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O insight no transtorno bipolar: uma revisão sistemática

Insight in bipolar disorder: a systematic review

Resumos

Objetivos

Realizar uma revisão sistemática para compreender que fatores estão relacionados a uma maior ou menor consciência de morbidade no transtorno bipolar (TB), como o insight varia em função do estado afetivo e estabelecer uma comparação com outros transtornos mentais.

Métodos

Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre o insight em pacientes com TB. Foram buscados estudos clínicos originais sobre o tema nas bases de dados Medline, ISI e SciELO. Os termos de busca empregados foram: “insightORawarenessANDbipolarORmaniaORmanic”.

Resultados

Foram selecionados 55 artigos. O insight no TB parece ser mais prejudicado do que na depressão unipolar, porém menos do que na esquizofrenia. Com relação ao TB, um menor nível de insight está relacionado à presença de sintomas psicóticos e de alterações cognitivas. Além disso, um comprometimento do insight está associado a uma menor adesão ao tratamento. Por outro lado, uma maior preservação do insight pode estar associada a maior ideação suicida. Finalmente, a fase maníaca cursa com um nível inferior de insight quando comparada à fase depressiva ou de eutimia.

Conclusão

No TB, o insight está significativamente prejudicado, especialmente na mania. Diversos fatores clínicos parecem influenciar o nível de insight.

Insight; transtorno bipolar; mania; humor


Objectives

To conduct a systematic review to understand which factors are related to insight in bipolar disorder (BD), how insight varies depending on affective state and to establish a comparison between BD and other mental disorders.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of the scientific literature on insight in BD patients. Clinical studies on the topic were searched in the Medline, SciELO and ISI databases. The search terms used were: “insight” OR “Awareness” AND “bipolar“ OR “mania”.

Results

Fifty-five articles were selected. Insight in BD is more compromised than in unipolar depression, but less than in schizophrenia. A lower level of insight is related to the presence of psychotic symptoms and cognitive disorders. Moreover, insight impairment is associated with lower adherence to treatment. On the other hand, a greater preservation of insight may be associated with increased suicidal ideation. Finally, the manic phase is characterized by a lower level of insight than the depressive phase or euthymia.

Conclusion

Insight is greatly impaired in BD, especially during mania. Several clinical factors seem to influence the level of insight.

Insight; bipolar disorder; mania; mood


INTRODUÇÃO

O insight tradicionalmente era definido como uma “correta atitude para mudanças mórbidas em si mesmo1.Lewis AJ. The psychopathology of insight. Br J Med Psychol. 1934;14:332-48.”. Uma menor ou maior consciência quanto a estar doente ou apresentar sintomas ou algum prejuízo psicossocial pode influenciar significativamente a evolução da própria doença, afetando no mínimo a adesão ao tratamento2.Cely EEP, Fierro M, Pinilla MI. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la no adherencia en el tratamento farmacológico de mantenimiento em adultos com transtorno afectivo bipolar. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011;40(1):85-98.

.Copeland LA, Zeber JE, Salloum IM, Pincus HA, Fine MJ, Kilbourne AM. Treatment adherence and illness insight in veterans with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(1): 16-21.

.Sajatovic M, Ignacio RV, West JA, Cassidy KA, Safavi R, Kilbourne AM, et al. Predictors of nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009;50(2):100-7.
-5.Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Yen JY, et al. Relationships between insight and medication adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: prospective study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(4):403-9..

O insight é investigado em pacientes neurológicos desde o final do século XIX, passando a ser pesquisado em pacientes psiquiátricos apenas mais recentemente. Inicialmente, muitos estudos sobre esse aspecto foram conduzidos com pacientes esquizofrênicos6.Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC, Strauss DH, Yale SA, Clark SC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(10):826-36.

.McEvoy JP, Apperson LJ, Appelbaum PS, Ortlip P, Brecosky J, Hammill K. Insight in schizophrenia. Its relationship to acute psychopathology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177(1):43-7.

.Parellada M, Boada L, Fraguas D, Reig S, Castro-Fornieles J, Moreno D, et al. Trait and state attributes of insight in first episodes of early-onsent schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(1):38-51.

.Antonius D. Insight and aggression in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2195.
-1010 .Dam J. Insight in schizophrenia: a review. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(2):114-20.. Contudo, nos últimos anos, o insight em pacientes com transtorno bipolar (TB) passou a ser estudado também. Grande parte dos pacientes bipolares mostra déficits em sua consciência sobre estar doente ou em sua consciência sobre sinais ou sintomas específicos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5..

A falta de insight no TB pode ser bastante prejudicial para a formulação adequada desse diagnóstico. A observação clínica tem indicado que o insight está mais comprometido na mania do que na depressão1212 .Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ. Insight in seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):345-8.

13 .Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: the acute manic episode. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):464-7.
-1414 .Silva RA, Mograbi DC, Silveira LAS, Nunes ALS, Novis FD, Cavaco PA, et al. Mood self-assessment in bipolar disorder: a comparison between patients in mania, depression, and euthymia. Trends Psychiatry Psychoter. 2013;35(2):141-5.. Nesse sentido, pacientes com TB com frequência não relatam seus sintomas ou episódios maníacos, sendo, assim, erroneamente diagnosticados com depressão unipolar1515 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman EE, Goodwin FK. Diagnosing bipolar disorder and the effect of antidepressants: a naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000a;61(10):804-8.,1616 .Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. “Cade’s disease” and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47(2):125-34..

Algumas questões sobre o insight no TB parecem ainda não estar claras. A experiência clínica mostra que maior nível educacional poderia ser um fator favorável a um melhor insight1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.. Nessa linha de raciocínio, é plausível pensar que maior conhecimento sobre a doença e sobre sua sintomatologia poderia exercer papel importante sobre melhor nível de insight. Entretanto Güçlü et al.1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7. não encontraram correlação entre maior nível educacional e melhor nível de insight em TB. Além disso, possivelmente maior tempo de doença ou número maior de internações ou de episódios afetivos poderia conferir ao indivíduo bipolar maior conhecimento sobre a doença e, consequentemente, maior insight. Por outro lado, a associação entre outros fatores sociodemográficos, como gênero ou idade, e o insight parece não ter sido amplamente estudada. Também se torna importante discutir outras possíveis consequências do comprometimento do insight em bipolares, além do prejuízo da adesão medicamentosa2.Cely EEP, Fierro M, Pinilla MI. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la no adherencia en el tratamento farmacológico de mantenimiento em adultos com transtorno afectivo bipolar. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011;40(1):85-98.

.Copeland LA, Zeber JE, Salloum IM, Pincus HA, Fine MJ, Kilbourne AM. Treatment adherence and illness insight in veterans with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(1): 16-21.

.Sajatovic M, Ignacio RV, West JA, Cassidy KA, Safavi R, Kilbourne AM, et al. Predictors of nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009;50(2):100-7.
-5.Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Yen JY, et al. Relationships between insight and medication adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: prospective study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(4):403-9.. A possível influência do insight sobre a qualidade de vida ou sobre a evolução da doença, incluindo tentativas de suicídio, precisa ser mais bem compreendida.

Outra questão importante diz respeito à influência de alterações neurocognitivas sobre o insight. Estudo com pacientes com demência mostra que um comprometimento cognitivo está associado a pior insight1919 .Amanzio M, Vase L, Leotta D, Miceli R, Palermo S, Geminiani G. Imparied awareness of deficits in Alzheimer disease: the role of everyday dysfunction. J Int Neuropsych Soc. 2013;19(‘):63-72.. É de conhecimento dos especialistas que pacientes com TB podem cursar com comprometimento cognitivo2020 .Camelo EVM, Netto T, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, Cheniaux E. Attention impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Psychol Neurosci. 2013;6(3):299-309.,2121 .Vohringer PA, Barroilhet SA, Amerio A, Reale ML, Alvear K, Vergne D, et al. Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4(87):1-11.. Os estudos sobre a associação entre alterações cognitivas e insight no TB são ainda pouco numerosos.

Em um estudo anterior1414 .Silva RA, Mograbi DC, Silveira LAS, Nunes ALS, Novis FD, Cavaco PA, et al. Mood self-assessment in bipolar disorder: a comparison between patients in mania, depression, and euthymia. Trends Psychiatry Psychoter. 2013;35(2):141-5., observamos que, no TB, os pacientes em mania se autoavaliaram de forma semelhante àqueles em eutimia. Em contraste, os indivíduos em depressão se autoavaliaram de forma distinta em relação aos que estavam em eutimia ou mania. Tais resultados poderiam ser explicados pelo fato de, na mania, o insight estar mais prejudicado do que nas outras fases do TB. Contudo, essa conclusão precisa ser corroborada por meio de estudos que avaliem o insight nos diferentes estados de humor encontrados nesse transtorno mental.

Outra questão relevante é a comparação, quanto ao nível de insight, do TB com outros transtornos mentais. Pini et al.2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14. e Colis et al.2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9. relatam que o insight de pacientes com TB é semelhante ao de pacientes esquizofrênicos. Contudo, outros estudos2424 .Braw Y, Sitman R, Sela T, Erez G, Bloch Y, Levkovitz Y. Comparison of insight among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in remission of affective and positive symptoms: analysis and critique. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):612-8.,2525 .Calatayud GL, Sebastián NH, García-iturrospe EA, Piqueras JCG, Arias JS, Cercós CL. Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2012;5(1):43-7. observaram que o insight em pacientes com TB era maior do que em esquizofrênicos. Também se torna importante discutir se a presença de sintomas psicóticos em fases agudas do TB pode influenciar o nível de insight. Além disso, também não está claro como o insight no TB se diferencia na comparação com outros transtornos mentais, como transtorno esquizoafetivo, depressão unipolar e transtornos de ansiedade.

Diante de tantas questões sobre o insight no TB e da relevância do tema, realizamos uma revisão sistemática de estudos sobre o insight no TB, com o objetivo de compreender as seguintes questões:

  • a) Que elementos sociodemográficos e clínicos estão associados ao nível de insight no TB?

  • b)Como o insight varia em função do estado afetivo de humor no TB?

  • c)Como o insight no TB se compara com outros transtornos mentais em relação ao insight?

MÉTODOS

Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre o insight em pacientes com TB. Foram buscados estudos clínicos originais sobre o tema. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Medline, ISI, e SciELO. Não houve restrição quanto ao período da publicação. Os termos de busca empregados foram: “insightORawarenessAND “bipolar” OR “mania” ORmanic”.

Os critérios de seleção dos artigos foram: 1. Estudos originais e empíricos. 2. Estudos publicados nas línguas inglesa, francesa, espanhola ou portuguesa. 3. Estudos em que o insight foi avaliado em uma amostra de pacientes com o diagnóstico de TB. 4. Os estudos que apresentassem amostras contendo outros tipos de transtornos mentais além do TB somente seriam incluídos se apresentassem resultados específicos para o grupo de pacientes bipolares. 5. Os estudos selecionados deveriam utilizar uma escala ou algum item específico que aferisse o insight. 6. As amostras deveriam ser constituídas somente por indivíduos adultos, com no mínimo dez pacientes.

Não houve procura por estudos não publicados. Somente um juiz realizou o julgamento dos artigos a serem incluídos/excluídos.

RESULTADOS

Na busca inicial, encontrou-se um total de 510 referências no Medline, 1.563 no ISI e 9 no SciELO, com diversas superposições entre essas bases de dados.

Após a leitura dos resumos das referências encontradas no Medline, selecionaram-se 62 artigos.

Quando se utiliza o termo “bipolar”, diversos estudos sobre outras áreas de conhecimento que não a psiquiatria são selecionados. Esses estudos sobre outras áreas de conhecimento incluem artigos de pesquisa sobre nanotecnologia, engenharia e outras tecnologias, meteorologia, astronomia, eletroquímica, zoologia, entre outras. Pelo menos metade dos estudos selecionados nas bases de dados do Medline estava relacionada a alguma dessas áreas. Esse fato também ocorreu na pesquisa na base de dados ISI.

Na base ISI, após a leitura dos resumos dos artigos, selecionaram-se 58 artigos. Desses 58 artigos, 50 foram repetidos em relação à base Medline, portanto foram excluídos.

Na base SciELO, após a leitura dos resumos dos artigos, selecionaram-se dois artigos. Um desses artigos já havia sido citado na base ISI, portanto foi excluído.

Ao todo, foram selecionados 71 resumos das três bases pesquisadas. Esses 71 artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Um artigo foi excluído por apresentar amostra de bipolares adolescentes. Seis artigos foram excluídos por não apresentarem alguma escala específica de avaliação de insight. E nove artigos apresentaram amostras contendo outros tipos de transtornos mentais, além do TB, e não apresentaram resultados específicos para o grupo de pacientes bipolares, sendo, portanto, excluídos. Não foram encontrados artigos com menos de dez pacientes. Ao final, foram selecionados 55 artigos. O fluxograma de busca e seleção dos artigos aparece na figura 1.

Figura 1
Fluxograma.

INSTRUMENTOS

Os estudos foram bastante heterogêneos quanto aos instrumentos utilizados para avaliação do insight. Algumas escalas avaliaram itens específicos do insight. Esses itens encontram-se detalhados nas tabelas. As escalas mais utilizadas foram: a Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorders (SUMD)2626 .Amador XF, Strauss DH, Yale S, Flaum MM, Endicott J, Gorman JM. Assessment of insight in psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):873-9.; o Schedule for Assessment of Insight (SAI)2727 .David AS. Insight and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156:798-808. e sua versão estendida (SAI-E)2828 .Kemp R, David A. Insight and compliance. In: Blackwell B, editor. Insight and compliance. Newark (NJ): Gordon and Breach Publishing Group; 1996. p. 61-84.; e o Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire (ITAQ)7.McEvoy JP, Apperson LJ, Appelbaum PS, Ortlip P, Brecosky J, Hammill K. Insight in schizophrenia. Its relationship to acute psychopathology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177(1):43-7..

Comparação entre o TB e outros transtornos mentais

Os estudos sobre a comparação quanto ao insight entre o TB e outros transtornos mentais são apresentados na tabela 1.

Tabela 1
Comparação entre o transtorno bipolar e outros transtornos mentais

Dezessete estudos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.

23 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.

24 .Braw Y, Sitman R, Sela T, Erez G, Bloch Y, Levkovitz Y. Comparison of insight among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in remission of affective and positive symptoms: analysis and critique. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):612-8.
-2525 .Calatayud GL, Sebastián NH, García-iturrospe EA, Piqueras JCG, Arias JS, Cercós CL. Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2012;5(1):43-7.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.

30 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.

31 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yen JY, Ker JH, Yang SJ. Comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002b;190(2):847-9.

32 .Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Rinaldi O, Di Domenico M, Petruzzi C, Kalyvoka A, et al. PANSS factors and scores in schizophrenic and bipolar disorders during an index acute episode: a further analysis of the cognitive component. Schizophr Res. 2002;56(1-2):129-36.

33 .Young DA, Zakzanis KK, Bailey C, Davila R, Griese J, Sartory G, et al. Further parameters of insight and neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia and other chronic disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186(1):44-50.

34 .Govil S, Sengupta SN, Sharma P, Kumar D. A study of comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in remission phase. Abstracts for Poster Session I. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23:S81-191.

35 .Masson M, Azorin JM, Bourgeois ML. La conscience de la maladie dans les troubles schizophréniques, schizo-affectifs, bipolaires et unipolaires de l’humeur: résultats d’une étude comparative de 90 patients hospitalisés. Ann Med Psychol. 2001;159:369-74.

36 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.

37 .Jonsdottir H, Opjordsmoen S, Birkenaes AB, Simonsen C, Engh JA, Ringen PA, et al. Predictors of medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127(1):23-33.

38 .Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Rinaldi O, Daneluzzo E, Rossi A. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):338-41.

39 .Williams CC, Collins A. Factors associated with insight among outpatients with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(1):96-8.
-4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36. compararam o insight entre esquizofrênicos e bipolares. Desses, 12 estudos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,2424 .Braw Y, Sitman R, Sela T, Erez G, Bloch Y, Levkovitz Y. Comparison of insight among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in remission of affective and positive symptoms: analysis and critique. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):612-8.,2525 .Calatayud GL, Sebastián NH, García-iturrospe EA, Piqueras JCG, Arias JS, Cercós CL. Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2012;5(1):43-7.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.

30 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.

31 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yen JY, Ker JH, Yang SJ. Comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002b;190(2):847-9.

32 .Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Rinaldi O, Di Domenico M, Petruzzi C, Kalyvoka A, et al. PANSS factors and scores in schizophrenic and bipolar disorders during an index acute episode: a further analysis of the cognitive component. Schizophr Res. 2002;56(1-2):129-36.

33 .Young DA, Zakzanis KK, Bailey C, Davila R, Griese J, Sartory G, et al. Further parameters of insight and neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia and other chronic disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186(1):44-50.

34 .Govil S, Sengupta SN, Sharma P, Kumar D. A study of comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in remission phase. Abstracts for Poster Session I. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23:S81-191.

35 .Masson M, Azorin JM, Bourgeois ML. La conscience de la maladie dans les troubles schizophréniques, schizo-affectifs, bipolaires et unipolaires de l’humeur: résultats d’une étude comparative de 90 patients hospitalisés. Ann Med Psychol. 2001;159:369-74.
-3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91. relataram maior nível de insight no TB do que na esquizofrenia, em pelo menos um dos subtipos de insight avaliado (ou seja, insight global, ou insight sobre a doença ou insight sobre o tratamento ou insight sobre as consequências sociais). Em contraste, cinco estudos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,3737 .Jonsdottir H, Opjordsmoen S, Birkenaes AB, Simonsen C, Engh JA, Ringen PA, et al. Predictors of medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127(1):23-33.

38 .Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Rinaldi O, Daneluzzo E, Rossi A. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):338-41.

39 .Williams CC, Collins A. Factors associated with insight among outpatients with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(1):96-8.
-4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36. não observaram diferença quanto ao nível de insight entre bipolares e esquizofrênicos. Em nenhum dos estudos o insight foi maior na esquizofrenia do que no TB.

Cinco estudos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.,4141 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71. compararam o insight entre bipolares e esquizoafetivos. Desses, somente um2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14. relatou maior insight sobre consequências sociais em esquizoafetivos do que em bipolares. Os outros quatro estudos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.,4141 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71. não relataram qualquer diferença. Seis estudos2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.

41 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71.
-4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22. compararam o insight entre deprimidos unipolares e bipolares. Desses, cinco estudos2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.,4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22. relataram que o insight no TB foi menor do que na depressão unipolar. Em contraste, um estudo4141 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71. relatou que o insight global de bipolares foi igual ao de deprimidos unipolares. Somente um estudo4343 .Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Pazzagli A, Rossi A, Dell’Osso L, Pini S, et al. Awareness of illness and subjective experience of cognitive complaints in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(7):1094-6. comparou o insight entre TB tipo I e TB tipo II, e observou que o insight global no TB do tipo I foi maior do que do tipo II.

Dados sociodemográficos

Os seis1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.

45 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.

46 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.
-4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. estudos que investigaram a associação entre insight e dados sociodemográficos são apresentados na tabela 2.

Tabela 2
Dados sociodemográficos

Três estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60. investigaram a relação entre insight e gênero. Desses, um estudo1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7. encontrou que o insight é menor no gênero feminino do que no masculino. Porém, um estudo4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60. encontrou o oposto e outro1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34. não encontrou correlação entre insight e gênero.

Quatro estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. investigaram a relação entre insight e idade. Desses, dois estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. observaram que um menor insight está associado a idades mais elevadas. Dois outros estudos1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31., contudo, não encontraram correlação entre insight e idade. Por fim, três estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. de um total de quatro1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. relataram que um menor insight estava correlacionado a um nível educacional mais baixo, e o outro estudo1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7. não encontrou correlação entre nível educacional e insight.

Delineamento

Dados clínicos retrospectivos

Os 141717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.

47 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83.

48 .Acosta FJ, Veja D, Torralba L, Navarro S, Ramallo-Fariña Y, Fiúza D, et al. Hopeleness and suicidal risk in bipolar disorder: a study in clinically nonsyndromal patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1103-9.

49 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.

50 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.

51 .Gonzalez VM. Recognition of mental illness and suicidality among individuals with serious mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(10):727-34.

52 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Suicidality and its association with insight and neurocognition in Taiwanese patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008c;196(6):462-7.

53 .Pini S, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, Cassano GB. Awareness of illness in patients with bipolar I disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(3):355-61.

54 .Lam D, Wong G. Prodromes, coping strategies, insight and social functioning in bipolar affective disorders. Psychol Med. 1997;27(5):1091-100.
-5555 .Ghaemi SN, Hebben N, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Neuropsychological aspects of lack of insight in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res. 1996;65(2):113-20. estudos que investigaram a associação entre o insight e dados clínicos retrospectivos são apresentados na tabela 3.

Tabela 3
Dados clínicos retrospectivos

Os três estudos1212 .Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ. Insight in seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):345-8.,5151 .Gonzalez VM. Recognition of mental illness and suicidality among individuals with serious mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(10):727-34.,5252 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Suicidality and its association with insight and neurocognition in Taiwanese patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008c;196(6):462-7. que investigaram a relação entre insight e história de ideação suicida observaram que um menor insight sobre a doença foi associado a uma história menos frequente de ideação suicida. E os dois estudos5151 .Gonzalez VM. Recognition of mental illness and suicidality among individuals with serious mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(10):727-34.,5252 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Suicidality and its association with insight and neurocognition in Taiwanese patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008c;196(6):462-7. que investigaram a relação entre insight e história de tentativa de suicídio também relataram que um menor insight estava associado a uma história menos frequente de tentativa de suicídio. Cinco estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5555 .Ghaemi SN, Hebben N, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Neuropsychological aspects of lack of insight in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res. 1996;65(2):113-20. investigaram a relação entre insight e número de hospitalizações prévias. Um menor insight foi associado a um menor número de hospitalizações prévias em três desses estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5555 .Ghaemi SN, Hebben N, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Neuropsychological aspects of lack of insight in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res. 1996;65(2):113-20.. Entretanto, os dois outros estudos1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31. não encontraram correlação entre insight e número de hospitalizações prévias. Quatro estudos4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. investigaram a relação entre duração da doença e insight. Tanto uma menor4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. quanto uma maior4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24. duração da doença foram associados a um menor insight. Um estudo4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31. não encontrou correlação entre insight e duração da doença.

Três estudos investigaram a relação entre insight e a ocorrência prévia de sintomas psicóticos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.. Um deles5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. relatou que menor insight sobre a doença estava associado a uma história de sintomas psicóticos. Contudo, esse mesmo estudo5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. relatou que menor insight sobre sintomas estava associado à ausência de história de sintomas psicóticos. Outro estudo4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60. relatou que menor insight sobre sintomas psicóticos estaria associado à história de sintomas psicóticos. E um estudo1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34. não encontrou correlação entre insight e história de sintomas psicóticos.

Dados clínicos prospectivos

Os 292.Cely EEP, Fierro M, Pinilla MI. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la no adherencia en el tratamento farmacológico de mantenimiento em adultos com transtorno afectivo bipolar. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011;40(1):85-98.

.Copeland LA, Zeber JE, Salloum IM, Pincus HA, Fine MJ, Kilbourne AM. Treatment adherence and illness insight in veterans with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(1): 16-21.

.Sajatovic M, Ignacio RV, West JA, Cassidy KA, Safavi R, Kilbourne AM, et al. Predictors of nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009;50(2):100-7.
-5.Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Yen JY, et al. Relationships between insight and medication adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: prospective study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(4):403-9.,1313 .Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: the acute manic episode. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):464-7.,1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,2525 .Calatayud GL, Sebastián NH, García-iturrospe EA, Piqueras JCG, Arias JS, Cercós CL. Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2012;5(1):43-7.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.

41 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71.
-4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.,5353 .Pini S, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, Cassano GB. Awareness of illness in patients with bipolar I disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(3):355-61.,5656 .Cerit C, Filizer A, Tural Ü, Tufan AE. Stigma: a core factor on predicting functionality in bipolar disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):484-9.

57 .González-Ortega I, Mosquera F, Echeburúa E, González-Pinto A. Insight, psychosis and aggressive behaviour in mania. Eur J Psychiatry. 2010;24(2):70-7.

58 .Varga M, Babovic A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Landro NI, David AS, et al. Reduced insight in bipolar I disorder: neurofunctional and neurostructural correlates: a preliminar study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(1-2):56-63.

59 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Tem JY, Ko CH. The predictive effect of insight on adverse clinical outcomes in bipolar I disorder: a two-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008b;108(1-2):121-7.

60 .Yen CF, Chen CC, Cheng CP, Yen CN, Lin HC, Ko CH, et al. Comparisons of insight in schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, and depressive disorders with and without comorbid alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008d;62(6):685-90.

61 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Huang CF, Yen JY, Ko CH, Chen CS. Quality of life and its association with insight, adverse effects of medication and use of atypical antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in remission. Bipolar Disord. 2008e;10(5):617-24.

62 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yang SJ, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Relationships between insight and psychosocial adjustment in patients with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2007b;9(7):737-42.

63 .Schuepbach D, Goetz I, Boeker H, Hell D. Voluntary vs involuntary hospital admission in acute mania of bipolar disorder: results from the Swiss sample of the EMBLEM study. J Affect Disord. 2006;90(1):57-61.

64 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9.

65 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Ker JH, Yen JY. Changes of insight in maniac episodes and influencing factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):404-8.
-6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8. estudos sobre a relação entre o insight no TB e dados psicopatológicos prospectivos são apresentados na tabela 4.

Tabela 4
Dados clínicos prospectivos

Entre eles, sete estudos1313 .Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: the acute manic episode. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):464-7.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,6565 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Ker JH, Yen JY. Changes of insight in maniac episodes and influencing factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):404-8.,6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8. investigaram a evolução do nível de insight e a resolução do episódio afetivo agudo, e todos os sete estudos relataram aumento do nível do insight quando ocorria a melhora do episódio afetivo. Os quatro estudos3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5959 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Tem JY, Ko CH. The predictive effect of insight on adverse clinical outcomes in bipolar I disorder: a two-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008b;108(1-2):121-7.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9. que avaliaram a correlação entre insight e gravidade do episódio afetivo encontraram correlação entre menor nível de insight e maior gravidade do episódio afetivo. Os dois estudos1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,6565 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Ker JH, Yen JY. Changes of insight in maniac episodes and influencing factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):404-8. que avaliaram a relação entre presença de sintomas psicóticos e insight observaram que menor insight estava associado à presença de sintomas psicóticos. Os quatro estudos2.Cely EEP, Fierro M, Pinilla MI. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la no adherencia en el tratamento farmacológico de mantenimiento em adultos com transtorno afectivo bipolar. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011;40(1):85-98.,3.Copeland LA, Zeber JE, Salloum IM, Pincus HA, Fine MJ, Kilbourne AM. Treatment adherence and illness insight in veterans with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(1): 16-21.,4.Sajatovic M, Ignacio RV, West JA, Cassidy KA, Safavi R, Kilbourne AM, et al. Predictors of nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009;50(2):100-7.,5.Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Yen JY, et al. Relationships between insight and medication adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: prospective study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(4):403-9. que avaliaram a relação entre insight e adesão ao tratamento farmacológico observaram que menor insight estava associado a menor adesão ao tratamento. Os dois estudos1313 .Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: the acute manic episode. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):464-7.,6363 .Schuepbach D, Goetz I, Boeker H, Hell D. Voluntary vs involuntary hospital admission in acute mania of bipolar disorder: results from the Swiss sample of the EMBLEM study. J Affect Disord. 2006;90(1):57-61. que investigaram a relação entre insight e hospitalização involuntária observaram que menor nível de insight estava associado à hospitalização involuntária. Alguns estudos isolados relataram que menor insight estava também associado a maior hostilidade e menor controle dos impulsos2525 .Calatayud GL, Sebastián NH, García-iturrospe EA, Piqueras JCG, Arias JS, Cercós CL. Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2012;5(1):43-7., maior comportamento agressivo5757 .González-Ortega I, Mosquera F, Echeburúa E, González-Pinto A. Insight, psychosis and aggressive behaviour in mania. Eur J Psychiatry. 2010;24(2):70-7. e pior evolução clínica4141 .Ghaemi SN, Boiman E, Goodwin FK. Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000b;41(3):167-71.. E, ainda, um estudo5858 .Varga M, Babovic A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Landro NI, David AS, et al. Reduced insight in bipolar I disorder: neurofunctional and neurostructural correlates: a preliminar study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(1-2):56-63. com tomografia computadorizada encontrou que menor insight estava associado à atrofia subcortical e cortical.

Avaliação neuropsicológica

Os nove estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,3838 .Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Rinaldi O, Daneluzzo E, Rossi A. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):338-41.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.,5555 .Ghaemi SN, Hebben N, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Neuropsychological aspects of lack of insight in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res. 1996;65(2):113-20.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9.,6767 .Yen CF, Chung LC, Chen CS. Insight and neuropsychological functions in bipolar outpatients in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002a;19(10):713-5. sobre a relação entre o insight no TB e avaliações neuropsicológicas são apresentados na tabela 5.

Tabela 5
Avaliação neuropsicológica

Foram encontradas associações entre um menor insight e um maior comprometimento de memória1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. e de aprendizagem emocional5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54., de inteligência geral e de função psicomotora3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9., de compreensão e de habilidades perceptivo-motoras1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83., de atenção1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9., de fluência verbal1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,6767 .Yen CF, Chung LC, Chen CS. Insight and neuropsychological functions in bipolar outpatients in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002a;19(10):713-5. e de função executiva1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83., e ainda de maior velocidade de processamento5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54..

Comparação entre os diversos estados afetivos do TB

Os nove estudos2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8.,6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42.

69 .Cassidy F, McEvoy JP, Yang YK, Wilson WH. Insight is greater in mixed than in pure manic episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(6):398-9.

70 .Rossi A, Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Di Domenico M, Stratta P, Petruzzi C. Cognitive symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(5):254-6.
-7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. sobre a comparação quanto ao insight entre os diversos estados afetivos do TB são apresentados na tabela 6.

Tabela 6
Comparação entre os diversos estados afetivos do transtorno bipolar

Todos os seis estudos4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8.,6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. que compararam maníacos e deprimidos bipolares relataram que o insight de maníacos era menor do que o de deprimidos bipolares. Sete estudos2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,6969 .Cassidy F, McEvoy JP, Yang YK, Wilson WH. Insight is greater in mixed than in pure manic episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(6):398-9.

70 .Rossi A, Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Di Domenico M, Stratta P, Petruzzi C. Cognitive symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(5):254-6.
-7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. compararam pacientes em mania com pacientes em episódio misto. Desses, cinco estudos2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,6969 .Cassidy F, McEvoy JP, Yang YK, Wilson WH. Insight is greater in mixed than in pure manic episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(6):398-9.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. relataram que o insight de maníacos era menor do que o de pacientes em episódio misto; em contraste, dois estudos1212 .Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ. Insight in seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):345-8.,7070 .Rossi A, Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Di Domenico M, Stratta P, Petruzzi C. Cognitive symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(5):254-6. relataram que o insight em pacientes em mania é maior do que o de pacientes em episódio misto. Os dois estudos4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42. que compararam o insight entre maníacos e eutímicos relataram que o insight dos maníacos era menor do que o dos eutímicos. Quatro estudos4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. compararam pacientes deprimidos e em episódio misto. Desses estudos, apenas um estudo1212 .Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ. Insight in seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):345-8. relatou que insight de pacientes em episódio misto era menor do que de deprimidos. Os outros três4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. não encontraram diferenças significativas. Por fim, apenas um estudo6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42. comparou eutímicos e deprimidos e relatou que insight dos eutímicos era igual ao dos deprimidos.

DISCUSSÃO

O insight é a capacidade do indivíduo de avaliar criticamente seu estado mental7272 .Sims A. Symptoms in the mind: an introduction to descriptive psychopathology. 3rd ed. London: Saunders; 2006.. O presente estudo realizou uma revisão sistemática dos trabalhos que investigaram o insight em pacientes com TB. É importante salientar que o comprometimento do insight parece ser um fenômeno bastante abrangente, sendo encontrado em diversos transtornos mentais, como a esquizofrenia7.McEvoy JP, Apperson LJ, Appelbaum PS, Ortlip P, Brecosky J, Hammill K. Insight in schizophrenia. Its relationship to acute psychopathology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177(1):43-7.

.Parellada M, Boada L, Fraguas D, Reig S, Castro-Fornieles J, Moreno D, et al. Trait and state attributes of insight in first episodes of early-onsent schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(1):38-51.

.Antonius D. Insight and aggression in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2195.
-1010 .Dam J. Insight in schizophrenia: a review. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(2):114-20., e doenças neurológicas. Estudos sobre doença de Alzheimer comumente empregam o termo “anosognosia”7373 .Belfort T, Sousa MFB, Santos RL, Lima M, Torres B, Dias R, et al. Consciência do déficit na doença de Alzheimer: diferenças entre os domínios cognitivo e funcional. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2013:62(3):217-24., que designa um comprometimento da capacidade de perceber em si ou nas atividades da vida diária alterações causadas por déficits relacionados ao processo de adoecimento7474 .Dourado MCN, Laks J, Rocha M, Soares C, Leibing A, Engelhardt E. Consciência da doença na demência: resultados preliminares em pessoas com doença de Alzheimer leve e moderada. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63(1):114-8.. Esse fenômeno é comumente associado a inúmeras alterações presentes na doença de Alzheimer7373 .Belfort T, Sousa MFB, Santos RL, Lima M, Torres B, Dias R, et al. Consciência do déficit na doença de Alzheimer: diferenças entre os domínios cognitivo e funcional. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2013:62(3):217-24.. Além disso, grande parte dos pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) é parcial ou totalmente incapaz de reconhecer a irracionalidade de seus sintomas, ou seja, apresenta pouco ou nenhum insight7575 .Insel TR, Akiskal HS. Obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenologic analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(12):1527-33..

Dentre as associações estudadas entre o insight no TB e dados sociodemográficos, algumas merecem ser destacadas. Alguns estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83. mostram que maior nível educacional está relacionado a maior nível de insight. Provavelmente os pacientes com maior nível educacional tiveram maior acesso ao conhecimento sobre a sua doença e sobre as formas de lidar com ela1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.. É possível também que eles possuam maior status socioeconômico, com acesso a melhores serviços de saúde e formas de tratamento. Estudos em pacientes com demência também ressaltam a importância da escolaridade sobre o insight, pois melhor capacidade cognitiva pré-mórbida está relacionada a maior reserva cognitiva e, consequentemente, a menor comprometimento da consciência do déficit7676 .Spitznagel MB, Tremont G, Brown LB, Gunstad J. Cognitive reserve and the relationship between depressive symptoms and awareness of deficits in dementia. J Neuropsych Clin N. 2006;18(2):186-90.. Entretanto, o baixo número de estudos sobre nível educacional não permite concluir que, de fato, o tempo de estudo de um paciente possa ser determinante para melhor insight.

Três estudos4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54. observaram que uma maior duração ou idade de início da doença mais precoce estariam associadas a menor insight no TB. Esses dados também poderiam reforçar a ideia de que um maior período de convivência com a doença levaria a melhor conhecimento sobre sua sintomatologia. Estudos com pacientes com TOC7777 .Ravi Kishore V, Samar R, Janardhan Reddy YC, Chandrasekhar CR, Thennarasu K. Clinical characteristics and treatment response in poor and good insight obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(4):202-8. indicam que esses fatores estariam relacionados ao insight também nesse transtorno mental. Porém, em virtude do baixo número de estudos sobre o tema, a relação do nível de insight com esses fatores ainda precisa ser confirmada.

Outra constatação que parece evidente é a de que, no TB, um comprometimento cognitivo pode estar relacionado a um comprometimento do insight. Níveis reduzidos de insight foram associados com piores desempenhos em testes de funções executivas1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83., atenção dividida, flexibilidade mental, memória de trabalho, inibição de resposta, resolução de interferência e resolução de conflito de comportamento, todos mediados pelo lobo frontal. Além disso, um prejuízo na fluência verbal foi significativamente associado com comprometimento do insight1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.. Esses resultados reforçam a noção de que o insight é uma capacidade neurocognitiva, com os achados indicando especificamente disfunção pré-frontal e frontoparietal em pacientes bipolares com baixo insight1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9.. Os lobos frontais estão envolvidos em habilidades metacognitivas e de autoavaliação, tendo sido implicados na deficiência de insight em diferentes grupos clínicos, como pacientes com doença de Alzheimer1919 .Amanzio M, Vase L, Leotta D, Miceli R, Palermo S, Geminiani G. Imparied awareness of deficits in Alzheimer disease: the role of everyday dysfunction. J Int Neuropsych Soc. 2013;19(‘):63-72.. Alguns estudos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,4545 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Relationship between insight and neurocognition in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Compr Psychiatry. 2008a;49(4):335-9.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9. apontaram que um maior comprometimento de memória tem um impacto negativo sobre o nível de insight. Capacidade limitada de reter informação na memória verbal ou de se lembrar de comportamentos prévios pode ter impacto negativo na habilidade dos pacientes de avaliarem seu próprio comportamento e de tirarem conclusões sobre a anormalidade de seu comportamento5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.. Esses achados estão de acordo com uma extensa literatura que indica baixos níveis de insight em pacientes com comprometimentos de memória, por exemplo, na demência7373 .Belfort T, Sousa MFB, Santos RL, Lima M, Torres B, Dias R, et al. Consciência do déficit na doença de Alzheimer: diferenças entre os domínios cognitivo e funcional. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2013:62(3):217-24.. Pacientes com TOC e pouco insight também apresentam desempenho cognitivo prejudicado7878 .Tumkaya S, Karadag F, Oguzhanoglu NK, Tekkanat C, Varma G, Ozdel O, et al. Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: a neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Res. 2009;165(1-2):38-46..

Os estudos parecem ser unânimes ao apontar que, no TB, uma melhora da sintomatologia da crise cursa com recuperação do insight1313 .Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: the acute manic episode. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):464-7.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5353 .Pini S, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, Cassano GB. Awareness of illness in patients with bipolar I disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(3):355-61.,6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8.. Observação semelhante foi relatada em um estudo com esquizofrênicos1010 .Dam J. Insight in schizophrenia: a review. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(2):114-20., no qual ocorreu aumento do insight durante o período entre a hospitalização e a alta. Nesse mesmo sentido, estudos com pacientes com TB5454 .Lam D, Wong G. Prodromes, coping strategies, insight and social functioning in bipolar affective disorders. Psychol Med. 1997;27(5):1091-100. e com esquizofrenia1010 .Dam J. Insight in schizophrenia: a review. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(2):114-20. mostram que os pacientes, quando estão num período prodrômico, em que os sintomas estão menos intensos, são mais capazes de se queixar das alterações que estão apresentando, o que não acontece quando os sintomas se tornam mais graves. Esses dados apontam que a presença de sintomatologia aguda interfere no nível de discernimento do indivíduo. De fato, dados coletados de estudos, pela presente revisão, mostram uma relação direta entre menor insight no TB e uma gravidade do episódio afetivo3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,5959 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Tem JY, Ko CH. The predictive effect of insight on adverse clinical outcomes in bipolar I disorder: a two-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008b;108(1-2):121-7.,6464 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, Ronneberg U, Opjordsmoen S. Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:1-9. ou da quantidade de sintomas maníacos1717 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Carita AI. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008b;117(1):28-34.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,3232 .Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Rinaldi O, Di Domenico M, Petruzzi C, Kalyvoka A, et al. PANSS factors and scores in schizophrenic and bipolar disorders during an index acute episode: a further analysis of the cognitive component. Schizophr Res. 2002;56(1-2):129-36.,4747 .Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Kapczinski F. Insight, quality of life and cognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008a;110(1-2):75-83.. De forma semelhante, pacientes com doença de Alzheimer apresentam piora da consciência do déficit com a progressão da doença e consequente aumento da gravidade clínica7979 .Leicht H, Berwig M, Gertz HJ. Anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of impairment levels in assessment in insight across domains. J Int Neuropsych Soc. 2010;16(3):463-73.,8080 .Stewart G, McGeown WJ, Shanks MF, Venneri A. Anosognosia of memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2010;22(4):180-7.. Maior comprometimento do insight associado a maior gravidade da doença também pode ser observado no TOC8181 .Catapano F, Sperandeo R, Perris F, Lanzaro M, Maj M. Insight and resistance in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopathology. 2001;34(2):62-8.. Contudo, no TB, a associação entre baixo nível de insight e gravidade clínica poderia ser explicada pelo fato de, nos episódios afetivos mais graves, serem especialmente comuns os sintomas psicóticos, os quais costumam cursar com importante prejuízo no insight1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,4646 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Ker JH, Yang SJ, Yen JY. Correlates of insight among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(1):57-60.,5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.,6565 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Ker JH, Yen JY. Changes of insight in maniac episodes and influencing factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):404-8..

Entre os estudos que fizeram comparação do insight de pacientes bipolares com pacientes com outros transtornos mentais, 17 utilizaram pacientes esquizofrênicos. Nenhum estudo encontrou que o insight de esquizofrênicos fosse maior do que de pacientes bipolares. Contudo, alguns estudos encontraram níveis de insight semelhantes na comparação entre esquizofrênicos e bipolares1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,3131 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yen JY, Ker JH, Yang SJ. Comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002b;190(2):847-9.,3636 .Varga M, Magnusson A, Flekkoy K, David AS, Opjordsmoen S. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: does diagnosis matter? Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):583-91.

37 .Jonsdottir H, Opjordsmoen S, Birkenaes AB, Simonsen C, Engh JA, Ringen PA, et al. Predictors of medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127(1):23-33.

38 .Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Rinaldi O, Daneluzzo E, Rossi A. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):338-41.
-3939 .Williams CC, Collins A. Factors associated with insight among outpatients with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(1):96-8.. É importante ressaltar que alguns desses estudos que não distinguiram TB de esquizofrenia utilizaram uma amostra de bipolares com sintomas psicóticos1111 .Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(1):122-5.,2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,3838 .Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Rinaldi O, Daneluzzo E, Rossi A. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):338-41.. Além disso, conforme discutido, a presença de sintomas psicóticos parece ter grande influência sobre o insight1818 .Güçlü O, Karaca O, Yildirim B, Ozköse MM, Erkiran M. The relationship between insight and clinical features in bipolar disorder. Turk J Psychiatry. 2011;22(4):1-7.,6565 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yang SJ, Ker JH, Yen JY. Changes of insight in maniac episodes and influencing factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):404-8.. A maioria dos estudos, contudo, indica que a esquizofrenia cursa com pior insight do que o TB. É possível que maior presença de sintomas psicóticos, maior comprometimento cognitivo e pior evolução da esquizofrenia8282 .Cheniaux E, Landeira-Fernandez J, Telles LL, Lessa JLM, Dias A, Duncan T, et al. Does schizoaffective disorder really exist? A systematic review of the studies that compared schizoaffective disorder with schizophrenia or mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(3):209-17. possam ser responsáveis por um pior comprometimento do insight nesse transtorno. Um achado comum entre os estudos é que pacientes deprimidos unipolares apresentam melhor insight do que pacientes bipolares2323 .Colis MJ, Steer RA, Beck AT. Cognitive insight in inpatients with psychotic, bipolar and major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28(4):242-9.,2929 .Fennig S, Everett E, Bromet EJ, Jandorf L, Fennig SR, Tenenberg-Karant M, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;22(3):257-63.,3030 .Michalakeas A, Skoutas C, Charalambous A, Peristeris A, Marinos V, Keramari E, et al. Insight in schizophrenia and mood disorders and its relation to psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):46-9.,4040 .Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res. 2000;45(1-2):29-36.. Um estudo4343 .Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Pazzagli A, Rossi A, Dell’Osso L, Pini S, et al. Awareness of illness and subjective experience of cognitive complaints in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(7):1094-6. chamou atenção para o fato de que pacientes bipolares tipo I apresentaram maior insight global do que pacientes bipolares tipo II, o que parece refletir a dificuldade, do próprio paciente e das demais pessoas, de fazer distinção entre a hipomania e a normalidade.

Os estudos sobre comparação de insight nas diversas fases afetivas parecem ser unânimes ao apontar que pacientes em fase maníaca apresentam insight mais comprometido do que pacientes em fase depressiva4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,4949 .Bressi C, Porcellana M, Marinaccio PM, Nocito EP, Ciabatti M, Magri L, et al. The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: an Italian prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):619-24.,6666 .Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Lack of insight in mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1998;49(1):55-8.,6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. ou em eutimia4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42.. Além disso, um estudo mostrou que o insight de pacientes em fase depressiva é semelhante ao de pacientes em eutimia6868 .Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF. Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007a;9(3):238-42.. A associação entre humor deprimido e insight preservado é observada em diversos grupos clínicos2727 .David AS. Insight and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156:798-808., mas a direção de causalidade não é clara nesse caso. Por um lado, um aumento do insight leva ao reconhecimento de problemas, o que causa tristeza. Por outro, pacientes deprimidos podem ser mais realistas, tendo maior apreciação das consequências de seus problemas. Nesse sentido, pacientes com TB que apresentam um episódio depressivo avaliam de forma mais fidedigna o seu estado de humor do que aqueles que apresentam um episódio maníaco1414 .Silva RA, Mograbi DC, Silveira LAS, Nunes ALS, Novis FD, Cavaco PA, et al. Mood self-assessment in bipolar disorder: a comparison between patients in mania, depression, and euthymia. Trends Psychiatry Psychoter. 2013;35(2):141-5.,8383 .Silva RA, Mograbi DC, Silveira LAS, Nunes ALS, Novis FD, Landeira-Fernandez J, et al. The reliability of self-assessment of affective state in different phases of bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(5):1-5.. Alguns estudos2222 .Pini S, De Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Mastrocinque C, Saettoni M, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):8-14.,4242 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Cassano GB, Mastrocinque C, Seckinger RA, Saettoni M, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(5):315-22.,4444 .Cassidy F. Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:627-31.,6969 .Cassidy F, McEvoy JP, Yang YK, Wilson WH. Insight is greater in mixed than in pure manic episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(6):398-9.,7171 .Dell’Osso L, Pini S, Tundo A, Sarno N, Musetti L, Cassano GB. Clinical characteristics of mania, mixed mania, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):242-7. chamaram a atenção para o fato de que pacientes em mania apresentaram pior insight do que o de pacientes em episódio misto. Talvez a presença de sintomas depressivos possa favorecer um menor comprometimento do insight5050 .Van Der Werf-Eldering MJ, Van der Meer L, Burger H, Holthausen EAE, Nolen WA, Aleman A. Insight in bipolar disorder: associations with cognitive and emotional processing and illness characteristics. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):343-54.. Três estudos4848 .Acosta FJ, Veja D, Torralba L, Navarro S, Ramallo-Fariña Y, Fiúza D, et al. Hopeleness and suicidal risk in bipolar disorder: a study in clinically nonsyndromal patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1103-9.,5151 .Gonzalez VM. Recognition of mental illness and suicidality among individuals with serious mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(10):727-34.,5252 .Yen CF, Cheng CP, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF, Chen CS. Suicidality and its association with insight and neurocognition in Taiwanese patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008c;196(6):462-7. encontraram que maior insight está associado a história de ideação ou tentativa de suicídio. Tais achados sugerem que a presença de insight sobre a doença pode ser um fator de risco para suicídio, o que pode estar relacionado à maior ocorrência de sintomas depressivos entre pacientes suicidas. Outra possibilidade seria que ter um nível maior de insight representa saber mais sobre a gravidade e consequências de sua doença e que a morte seria vista pelo indivíduo como uma alternativa menos dolorosa em relação ao TB.

A presença de apenas um juiz para o julgamento dos artigos a serem selecionados configura uma limitação da presente revisão sistemática.

CONCLUSÃO

Um menor nível de insight está relacionado à presença de sintomas psicóticos e de alterações cognitivas. Um comprometimento do insight está associado a uma menor adesão ao tratamento. Por outro lado, maior preservação do insight pode estar associada a maior ideação suicida. Finalmente, o insight no TB parece ser mais prejudicado do que na depressão unipolar, porém menos do que na esquizofrenia. E também está claro que a fase maníaca cursa com um nível inferior de insight quando comparada à fase depressiva ou de eutimia.

REFERÊNCIAS

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Set 2014

Histórico

  • Recebido
    3 Abr 2014
  • Aceito
    1 Set 2014
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