Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Segurança e potenciais benefícios da fisioterapia em adultos submetidos ao suporte de vida com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea: uma revisão sistemática

RESUMO

O avanço científico e tecnológico associado à atuação de equipes multidisciplinares nas unidades de terapia intensiva tem aumentado a sobrevida de pacientes críticos. Dentre os recursos de suporte de vida utilizados em terapia intensiva, está a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Apesar das evidências aumentarem, faltam dados para demonstrar a segurança e os benefícios da fisioterapia concomitante ao uso da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Esta revisão reúne as informações disponíveis sobre a repercussão clínica da fisioterapia em adultos submetidos à oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. A revisão incluiu as bases MEDLINE®, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS e EMBASE, além da busca manual nas referências dos artigos relacionados até setembro de 2017. A busca resultou em 1.213 registros. Vinte estudos foram incluídos, fornecendo dados de 317 indivíduos (58 no grupo controle). Doze estudos não relataram complicações durante a fisioterapia. Fratura da cânula durante a deambulação, trombo na cânula de retorno e hematoma na perna em um paciente cada foram relatados por dois estudos, dessaturação e vertigens leves foram relatadas em dois estudos. Por outro lado, foram feitos relatos de melhora na condição respiratória/pulmonar, capacidade funcional e força muscular, com redução de perda de massa muscular, incidência de miopatia, tempo de internação e mortalidade dos pacientes que realizaram a fisioterapia. Analisando o conjunto das informações disponíveis, pode-se observar que a fisioterapia, incluindo a mobilização precoce progressiva, ortostase, deambulação e técnicas respiratórias, executada de forma simultânea à oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, é viável, relativamente segura e potencialmente benéfica para adultos em condição clínica extremamente crítica.

Descritores:
Oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea; Modalidades de fisioterapia; Fisioterapia; Reabilitação; Deambulação precoce

Abstract

Scientific and technological advances, coupled with the work of multidisciplinary teams in intensive care units, have increased the survival of critically ill patients. An essential life support resource used in intensive care is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Despite the increased number of studies involving critically ill patients, few studies to date have demonstrated the safety and benefits of physical therapy combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. This review identified the clinical outcomes of physical therapy in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support by searching the MEDLINE®, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS, and EMBASE databases and by manually searching the references of the articles published until September 2017. The database search retrieved 1,213 studies. Of these studies, 20 were included in this review, with data on 317 subjects (58 in the control group). Twelve studies reported that there were no complications during physical therapy. Cannula fracture during ambulation (one case), thrombus in the return cannula (one case), and leg swelling (one case) were reported in two studies, and desaturation and mild vertigo were reported in two studies. In contrast, improvements in respiratory/pulmonary function, functional capacity, muscle strength (with reduced muscle mass loss), incidence of myopathy, length of hospitalization, and mortality in patients who underwent physical therapy were reported. The analysis of the available data indicates that physical therapy, including early progressive mobilization, standing, ambulation, and breathing techniques, together with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, is feasible, relatively safe, and potentially beneficial for critically ill adult patients.

Keywords:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Physical therapy modalities; Physical therapy specialty; Rehabilitation; Early ambulation

INTRODUÇÃO

Os avanços científico e tecnológico, associados à inclusão de equipes multidisciplinares nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), resultaram no aumento da sobrevida de pacientes criticamente enfermos. Em paralelo, houve aumento na incidência de complicações físicas decorrentes dos efeitos deletérios da restrição prolongada ao leito e do tempo de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI), contribuindo para um aumento nos custos assistenciais, mortalidade, prejuízos à qualidade de vida e redução da sobrevida após alta hospitalar.(11 França EE, Ferrari F, Fernandes P, Cavalcanti R, Duarte A, Martinez BP, et al. Fisioterapia em pacientes críticos adultos: recomendações do Departamento de Fisioterapia da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24(1):6-22.)

Dentre os recursos avançados utilizados em UTI, está a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO), um suporte mecânico temporário para o coração e os pulmões,(22 Allen S, Holena D, McCunn M, Kohl B, Sarani B. A review of the fundamental principles and evidence base in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill adult patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2011;26(1):13-26.) utilizado para pacientes com grave insuficiência respiratória e/ou cardiovascular refratárias às medidas habituais de tratamento.(33 Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany MM, Hibbert CL, Truesdale A, Clemens F, Cooper N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D; CESAR trial collaboration. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1351-63. Erratum in Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1330.) Pode ser realizada em três modalidades de assistência: veno-arterial (VA), veno-venosa (VV) ou veno-arterial-venosa (VAV). Independente da modalidade utilizada, cânulas calibrosas e posicionadas em grandes vasos são conectadas a um circuito no qual o sangue é bombeado para um pulmão artificial ou oxigenador de membrana, onde o oxigênio e o gás carbônico são trocados. O sangue é aquecido à temperatura corporal, antes da reinfusão ao paciente.(44 Betit P, Thompson J. Terapia respiratória neonatal e pediátrica. In: Wilkins RL, Stoller JK, Kacmarek RM. EGAN Fundamentos da terapia respiratória. 9ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009. p.1213.

5 Elliot D, Crouser, Fahy RJ. Lesão pulmonar aguda, edema pulmonar e insuficiência múltipla de órgãos. In: Wilkins RL, Stoller JK, Kacmarek RM. EGAN Fundamentos da terapia respiratória. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009. p.587-588.

6 Mosier JM, Kelsey M, Raz Y, Gunnerson KJ, Meyer R, Hypes CD, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults in the emergency department: history, current applications, and future directions. Crit Care. 2015;19:431.
-77 Jayamaran AL, Cormican D, Shah P, Ramakrishna H. Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: techniques, limitations, and special considerations. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017;20 (Supplement):S11-8.)

A drástica imobilidade dos pacientes internados com longa permanência em UTI induz a um alto grau de perda de massa muscular, variando entre 3% e 11% nas primeiras 3 semanas de imobilização.(88 Meesen RL, Dendale P, Cuypers K, Berger J, Hermans A, Thijs H, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a possible means to prevent muscle tissue wasting in artificially ventilated and sedated patients in the intensive care unit: a pilot study. Neuromodulation. 2010;13(4):315-20; discussion 321.) Além disso, pacientes submetidos à ECMO apresentam redução de capacidade funcional, danos psicológicos e subsequentes prejuízos na qualidade de vida.(99 Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE, Bonnet N, Trouillet JL, Léger P, et al. Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(5):1404-11.) O despertar e a extubação desses pacientes são cada vez mais usuais, possibilitando alimentação, diálogo, participação mais ativa do processo de tratamento e incorporação da reabilitação na rotina da internação, auxiliando na manutenção da força e funcionalidade.(1010 Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadern J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(7):763-8.,1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.)

Variados protocolos de mobilização progressiva têm sido recomendados, tanto para reabilitar,(1212 Griffiths RD, Hall JB. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):779-87.) quanto para preservar força e massa muscular.(1313 Van Aswegen H, Myezwa H. Exercise overcomes muscle weakness following on trauma and critical illness. J Physiother. 2008;64(2):36-42.) A fisioterapia, dentro deste contexto, visa diminuir os efeitos deletérios do imobilismo, estimulando o fluxo sanguíneo periférico, a produção de citocinas anti-inflamatórias, a atividade da insulina e a captação de glicose pelo músculo.(1313 Van Aswegen H, Myezwa H. Exercise overcomes muscle weakness following on trauma and critical illness. J Physiother. 2008;64(2):36-42.) No entanto, apesar dos estudos com pacientes críticos estarem aumentando, faltam dados para demonstrar a segurança e os potenciais benefícios em realizar fisioterapia em pacientes adultos em suporte de vida por meio da ECMO, visto que há, entre outros, o risco de deslocamento ou fratura da cânula durante as condutas propostas, podendo levar a efeitos adversos. Até o momento, uma revisão sistemática foi conduzida com o objetivo de verificar as potenciais vantagens e segurança de protocolos multimodais com técnicas de fisioterapia motora e respiratória executadas simultaneamente ao emprego da ECMO na modalidade VV. O estudo realizou busca em sete bases de dados e incluiu 9 artigos publicados de 2010 a 2014, com um total de 54 participantes, incluindo crianças e adultos.(1414 Polastri M, Loforte A, Dell'Amore A, Nava S. Physiotherapy for patients on awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. Physiother Res Int. 2016;21(4):203-9.) Os autores citaram como limitação o risco de viés relacionado ao tipo de estudo incluído na revisão, mas nenhum procedimento formal de avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi adotado.

A partir deste contexto, conduzimos esta revisão sistemática da literatura com o objetivo primário de verificar a segurança da fisioterapia em pacientes adultos submetidos concomitantemente ao suporte de vida por ECMO, independentemente do tipo de canulação utilizada. Potenciais benefícios da intervenção foram investigados de maneira secundária.

MÉTODOS

Esta revisão segue as recomendações preconizadas pela Colaboração Cochrane(1515 Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.) e pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement,(1616 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336-41. Erratum in: Int J Surg. 2010;8(8):658.) estando registrada no PROSPERO - International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/), sob o número CRD42017080407.

Critérios de elegibilidade

Foram incluídos estudos observacionais (coorte, transversal ou caso-controle, relato de caso ou série de casos) que recrutaram pacientes com idade de 18 anos ou mais, internados em UTI, em ECMO (independentemente do tipo de canulação: VA, VV ou VAV), submetidos à fisioterapia por meio de protocolos multimodais (incluindo intervenções respiratórias, motoras e/ou com agentes eletrofísicos, como luz, som, térmicos ou elétricos) durante a ECMO. Foram incluídos estudos com ou sem grupo comparação, entretanto, na existência de um grupo comparação, este deveria ter sido exposto à ECMO, mas não ter realizado intervenções fisioterapêuticas. Em séries de casos, excluímos os relatos de pacientes com idade menor que 18 anos. Foram incluídas publicações nas línguas inglês, português ou espanhol.

A segurança foi considerada o principal desfecho desta revisão, sendo avaliada por meio de incidência de morte, eventos adversos, comportamento da perfusão de oxigênio, estabilidade hemodinâmica (saturação de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial) e outros parâmetros utilizados para descrever a estabilidade clínica dos pacientes. Os desfechos secundários incluem tempo em ventilação mecânica (VM), tempo de suporte por ECMO, tempo de internação na UTI e tempo de internação hospitalar total. Outros efeitos da fisioterapia relatados nos estudos também foram identificados e descritos nesta revisão.

Estratégia de busca

As buscas foram realizadas nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas (estudos indexados até 9 de setembro de 2017): MEDLINE® (acessado via PubMed), EMBASE, Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados (Cochrane CENTRAL), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e o Banco de Dados de Evidência em Fisioterapia (PEDro). Adicionalmente, foi realizada busca manual nas referências de estudos incluídos e revisões publicadas sobre o assunto. Os termos de busca, incluindo termos indexados (MeSH e EMTREE), termos remissivos e sinônimos, utilizados individualmente ou em conjunto, por meio de operadores boleanos (AND e OR) incluíram ‘Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation’, ‘Physical Therapy Modalities’, ‘Rehabilitation’ e ‘Early Ambulation’. Termos relacionados aos desfechos de interesse ou tipo de estudo não foram incluídos para aumentar a sensibilidade da busca. Não foram adotadas restrições de data de publicação ou idioma na busca. A estratégia de busca completa utilizada para o PubMed pode ser observada na tabela 1.

Tabela 1
Estratégia de busca utilizada na base de dados MEDLINE® acessada no PubMed

Seleção dos estudos e extração dos dados

Após remoção de duplicatas, dois investigadores independentes avaliaram títulos e resumos dos artigos obtidos nas buscas. Estudos potencialmente elegíveis e incertos foram selecionados para avaliação do texto completo, de maneira independente pelos mesmos investigadores, de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. Divergências foram resolvidas por consenso ou deliberadas por um terceiro revisor. Em caso de publicação múltipla com mesma população, a publicação com maior amostra foi selecionada. Resumos publicados em conferências foram avaliados caso a caso e incluídos se apresentassem informações suficientes para elegibilidade. Os revisores não foram cegados quanto aos autores e instituições dos estudos sob revisão.

Após determinação dos estudos incluídos, dois revisores independentes realizaram a coleta dos dados, seguindo formulário padrão em Excel (Microsoft Corporation, EUA). Desacordos foram resolvidos por consenso ou decidido pelo terceiro revisor. Foram extraídos os seguintes dados: número e características dos sujeitos, características da ECMO, grupos de comparação (quando existisse), protocolo de intervenção e resultados dos desfechos.

Avaliação do risco de viés

Dois investigadores avaliaram, de forma independente, o risco de viés dos estudos incluídos. A avaliação foi realizada de forma descritiva por meio da escala Newcastle-Ottawa,(1717 Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed in October, 2017.
http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epi...
) para estudos de coorte ou de caso-controle. A escala Newcastle-Ottawa(1717 Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed in October, 2017.
http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epi...
) verifica a qualidade metodológica por meio de um sistema de pontuação com estrelas, sendo composta por oito perguntas, de acordo com três perspectivas: seleção, comparabilidade entre os grupos e confiabilidade de ocorrência do desfecho ou exposição (em estudos de coorte ou caso-controle, respectivamente).

As séries de caso e estudos de caso foram avaliadas com ferramenta de 18 itens para avaliação da qualidade de séries de caso.(1818 Moga C, Guo B, Schopflocher D, Harstall C. Development of a quality appraisal tool for case series studies using a modified Delphi technique. 2012. Available from http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/10/MOGA.Case-series.pdf. Acessed in October, 2017.
http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/1...
) Esta ferramenta foi desenvolvida pela técnica Delphi modificada, sendo composta por 18 questões, avaliadas de acordo com a clareza com que os dados foram relatados nos estudos. Aborda, de maneira geral, definição do objetivo do estudo, similaridade entre os casos, relato de desfechos e conclusões do estudo. Apesar desta ferramenta ser desenvolvida para séries de casos, adaptamos seu uso para os estudos de caso incluídos.

Análise dos dados

Os estudos incluídos não apresentaram dados suficientes e foram considerados muito heterogêneos para estimar ocorrências dos desfechos por meio de metanálise. Portanto, os dados extraídos foram analisados qualitativamente.

RESULTADOS

Caracterização dos estudos

De 1.208 registros encontrados nas bases de dados e outros cinco estudos encontrados nas listas de referências, 20 estudos(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.

20 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.

21 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.

23 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.

24 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.

25 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.

26 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.

27 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.

29 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.

30 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) preencheram todos os critérios e foram incluídos nesta revisão, fornecendo dados sobre 317 indivíduos, 259 expostos e 58 não expostos à fisioterapia durante a ECMO.

A figura 1 mostra o fluxograma do processo de seleção dos estudos, e a tabela 2 apresenta um resumo das características dos estudos incluídos.

Figura 1
Fluxograma do processo de seleção e inclusão de estudos.

LILACS - Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde; PEdro - Physiotherapy Evidence Database.


Tabela 2
Características dos estudos

Indicação, duração e estratégias de canulação da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea

As doenças de base ou condições clínicas que levaram à indicação da ECMO foram: fibrose cística,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.
-3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) fibrose pulmonar,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.) insuficiência respiratória aguda,(2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA),(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.) doença pulmonar idiopática,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.) hipertensão arterial pulmonar,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.) pneumonia intersticial usual,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) pneumonia intersticial viral aguda,(2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.) pneumonia,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) ponte para transplante pulmonar,(2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) asma,(2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.) linfangioleiomiomatose,(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.) fibroeslastose pleuroparenquimatosa,(3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.) embolia pulmonar,(3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) choque cardiogênico,(3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) disfunção ventricular pós-procedimento cardíaco.(3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) Um artigo não relatou as causas que levaram seus pacientes (n = 10) a utilizarem a ECMO.(3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.) A duração do suporte de vida por ECMO foi reportada em 12 estudos(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.
-2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) e variou de 1(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) a 125(3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) dias.

O suporte da ECMO na modalidade de canulação VV foi reportado por 15 estudos,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.

20 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.

21 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.

23 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.

24 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.
-2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) envolvendo 91 pacientes. Canulação VA foi reportada em apenas um estudo, envolvendo 112 pacientes.(3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) Quatro estudos relataram o emprego de ambas as técnicas, VV (100 pacientes) e VA (14 casos)(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.) - um destes incluindo VAV (4 casos).(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.) Ao todo, 191 pacientes foram canulados pela técnica VV, 126 por VA e 4 por VAV. Detalhes quanto às características do suporte de vida por ECMO estão descritos na tabela 2.

Técnicas fisioterapêuticas

Dezenove estudos realizaram fisioterapia motora, com diversos tipos de técnicas e exercícios físicos:(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.

20 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.

21 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.
-2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.

26 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.

27 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.

29 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.

30 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) exercícios ativos-assistidos (17 estudos),(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.

27 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.

29 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.

30 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) sedestação no leito (12 estudos),(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.
-3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) ortostase (12 estudos),(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) mobilização passiva (5 estudos),(2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) exercícios de resistência (4 estudos),(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) posicionamento no leito (1 estudo),(2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.) alongamentos (1 estudo),(3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) estimulação elétrica muscular associada ao cicloergômetro de membros inferiores (1 estudo).(3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.) Em 11 estudos, os pacientes deambularam durante a ECMO, totalizando 93 pacientes.(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) Keibun(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.) apenas reportou que o grupo intervenção (n = 10) fez fisioterapia enquanto estavam submetidos à ECMO VV. A descrição da fisioterapia em cada estudo está apresentada na tabela 3.

Tabela 3
Descrição das intervenções e resultados das variáveis de interesse

Segurança da fisioterapia

Eventos adversos

Dentre os 20 estudos selecionados, 12 não relataram quaisquer complicações relacionadas à fisioterapia realizada concomitantemente ao emprego da ECMO.(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.

30 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.
-3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.,3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) Carswell et al.(2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.) relataram queda na saturação periférica de oxigênio ou vertigens durante a mobilização em alguns pacientes, porém com rápida estabilização ao repouso. Tais oscilações foram classificadas como complicações transitórias e leves. No estudo de caso de Morris et al.,(2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.) a queda da saturação periférica de oxigênio foi suficientemente compensada pelo aumento do fluxo sanguíneo da ECMO. Ko et al.(2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.) reportaram a interrupção de três sessões (sem definição do número de pacientes envolvidos) - uma em função de taquicardia e duas em função de taquipneia -, durante a ortostase ou exercício de marcha estacionária.

Em um estudo, foram observadas complicações com a canulação bifemoral (um caso que evoluiu com grande hematoma na perna e outro com trombo obstrutivo na cânula de retorno).(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.) No estudo de Salam et al.,(3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) ocorreu fratura de uma das cânulas do circuito durante a deambulação. Três estudos não relataram o desfecho para segurança das suas técnicas utilizadas.(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.) Desta forma, 4(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) a, no máximo, 18 pacientes (considerando todos os pacientes do estudo de Carswell et al.,(2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.) ou seja n = 8, e que cada sessão interrompida no estudo de Ko et al.(2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.) tenha ocorrido com um paciente, ou seja n = 3), dentre os 259 pacientes expostos à fisioterapia nos estudos incluídos,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.

20 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.

21 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.

23 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.

24 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.

25 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.

26 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.

27 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.

29 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.

30 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.

36 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
-3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) apresentaram algum evento adverso durante as intervenções. Os desfechos de segurança descritos pelos estudos estão apresentados na tabela 3.

Mortalidade

Apenas 8 trabalhos(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.

23 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.
-2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.,3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.) descreveram a mortalidade, que variou de 1(3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.) a 16 óbitos(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.) (Tabela 3). Munshi et al.(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.) demonstraram redução significativa na mortalidade entre os pacientes que realizaram fisioterapia quando comparados aos que não realizaram (odds ratio de 0,19; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,04 - 0,98), com um óbito no grupo intervenção e sete no controle. Outros três trabalhos com pacientes que não realizaram fisioterapia não apresentaram análises estatísticas sobre o desfecho morte.(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) Os demais estudos relataram que seus pacientes sobreviveram após a decanulação da ECMO.(2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.)

Tempo em ventilação mecânica

O tempo em VM prévio à indicação da ECMO foi relatado em seis estudos e variou entre 0,77 a 151 dias(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) (Tabela 2). A maioria dos estudos de coorte controlados relataram diferença entre os grupos, sendo que, no grupo que recebeu fisioterapia, o tempo de VM foi maior em comparação ao controle.(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) No estudo de Rehder et al.,(3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) o tempo médio de VM do grupo intervenção foi de 1,75 dia enquanto que no controle foi de 0,77 dia. O estudo de Munshi et al.(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.) também relatou discrepância significativa entre os grupos (mediana [intervalo interquartil] no grupo intervenção de 3 [0,87 - 7] versus controle com 1,16 [0,33 - 4] dias). Da mesma forma, no estudo de Bain et al.,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) o grupo intervenção ficou mais tempo em VM (12 [5 - 15] versus controle, com 1 [1 - 5] dias). Um estudo reportou que nenhum dos pacientes estava em suporte ventilatório quando iniciou a ECMO,(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.) e os outros 13 estudos não relataram tempo de suporte ventilatório.(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.

21 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.
-2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.

25 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.
-2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.

31 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.
-3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.)

Apenas um estudo demonstrou que o tempo em VM após transplante pulmonar foi menor nos pacientes que realizaram fisioterapia concomitantemente à ECMO no período pré-transplante pulmonar (grupo intervenção: 2 [1 - 5] versus controle: 29 [22 - 54] dias).(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.)

Tempo de internação

O tempo de internação hospitalar total ou em UTI foi descrito em dez estudos(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) (Tabela 2). Entre os estudos controlados, três apresentaram os dados separados por grupos,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) e todos reportaram tempo de internação hospitalar total ou de UTI menor no grupo intervenção. No estudo de Bain et al.,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) os pacientes que participaram da fisioterapia ficaram menos tempo internados quando comparado ao controle (grupo intervenção: 50 [31 - 63] versus controle: 94 [51 - 151] dias). Adicionalmente, os autores demonstraram que o tempo de UTI no período pós-transplante também foi menor nos pacientes submetidos à fisioterapia (grupo intervenção: 8 [6 - 22] versus controle 45 [34 - 56] dias).(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.)

Outros dois estudos também concluíram que a fisioterapia reduziu o tempo de internação hospitalar(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) (Tabela 3). No estudo de Rehder et al.,(3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) o tempo médio de internação hospitalar total foi 26 dias no grupo intervenção (n = 4) e 80 dias no grupo controle (n = 3), enquanto que a média permanência na UTI foi de 11 dias no grupo intervenção e 45 dias no controle. Resultado semelhante foi relatado por Keibun,(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.) para quem o tempo médio de internação total foi de 22 dias no grupo intervenção (n = 10) e 60 dias no controle (n = 13), enquanto que a média de permanência na UTI foi de 14 dias no grupo intervenção e 42 dias no controle. Abrams et al.(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.) reportaram que o tempo de internação (média ± desvio padrão), no período pós-transplante, dos pacientes que realizaram fisioterapia (n = 35), foi de 34 ± 11 dias e de 18 ± 17 dias pós-decanulação da ECMO, mas estes dados não foram comparados com o grupo controle. No estudo de caso de Kikukawa et al.,(2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.) o paciente ficou 14 dias na UTI e 60 dias no hospital.

Outros efeitos da fisioterapia

Além dos desfechos previamente descritos, dez estudos reportaram outros efeitos potencialmente benéficos da fisioterapia,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.

22 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.

23 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.

24 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.

25 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.
-2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) conforme pode ser observado na tabela 3. De maneira geral, diferentes técnicas de fisioterapia favorecem a depuração de secreções, a recuperação pulmonar,(2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.) a melhora da condição respiratória,(2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.) da capacidade funcional(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) e funcionalidade,(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.) a melhora da força muscular,(2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.) a manutenção da massa muscular, e a redução da incidência de miopatia(3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) e de complicações associadas à imobilidade.(2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.)

Avaliação da qualidade metodológica

A avaliação dos dez estudos de coorte incluídos foi realizada por meio da escala Newcastle-Ottawa.(1717 Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed in October, 2017.
http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epi...
) Quanto à seleção, quatro estudos receberam três estrelas,(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3838 Hartling L, Featherstone R, Nuspl M, Shave K, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B. Grey literature in systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study of the contribution of non-English reports, unpublished studies and dissertations to the results of meta-analyses in child-relevant reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):64.) sendo estes os únicos estudos de coorte controlados. Os outros cinco estudos(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) pontuaram apenas duas estrelas. Representatividade da coorte exposta foi o único tópico que nenhum estudo pontuou. Quanto à comparabilidade, apenas um estudo recebeu uma estrela,(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.) realizando controle por idade na análise das coortes, mas não realizou controle para fatores adicionais. Quanto à determinação do desfecho, todos os estudos receberam três estrelas, sendo, em sua maioria, coortes retrospectivas, que verificaram a ocorrência de desfechos em registros eletrônicos, com nenhuma ou mínima perda de acompanhamento dos participantes. O detalhamento da avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos de coorte estão apresentados na tabela 1S (Material suplementar).

A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos de caso e séries de caso seguiu uma escala com 18 perguntas para avaliação de séries de caso.(1818 Moga C, Guo B, Schopflocher D, Harstall C. Development of a quality appraisal tool for case series studies using a modified Delphi technique. 2012. Available from http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/10/MOGA.Case-series.pdf. Acessed in October, 2017.
http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/1...
) Apenas quatro estudos apresentaram boa qualidade em 50% ou mais dos critérios.(3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.,3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) Apenas um estudo apresentou baixa qualidade em 33% dos critérios.(2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.) Todos os demais apresentaram baixa qualidade em 15 a 25% dos critérios. Dez estudos não apresentaram informações suficientes para julgar como boa qualidade ou não em 20 a 45% dos critérios. Apenas um estudo apresentou menos de 20% de incerteza na informação apresentada.(3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.) Entretanto, vale ressaltar que utilizamos uma escala construída para séries de caso, e, ao adaptarmos para estudos de caso,(2121 Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.,2828 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.) quatro critérios não eram adequados ao tipo de estudo e não receberam avaliação. A tabela S2 (Material suplementar) apresenta a avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos e séries de caso de acordo com cada critério.

DISCUSSÃO

A relação dos estudos listados nesta revisão sistemática demonstra que condutas multimodais de fisioterapia habitualmente empregadas na reabilitação de adultos em suporte de vida por ECMO podem ser consideradas seguras, em vista da ausência de eventos graves e do baixo número de eventos adversos de baixa ou pouca gravidade. Alguns estudos indicam que tais intervenções podem reduzir o tempo de internação na UTI, além de exercer certa proteção contra eventos fatais, embora a probabilidade de redução na incidência de mortalidade não tenha sido suficientemente comprovada. Por fim, o combate aos efeitos deletérios do repouso prolongado ao leito trouxe benefícios importantes, como manutenção e/ou ganho de força intimamente relacionados à capacidade funcional, quando comparados aos indivíduos que não realizaram a fisioterapia, além da redução da incidência de miopatia e do tempo em VM após o transplante. Contudo, o número de observações para estes desfechos é restrito em demasia para fornecer adequado nível de evidência.

Com a utilização cada vez maior da ECMO nos pacientes com doenças agudas potencialmente reversíveis ou como estratégia de suporte (ponte) até o momento do transplante pulmonar ou cardiopulmonar, cresce a necessidade de esclarecer melhor a relação de risco/benefício envolvido na fisioterapia (mobilização precoce) destes indivíduos. O uso da ECMO possibilita menor sedação e antecipação do desmame da VM na maioria dos casos em que se alcança a estabilidade clínica. Os sedativos, mesmo que intermitentes, reduzem o início da deambulação, contribuindo para imobilização desnecessária, com consequente disfunção física.(3939 Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1119-24.) A mobilização precoce, por outro lado, tem impacto favorável sobre a capacidade funcional dos pacientes internados em UTIs.(4040 Silva VS, Pinto JG, Martinez BP, Camelier FW. Mobilização na unidade de terapia intensiva: revisão sistemática. Fisioter Pesqui. 2014;21(4):398-404.)

A literatura demonstra que a deambulação com pacientes críticos em VM associada à condutas multimodais de fisioterapia é segura e proporciona a melhora do status funcional e a prevenção de complicações neuromusculares.(4141 Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, Blair R, Jewkes J, Bezdijian L, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):139-45.) Os resultados encontrados nesta revisão demonstram que a realização de fisioterapia concomitante ao emprego da ECMO é viável e segura. Mesmo nos pacientes com canulação em vasos dos membros inferiores, a deambulação foi possível, porém a cooperação da equipe multiprofissional parece ser ponto-chave para garantir a segurança e a adequada monitorização das condições ventilatórias e hemodinâmicas, como meio de evitar intercorrências desnecessárias, deslocamento ou fratura das cânulas.(3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.)

Alguns estudos relataram que a canulação de duplo-lúmen (que preserva os membros inferiores) facilitou a sedestação à beira do leito, a ortostase, os exercícios à beira do leito e a deambulação,(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2727 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.
-2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3131 Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.

32 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.

33 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.

34 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.

35 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
-3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) apesar de a canulação femoral não ter sido considerada contraindicação para a mobilização precoce.(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,2020 Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2525 Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.

26 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.

27 Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.

28 Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.

29 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.
-3030 Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.)

Mesmo que diante de poucos estudos controlados, os benefícios parecem bastante promissores e pode-se destacar a redução no tempo de internação, seja na UTI ou no tempo total de internação hospitalar, nos custos (22%),(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.) e do tempo de VM e da morbimortalidade,(2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) além de redução na incidência de miopatia(3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) e aumento da capacidade física.(2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.)

Esta revisão sistemática não é a primeira a ser conduzida sobre o tema, mas o estudo de Polastri et al.(1414 Polastri M, Loforte A, Dell'Amore A, Nava S. Physiotherapy for patients on awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. Physiother Res Int. 2016;21(4):203-9.) apresenta algumas limitações importantes. A principal limitação envolve a inclusão de estudos que tenham utilizado suporte por ECMO somente por meio da canulação VV. Outro aspecto relevante é que os autores incluíram pacientes pediátricos, e a lógica de reabilitação é bastante peculiar para essa faixa etária. Além destes dois fatos, a defasagem temporal (busca dos artigos foi encerrada em 2014) implica, por si só, necessidade de atualização do tema. No entanto, mesmo com o crescente interesse no assunto, apenas estudos observacionais foram conduzidos. Estudos observacionais são limitados no que se refere à verificação de efeitos de intervenções, considerando o risco de viés de seleção e confundimento, principalmente em estudos retrospectivos. Entretanto, quanto à segurança, estudos de vida-real provêm dados muito úteis, podendo ser utilizados como informação primária para desenvolvimento de ensaios clínicos randomizados.(4242 Lai JN, Tang JL, Wang JD. Observational studies on evaluating the safety and adverse effects of traditional Chinese medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013:697893.) Incluímos nove estudos cuja única fonte disponível eram resumos de congresso. Apesar da limitação quanto à disponibilidade de informação neste tipo de publicação, a inclusão de literatura cinza é importante, para reduzir a influência do viés de publicação nos resultados de revisões sistemáticas e contribuir para exposição de riscos subestimados em estudos publicados.(3838 Hartling L, Featherstone R, Nuspl M, Shave K, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B. Grey literature in systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study of the contribution of non-English reports, unpublished studies and dissertations to the results of meta-analyses in child-relevant reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):64.)

Além dos estudos observacionais apresentarem risco de viés inerentes ao seu modelo metodológico, notamos que a maioria dos estudos apresentou reduzida qualidade metodológica. Os estudos de coorte(1111 Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.,1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2222 Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.,2323 Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2626 Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.,3737 Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.) apresentaram limitações quanto à seleção e à comparabilidade, uma vez que a coorte exposta era composta por um subgrupo específico de pacientes, e apenas quatro estudos apresentavam grupo controle.(1919 Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.,2424 Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.,2929 Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.,3434 Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.) Apesar disto, a confiabilidade dos desfechos foi considerada alta, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos era retrospectiva, com extração de dados em prontuários e com baixa perda de acompanhamento dos pacientes.

Os estudos e séries de caso também apresentaram limitações quanto à qualidade metodológica, e apenas quatro apresentaram boa qualidade em 50% ou mais dos critérios verificados.(3232 Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.,3333 Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.,3535 Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.,3636 Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.) Notamos que a redução da qualidade esteve muito relacionada aos relatos de métodos e de resultados, que podem ser facilmente classificados como insuficiente ou incompleto. Vale ressaltar que, na ausência de uma ferramenta adequada para avaliação de estudos de caso, procedemos à avaliação adaptando a escala formulada para séries de caso,(1818 Moga C, Guo B, Schopflocher D, Harstall C. Development of a quality appraisal tool for case series studies using a modified Delphi technique. 2012. Available from http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/10/MOGA.Case-series.pdf. Acessed in October, 2017.
http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/1...
) o que pode ter subestimado a qualidade destes estudos.

Em razão da escassez literária, evidencia-se a necessidade de mais pesquisas relacionadas ao tema, com desenhos metodológicos robustos e direcionados ao teste de risco e benefício das condutas fisioterapêuticas multimodais utilizadas na reabilitação de adultos em suporte de vida por ECMO.

CONCLUSÃO

Esta revisão demonstra que a fisioterapia, por meio de técnicas respiratórias, mobilização precoce progressiva (ortostase e deambulação) e estimulação elétrica associada ao cicloergômetro, pode ser considerada viável e segura para pacientes em suporte de vida por oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, independentemente do tipo de canulação utilizada. Contudo, mais estudos clínicos deverão ser conduzidos para confirmar os benefícios de se realizar fisioterapia concomitante à oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, no que diz respeito ao tempo de internação e de ventilação mecânica, mortalidade, manutenção de força, massa muscular, capacidade funcional e função pulmonar.

REFERÊNCIAS

  • 1
    França EE, Ferrari F, Fernandes P, Cavalcanti R, Duarte A, Martinez BP, et al. Fisioterapia em pacientes críticos adultos: recomendações do Departamento de Fisioterapia da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24(1):6-22.
  • 2
    Allen S, Holena D, McCunn M, Kohl B, Sarani B. A review of the fundamental principles and evidence base in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill adult patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2011;26(1):13-26.
  • 3
    Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany MM, Hibbert CL, Truesdale A, Clemens F, Cooper N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D; CESAR trial collaboration. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1351-63. Erratum in Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1330.
  • 4
    Betit P, Thompson J. Terapia respiratória neonatal e pediátrica. In: Wilkins RL, Stoller JK, Kacmarek RM. EGAN Fundamentos da terapia respiratória. 9ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009. p.1213.
  • 5
    Elliot D, Crouser, Fahy RJ. Lesão pulmonar aguda, edema pulmonar e insuficiência múltipla de órgãos. In: Wilkins RL, Stoller JK, Kacmarek RM. EGAN Fundamentos da terapia respiratória. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009. p.587-588.
  • 6
    Mosier JM, Kelsey M, Raz Y, Gunnerson KJ, Meyer R, Hypes CD, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults in the emergency department: history, current applications, and future directions. Crit Care. 2015;19:431.
  • 7
    Jayamaran AL, Cormican D, Shah P, Ramakrishna H. Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: techniques, limitations, and special considerations. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017;20 (Supplement):S11-8.
  • 8
    Meesen RL, Dendale P, Cuypers K, Berger J, Hermans A, Thijs H, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a possible means to prevent muscle tissue wasting in artificially ventilated and sedated patients in the intensive care unit: a pilot study. Neuromodulation. 2010;13(4):315-20; discussion 321.
  • 9
    Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE, Bonnet N, Trouillet JL, Léger P, et al. Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(5):1404-11.
  • 10
    Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadern J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(7):763-8.
  • 11
    Abrams D, Javidfar J, Farrand E, Mongero LB, Agerstrand CL, Ryan P, et al. Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R38.
  • 12
    Griffiths RD, Hall JB. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):779-87.
  • 13
    Van Aswegen H, Myezwa H. Exercise overcomes muscle weakness following on trauma and critical illness. J Physiother. 2008;64(2):36-42.
  • 14
    Polastri M, Loforte A, Dell'Amore A, Nava S. Physiotherapy for patients on awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. Physiother Res Int. 2016;21(4):203-9.
  • 15
    Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.
  • 16
    Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336-41. Erratum in: Int J Surg. 2010;8(8):658.
  • 17
    Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp Accessed in October, 2017.
    » http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
  • 18
    Moga C, Guo B, Schopflocher D, Harstall C. Development of a quality appraisal tool for case series studies using a modified Delphi technique. 2012. Available from http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/10/MOGA.Case-series.pdf Acessed in October, 2017.
    » http://cobe.paginas.ufsc.br/files/2014/10/MOGA.Case-series.pdf
  • 19
    Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Eisenstein EL, Davis RD, Cheifetz IM, et al. Economic outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without ambulation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7.
  • 20
    Carswell A, Roberts A, Rosenberg A, Zych B, Garcia D, Simon A, et al. Mobilisation of patients with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO): A case series. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(Suppl 2):26-7.
  • 21
    Cork G, Barrett N, Ntoumenopoulos G. Justification for chest physiotherapy during ultra-protective lung ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: a case study. Physiother Res Int. 2014;19(2):126-8.
  • 22
    Dennis DR, Boling B, Tribble TA, Rajagopalan N, Hoopes CW. Safety of nurse driven ambulation for patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(4 Suppl):S301.
  • 23
    Hermens JA, Braithwaite SA, Heijnen G, van Dijk D, Donker DW. Awake' extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requires adequate lower body muscle training and mobilisation as sucessful bridge to lung transplant. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A510.
  • 24
    Keibun R. Awake ECMO and active rehabilitation strategies for venovenous ECMO as a bridge to recovery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12 Suppl):321.
  • 25
    Kikukawa T, Ogura T, Harasawa T, Suzuki H, Nakano M. H1N1 influenza-associated pneumonia with severe obesity: successful management with awake veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early respiratory physical therapy. Acute Med Surg. 2015;3(2):186-9.
  • 26
    Ko Y, Cho YH, Park YH, Lee H, Suh GY, Yang JH, et al. Feasibility and safety of early physical therapy and active mobilization for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2015;61(5):564-8.
  • 27
    Kulkarni T, Teerapuncharoen K, Trevor J, Wille K, Diaz-Guzman E. Ambulatory low blood flow extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A4564.
  • 28
    Morris K, Barrett N, Curtis A. Exercise on ECMO: an evolving science. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1 Suppl):S60-1.
  • 29
    Munshi L, Kobayashi T, DeBacker J, Doobay R, Telesnick T, Lo V, et al. Intensive care physiotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):246-53.
  • 30
    Norrenberg M, Gleize A, Preiser JC. Impact of restricted hip moviment during ECMO on later joint mobility. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4(Suppl 1):A579.
  • 31
    Pastva A, Kirk T, Parry SM. Functional electrical stimulation cycling pre-and post-bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation: A case report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:A1643.
  • 32
    Pruijstein R, van Thiel R, Hool S, Saeijs M, Verbiest M, Reis Miranda D. Mobilization of patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support using an ECMO helmet. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1595-7.
  • 33
    Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, et al. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013;93(2):248-55.
  • 34
    Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1291-8.
  • 35
    Salam S, Kotloff R, Garcha P, Krishnan S, Joshi D, Grady P, et al. Lung transplantation after 125 days on ECMO for severe refractory hypoxemia with no prior lung disease. ASAIO J. 2017;63(5):e66-8.
  • 36
    Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2593-8.
  • 37
    Wells CL, Forreseter J, Vogel J, Rector R, Herr D. The feasibility and safety in providing early rehabilitation and ambulation for adults on percutaneous venous to arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A2710.
  • 38
    Hartling L, Featherstone R, Nuspl M, Shave K, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B. Grey literature in systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study of the contribution of non-English reports, unpublished studies and dissertations to the results of meta-analyses in child-relevant reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):64.
  • 39
    Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1119-24.
  • 40
    Silva VS, Pinto JG, Martinez BP, Camelier FW. Mobilização na unidade de terapia intensiva: revisão sistemática. Fisioter Pesqui. 2014;21(4):398-404.
  • 41
    Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, Blair R, Jewkes J, Bezdijian L, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):139-45.
  • 42
    Lai JN, Tang JL, Wang JD. Observational studies on evaluating the safety and adverse effects of traditional Chinese medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013:697893.

Editado por

Editor responsável: Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti

Disponibilidade de dados

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    13 Maio 2019
  • Data do Fascículo
    Apr-Jun 2019

Histórico

  • Recebido
    03 Maio 2018
  • Aceito
    03 Set 2018
Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB Rua Arminda, 93 - Vila Olímpia, CEP 04545-100 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel.: (11) 5089-2642 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbti.artigos@amib.com.br