prática baseada em evidências e a pesquisa translacional.
OBJETIVO
Identificar, na literatura, como as TMA têm sido desenvolvidas na enfermagem.
MÉTODO
Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa baseada em seis passos: 1) identificação do tema e elaboração da pergunta norteadora; 2) estabelecimento de critérios de inclusão e exclusão de estudos/amostragem ou busca na literatura; 3) definição das informações a serem extraídas dos estudos selecionados/categorização dos estudos; 4) avaliação dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa; 5) interpretação dos resultados; e 6) apresentação da revisão/síntese do conhecimento(99 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Integrative literature review: a research method to incorporate evidence in health care and nursing. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64. doi: 10.1590/S0104-07072008000400018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200800...
).
Para a primeira etapa da revisão, elaborou-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: como as TMA têm sido desenvolvidas na enfermagem?
A busca foi realizada por duas integrantes da equipe de pesquisa, nas bases de dados Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), Scopus, Cinahl (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science e no portal PubMed, no período de maio a junho de 2016, utilizando a palavra-chave middle range theory, o descritor nursing e o operador booleano AND. A seleção dessa palavra-chave ocorreu devido à inexistência de descritor controlado que representasse especificamente as TMA. Para a base de dados Lilacs, foram utilizados os correspondentes desses termos em português (teoria de médio alcance; enfermagem). Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: artigos publicados na íntegra e disponíveis eletronicamente, nos idiomas espanhol, inglês ou português, que respondessem à questão de pesquisa. Foram excluídos os artigos repetidos. A descrição das buscas e a seleção dos artigos baseou-se no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Prisma), conforme fluxograma a seguir (Figura 1).
Artigos selecionados para a revisão, com base no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Prisma)
Os artigos foram selecionados por meio de leitura de título e resumos e, posteriormente, do artigo completo. A seleção final incluiu 25 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo 20 na base Scopus, um no Web of Science, um no Cinahl e três no portal PubMed. Não foram identificados artigos durante a busca na base Lilacs. Como a maioria dos artigos eram teóricos, não foram classificados de acordo com o nível de evidência científica.
As seguintes informações foram extraídas dos estudos selecionados: periódico; idioma; ano da publicação; contribuições; objeto de estudo; principais resultados e como foi desenvolvida a teoria. Por fim, os resultados identificados foram compilados em um quadro e discutidos posteriormente.
RESULTADOS
No presente estudo foram analisados os 25 artigos científicos sobre TMA que atenderam rigorosamente à seleção da amostra previamente citada e, a seguir, será apresentado um quadro síntese desses artigos, segundo ano de publicação, autoria, objeto de estudo, principais resultados e desenvolvimento da teoria (Quadro 1).
Síntese de artigos selecionados na revisão, segundo o ano de publicação, autoria, objeto de estudo, principais resultados e desenvolvimento da teoria
Os artigos analisados foram publicados entre os anos 1989 e 2016. Destes, 24 foram publicados em inglês(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
13 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
14 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
15 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
-1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
22 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
23 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
30 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
32 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
-3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
) e apenas um em espanhol(1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
). A maioria dos artigos foi publicada em revistas de enfermagem geral(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
-1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
18 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
22 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
23 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
-2929 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
,3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
-3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
), em periódicos de enfermagem relacionados a um contexto específico(1515 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
) e em revista médica(1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
). Quanto ao local no qual os estudos foram desenvolvidos, identificamos 19 nos Estados Unidos(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
-1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1515 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
-1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
-2121 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
-3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
-3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
), três no Canadá(2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
-2323 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
,3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
) e apenas um no Brasil(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
), México(1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
) e Finlândia(1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
).
Sobre o desenvolvimento das TMA na enfermagem, os estudos apontam suas contribuições. Todas as pesquisas analisadas enfatizam que as teorias podem contribuir para a prática dos enfermeiros. Em 16 teorias, foi mencionada a sua importância para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
13 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
14 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
15 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
-1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
-2121 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
,2323 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
-2525 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
,2727 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
-3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
) e apenas duas foram referidas como importantes para o ensino de enfermagem(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1212 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
).
Algumas TMA (n = 18) são direcionadas para grupos específicos, como: idosos, adolescentes, crianças, adultos, gestantes, famílias, enfermeiras obstetras, enfermeiros de voo, pessoas hospitalizadas, pessoas com doenças crônicas e doenças específicas (diabetes, obesidade, dor crônica, dor aguda e esquizofrenia)(1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
,1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
14 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
15 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
16 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
-1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
,1919 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
22 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
23 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
-2727 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
-3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
).
Os principais resultados encontrados nas TMA desenvolvidas incluíram: apresentação de conceitos fundamentais, quadro-síntese, proposições, hipóteses e nome específico para as teorias. Dos artigos analisados, a maioria (n = 22) desenvolveu quadro-síntese com a estrutura conceitual teórica, apresentando as relações entre os principais conceitos envolvidos nas teorias(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
13 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
14 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
15 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
16 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
18 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
-2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
30 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
-3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
). Algumas teorias formularam proposições específicas (n = 18) e o número de proposições variou entre 11 e três(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
-1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
-1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
,2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
,2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
-2828 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
-3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
). Em relação às hipóteses formuladas (n = 8), identificou-se que, geralmente, elas são apresentadas no final dos artigos e que o número de hipóteses para cada teoria variou entre três e oito(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
,1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
-1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
,2626 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
,3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
).
As TMA foram nomeadas ou direcionadas, após seu desenvolvimento, para um contexto específico, a saber: diagnóstico de enfermagem(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
); tomada de decisão intuitiva em enfermagem(1212 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
); manejo do peso(1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
); ambiente físico de apoio ao bem-estar dos idosos(1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
); enfrentamento familiar(1919 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
); experiência de enfermagem em voo(2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
); música, humor e movimento(2121 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
); capital intelectual de enfermagem(2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
); promoção da saúde para recém-nascidos prematuros(2525 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
); educação do paciente(2828 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
); controle de urina(2929 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
); empatia enfermeiro-paciente(3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
); enfermagem obstétrica(1515 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
,3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
); doenças crônicas(1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,2323 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
,2727 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
); dor(2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
); e aspectos psicológicos(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
,1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
-1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
,2626 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
).
Por fim, identificou-se que 16 artigos citavam o referencial metodológico que havia sido seguido(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
-1212 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
,1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
,1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
,2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
22 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
23 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
-2525 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
,2828 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
-3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
), 22 usavam teorias ou modelos para fundamentação teórica(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
-1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1515 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
16 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
18 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
-1919 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
,2121 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
22 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
23 Noiseux S, Ricard N. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(8):1148-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007....
24 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
30 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
32 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
-3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
) e 11 utilizavam revisão na literatura para o desenvolvimento das TMA(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
,1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1515 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
-1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
-2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
,2727 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
). Dentre os autores utilizados como referencial metodológico, Walker e Avant (1995; 2005; 2011) apresentaram-se como os mais frequentes(1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
-1212 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
,2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
-2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2525 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
,3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
), seguidos pela metodologia descrita por Roy (2013)(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
) e por Fawcett (1986)(1717 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
,3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
). O Modelo de Adaptação de Roy foi o mais adotado para embasamento teórico(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
-1919 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
,2626 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
-2727 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
,2929 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
), seguido pela teoria do autocuidado de Orem(1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
).
DISCUSSÃO
As teorias de médio alcance são entendidas por muitos estudiosos na enfermagem como estrutura teórica que conecta grandes teorias com a prática de enfermagem(3434 Meleis AI. Theoretical nursing: development and progress. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.). Seu desenvolvimento teve início em meados da década de 1980, sendo uma das primeiras TMA na enfermagem a Teoria dos Cuidados de Enfermagem Obstétrica, que identificou sete conceitos originais para descrever o processo de cuidados de enfermagem obstétrica(3333 Thompson JE, Oakley D, Burke M, Jay S, Conklin M. Theory building in nurse-midwifery: the care process. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(3):120-30. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(89)90056-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)900...
).
Todos os artigos analisados apresentaram claramente os principais conceitos envolvidos nas teorias. Destaca-se que os conceitos com suas definições são os principais componentes que deverão ser explicitados durante o desenvolvimento de uma teoria, independentemente do seu nível(33 Smith MJ, Liehr PR. Middle range theory for nursing. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2014.).Portanto, a descrição dos termos utilizados para escrever um fenômeno é essencial durante o desenvolvimento de TMA, tendo em vista que a inclusão dos conceitos fornecerá aos enfermeiros um resumo conciso dos pensamentos relacionados aos fenômenos de interesse(3434 Meleis AI. Theoretical nursing: development and progress. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.).
A apresentação do quadro-síntese desenvolvido na maioria dos estudos(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1111 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
13 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
14 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
15 Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041...
16 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
18 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
19 Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410...
20 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
21 Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
-2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
28 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
29 Jirovec MM, Jenkins J, Isenberg M, Baiardi J. Urine control theory derived from Roy's conceptual framework. Nurs Sci Q. 1999;12(3):251-5. doi: 10.1177/08943189922106828
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318992210682...
30 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
-3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
) constitui uma construção intelectual, um quadro de referência que permite organizar observações, interpretá-las e sugerir hipóteses de pesquisa(3535 Verhaeghe M, Bracke P, Christiaens W. Stigma and client satisfaction in mental health services. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2010 ;40(9):2295-318. doi : 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00659.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010...
). Esse modelo incorpora um conjunto de termos específicos, organizados coerentemente e relacionados entre si, que servem para os enfermeiros guiarem os cuidados na prática. Dessa forma, a ação dos cuidados desenvolve-se em torno de uma estrutura que tem por base o pensamento crítico ou o processo de resolução de problemas(3636 Pepin J, Ducharme F, Kérouac S. La pensée infirmière. 3rd ed. Montréal: Chenelière; 2010.).
Assim, percebe-se que, ao desenvolver uma TMA, o quadro-síntese constitui um item importante, pois sua apresentação permite aos enfermeiros compreenderem o que ocorre na prática, organizando de forma crítica as informações, além de elucidar as relações envolvidas entre os principais conceitos das teorias. Vale destacar que a representação gráfica dos principais elementos das TMA pode ser denominada de quadro-síntese, pictograma, figura ou diagrama.
Outro aspecto importante ao desenvolver uma teoria é o estabelecimento de suas proposições. Dessa forma, percebeu-se que a maioria das TMA desenvolvidas na enfermagem apresentam proposições(55 Oliveira Lopes MV, Silva VM, Herdman TH. Causation and validation of nursing diagnoses: a middle range theory. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28(1):53-9. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12104
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12104...
,1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
11 Fearon-Lynch JA, Stover CM. A middle-range theory for diabetes self-management mastery. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(4):330-46. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000087
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.000000000000...
12 Payne LK. Toward a theory of intuitive decision-making in nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2015;28(3):223-8. doi: 10.1177/0894318415585618
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618...
-1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
17 Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?scri...
-1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
,2020 Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
,2222 Covell CL. The middle-range theory of nursing intellectual capital. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(1):94-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04626.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
25 Mefford LC. A theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's conservation model of nursing. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(3):260-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318404266327
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318404266327...
26 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
27 Whittemore R, Roy C. Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nurs Sci Q. 2002;15(4):311-7. doi: 10.1177/089431802236796
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431802236796...
-2828 Sanford RC. Caring through relation and dialogue: a nursing perspective for patient education. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2000;22(3):1-15. doi: 10.1097/00012272-200003000-00002
https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-2000030...
,3030 Huth MM, Moore SM. Prescriptive theory of acute pain management in infants and children. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998.tb00206.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.1998...
31 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
-3232 Good M, Moore SM. Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: focus on acute pain. Nurs Outlook. 1996;44(2):74-9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80053-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6554(96)80...
). Estes são elementos importantes de uma teoria por constituir a declaração descritiva das propriedades e dimensões de um conceito ou uma declaração que liga dois ou mais conceitos. Elas fornecem à teoria o poder de descrever, predizer ou explicar(3434 Meleis AI. Theoretical nursing: development and progress. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.). Em geral, as proposições apresentam aquilo que a teoria conclui.
Após as proposições, hipóteses de uma teoria podem ser apresentadas. As TMA trabalham com o estabelecimento de hipóteses no intuito de apresentar como as proposições estabelecidas anteriormente podem ser testadas, conforme identificado em algumas pesquisas(1010 Dobratz MC. Building a middle-range theory of adaptive spirituality. Nurs Sci Q. 2016;29(2):146-53. doi: 10.1177/0894318416630090
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416630090...
,1313 Pickett S, Peters RM, Jarosz PA. Toward a middle-range theory of weight management. Nurs Sci Q. 2014;27(3):242-7. doi: 10.1177/0894318414534486
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486...
-1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
,1616 Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261...
,1818 Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212...
,2424 Dunn KS. Toward a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain. Nurs Sci Q. 2004;17(1):78-84. doi: 10.1177/0894318403260474
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403260474...
,2626 Tsai PF. A middle-range theory of caregiver stress. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(2):137-45. doi: 10.1177/0894318403251789
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403251789...
,3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
).
Identificou-se que a maioria dos autores dos artigos em análise atribuiu um nome para a teoria desenvolvida, embora alguns não o apresentassem de forma direta. A atribuição de um nome para a teoria é importante, pois facilita a identificação da TMA por parte dos profissionais e pesquisadores. Nomear uma teoria constitui um desafio, pois é a etiqueta de orientação para a pesquisa. Todavia, é essencial que as TMA sejam denominadas no contexto da perspectiva disciplinar que se propõe.
Dessa forma, as TMA podem ser aplicadas a uma variedade de subpopulações. Por exemplo, uma teoria de médio porte pode ser aplicada nos centros urbanos ou rurais, em grupos nativos ou imigrantes(3737 Higgins PA, Moore SM. Levels of theoretical thinking in nursing. Nurs Outlook. 2000;48(4):179-83. doi: 10.1067/mno.2000.105248
https://doi.org/10.1067/mno.2000.105248...
). Portanto, acredita-se que os autores não desenvolveram nomes específicos para as TMA em suas pesquisas por se tratar de teorias de enfermagem direcionadas para o público em geral e/ou para os enfermeiros, não possuindo, dessa forma, uma população específica para a teoria criada.
Sobre a utilização de embasamento teórico, metodológico e/ou revisão de literatura no desenvolvimento das TMA, percebe-se que os autores dos artigos em análise se basearam em referenciais diferentes. Entretanto, a forma de elaboração e os resultados principais são semelhantes entre eles. Sobre isso, ressalta-se que, com base na descrição e análise da construção das TMA, algumas recomendações foram identificadas para o seu desenvolvimento: tentar explanar o nome da teoria e o método utilizado para gerá-la; tentar esclarecer os vínculos conceituais da teoria em um modelo diagramado; articular os links de pesquisa para a prática da teoria; e criar associação entre a teoria proposta e uma perspectiva disciplinar em enfermagem e buscar que a TMA esteja à frente da prática de enfermagem e da pesquisa para uma análise mais aprofundada e crítica(3838 Peterson SJ, Bredow TS. Middle range theories: application to nursing research. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.). Vale destacar que o desenvolvimento de proposições são, também, resultados importantes de uma teoria.
Diante dos itens apresentados, percebe-se que as três primeiras recomendações foram seguidas pelos autores ao desenvolverem suas teorias, pois todos os artigos analisados descreveram o método utilizado para gerá-las, bem como apresentaram os conceitos fundamentais, 22 artigos explanaram os vínculos conceituais da teoria em um modelo diagramado, alguns apresentaram a relação da pesquisa com a prática da teoria. No entanto, percebe-se que ainda está deficiente a associação entre a teoria proposta e uma perspectiva disciplinar na enfermagem, e que a TMA não está à frente da prática de enfermagem e da pesquisa.
Portanto, não se identificou uma metodologia única entre os artigos analisados com recomendações específicas sobre os itens obrigatórios para a criação de uma TMA. Cada pesquisador seleciona sua fundamentação teórica e metodológica para construir uma teoria específica. Porém, recomenda-se que sejam apresentados no mínimo três elementos importantes: conceitos principais, modelo diagramado e proposições, tendo em vista que esses itens foram apresentados frequentemente nas pesquisas analisadas.
Apenas dois estudos testaram as teorias desenvolvidas(1414 Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635...
,3131 Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997.tb01143.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1997...
), enquanto a maioria das pesquisas sugere que as teorias sejam testadas, posteriormente, em populações específicas. Cabe ressaltar que os autores podem ter testado as teorias e publicado os resultados em outros manuscritos. Portanto, sugere-se a realização de estudo para identificar quais teorias foram testadas e os resultados.
O presente estudo torna-se importante por sintetizar nos resultados como as TMA de enfermagem foram desenvolvidas na área. Dessa forma, foram esclarecidos os componentes essenciais que devem compor a estrutura de uma teoria e os principais métodos utilizados nas pesquisas.
Limitações do estudo
Como limitação do estudo, tem-se o número de bases de dados utilizadas, tendo em vista a possibilidade de identificar informações complementares em estudos indexados em outras bases de dados.
Contribuições para a área da enfermagem, saúde ou política pública
Conhecer a estrutura de uma TMA pode contribuir para o avanço da enfermagem enquanto disciplina acadêmica e profissão, tendo em vista que a característica principal desse tipo de teoria é fornecer conhecimento substantivo para a prática.
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
De modo geral, o desenvolvimento das TMA identificadas nos estudos analisados incluiu: apresentação de conceitos fundamentais, quadro-síntese, proposições, hipóteses e nome específico para as teorias. Portanto, reconhece-se nas TMA um meio para enfrentamento do desafio de desenvolver um corpo de conhecimento substancial para orientar a prática de enfermagem.
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» https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318415585618 -
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» https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534486 -
14Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Isola A, Kyngäs H. Developing and testing a middle-range theory of the well-being supportive physical environment of home-dwelling elderly. Sci World J. 2013;2013:945635. doi: 10.1155/2013/945635
» https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/945635 -
15Phillippi JC, Roman MW. The motivation-facilitation theory of prenatal care access. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2013;58(5):509-15. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12041
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12041 -
16Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
» https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba -
17Castillo-Arcos L, Benevides-Torres R. Model of sexual resilience in the adolescent: middle range theory. Aquichan [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 30];12(2):169-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en
» http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972012000200008&lng=en -
18Dobratz MC. Toward development of a middle-range theory of psychological adaptation in death and dying. Nurs Sci Q. 2011;24(4):370-6. doi: 10.1177/0894318411419212
» https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411419212 -
19Davidson JE. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):28-39. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010410
» https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2010410 -
20Reimer AP, Moore SM. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1183-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05269.x -
21Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2249-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05108.x -
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Editado por
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
10 Fev 2020 -
Data do Fascículo
2020
Histórico
-
Recebido
15 Fev 2018 -
Aceito
29 Nov 2018