SHOULDER ISOKINETIC PERFORMANCE IN HEALTHY PROFESSIONAL JUDO ATHLETES: NORMATIVE DATA

DESEMPENHO ISOCINÉTICO DO OMBRO DE ATLETAS PROFISSIONAIS DE JUDÔ SAUDÁVEIS: DADOS NORMATIVOS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To evaluate normative data of shoulder isokinetic strength in healthy professional judo athletes.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study with 20 professional male and female athletes (10 female), evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer. The strength assessment was carried out in external and internal rotation, flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. All data collected on muscle torque were normalized with body mass index.

Results:

Athletes demonstrated higher peak torque and joint work in shoulder adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension for the dominant limb compared to the non-dominant limb (p <0.05), with most of these deficits below 10%. Shoulder internal/external rotation ratios for male and female athletes had no significant differences between dominant and non-dominant sides, demonstrating values at 60°/s of 49.4 ± 7.2 on the dominant side of males and 49.1 ± 4.9 for females.

Conclusion:

The normative data are described to assist during treatment, return to sport and injury prevention. Level of evidence IV, cross-sectional study.

Keywords:
Shoulder; Muscle Strength Dynamometer; Judo; Martial Arts

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar dados normativos da força isocinética do ombro de judocas profissionais, saudáveis.

Métodos:

Estudo transversal com 20 atletas profissionais de ambos os sexos (dez mulheres) avaliados com dinamômetro isocinético. A avaliação da força foi realizada em rotação externa e interna, flexão, extensão, adução e abdução. Todos os dados coletados do torque muscular foram normalizados com o índice de massa corporal.

Resultados:

Os atletas demonstraram maior pico de torque e trabalho articular em adução, abdução, flexão e extensão do ombro para o membro dominante, comparado ao contralateral (p < 0,05), com a maioria desses défices abaixo de 10%. As razões de rotação interna/externa do ombro para atletas de ambos os sexos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre o lados dominante e não dominante, demonstrando valores a 60°/s de 49,4 ± 7,2 no lado dominante dos homens e 49,1 ± 4,9 no das mulheres.

Conclusão:

Os dados normativos são descritos para auxiliar durante o tratamento, o retorno ao esporte e a prevenção de lesões. Nível de evidência IV, estudo transversal.

Descritores:
Ombro; Dinamômetro de Força Muscular; Judô; Artes Marciais

INTRODUCTION

Judo is a combat sport that demands high intensity from almost all of the joints in the body. The athlete attempts to throw the opponent onto his/her back or to control the opponent on the ground by pinning techniques. It is a common sport, entering the Olympic Games for men in 1964 as a demonstration sport, and officially in 1972 for men and in 1992 for women. ¹ According to the International Judo Federation, there are 20 million judo practitioners worldwide, ² with relatively high risk of injury. ³

The technical of combat depends on many aspects during the fight, but in all situations, there is a great demand on the shoulders. According to the data published by Pocecco et al ³ shoulder injuries are common in judo practice, and the second most common injury in this sport. Similarly, Cierna et al ⁴ found that shoulder injuries are the second most common injuries in elite European judo competitions. Acromioclavicular joint dislocation, rotator cuff tendinopathy and shoulder dislocation are the most common injuries of the shoulder. ³ The judoka frequently transfers energy from the trunk to the upper limbs during a continuous closed chain that overloads the shoulder joint. This is one of the reasons why judo movement is very demanding on shoulders; in throwing movements, to control the falls to the ground and to apply pin or armlock techniques. Not surprisingly, most of the injuries at the shoulder joint come from a throwing movement or from being thrown, ⁵ with no difference in the localization of injuries between male and female judokas. ⁵

There are several studies that describe the normative data of isokinetic shoulder tests in different populations, like tennis players, ⁶ baseball players ⁷ and swimmers. ⁸ This data helps to determine the safest time for an athlete's return to sport, preventing new injuries. However, there is a lack of normative data on isokinetic strength of judoka's shoulders and this is important information during the athlete's treatment and a criterion to return to the sport.

Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the shoulders of 20 asymptomatic, elite judo athletes (10 females), who are members of the national judo team in international competitions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Brazilian national judo team athletes were screened as possible study participants during a pre-season period. All athletes are competitors at the international level, with at least 10 years of practice. All the athletes were volunteers in the study and signed the informed consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board, under number 1.241.261. Inclusion criteria: high level athlete, asymptomatic for at least six months; no history of surgical treatment of the upper limbs or cervical spine. Exclusion criteria: previous shoulder and/or cervical spine surgery; previous humerus, scapula and/or clavicle fracture. Twenty asymptomatic high-performance competitive judo athletes were enrolled in the study. The sample size was defined by convenience.

A single physiotherapist with 10 years of practice in isokinetic assessment conducted the tests in the athletes, using the same machine. An isokinetic dynamometer was used for the tests, ( Figure 1 ) Cybex/ HUMAC NORM Extremity System (Henley Healthcare, serial no. A8814). The machine had been calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Figure 1
Illustrative figures of the shoulder isokinetic testing in 60°/s and 180°/s: (A) abduction/ adduction; (B) flexion/ extension; (C) Internal/ external rotation.

Prior to the assessment, the athletes performed a warm-up consisting of riding for 10 minutes on a stationary bicycle. Before each test, the judokas went through a familiarization process, so that the evaluation method was better understood. The familiarization was done initially in 3 repetitions at 60°/s, followed by the official test performed in 5 repetitions at 60°/s. The athlete then passed the familiarization process at 180°/s speed, performing 4 repetitions at this speed, followed by the official test consisting of 15 repetitions at 180°/s. There was a 60-second rest between the familiarization series and the official tests. There was also a rest of approximately 5 minutes between flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation tests, to make the necessary modifications to the machine for the correct performance of the tests. All evaluations were performed concentrically. The evaluation methods and the exact sequence are described as follows.

The flexion/extension tests were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol, with the athlete in supine position and the axis of rotation of the shoulder joint aligned with the axis of rotation of the dynamometer arm. The handgrip and lever arm of the dynamometer were adjusted to allow the elbow to remain in full extension. ⁹ Total range of motion used in the test was between 0° and 120° of flexion. Belts were used to stabilize the athlete's scapular and pelvic girdle. The hips and knees were kept in a neutral position, that is, at 0 degree. The gravity correction was performed with the athlete's arms relaxed at 80° of flexion.

The abduction/adduction movements were evaluated in the sitting position, and the trunk and pelvis were stabilized with the belts. The arm was positioned in the coronal plane, in neutral rotation and with the elbow in full extension. The axis of rotation of the humeral head was aligned with the axis of rotation of the dynamometer lever arm. The total range of motion allowed was 0° to 90°. ¹⁰ Gravity correction was performed with the athlete's arms relaxed at 80° of abduction.

The test of the external/internal rotation movements was performed with the athlete standing on the monorail deck, feet shoulder-width apart and with knees slightly flexed. The height of the dynamometer was adjusted to allow a position of 45° of abduction and 30° in horizontal adduction (scapular plane). The rotation axis of the dynamometer was aligned to the rotation axis of the glenohumeral joint. The elbow was supported on a stabilizer pad and secured with an adhesive strap in 90° of flexion. The lever arm was adjusted to the length of the athlete's forearm, in neutral position allowing an appropriated handgrip. ^11,12 Gravity correction was performed with the athlete's arms relaxed at 60° of external rotation. The total range of motion allowed in the test was 60° of external rotation and 45° of internal rotation. The athlete was informed that trunk rotation movements would not be allowed, and the evaluator was aware of possible compensatory movements.

All data from muscle torque were normalized with body mass using the formula: (Muscle torque/body mass) x 100. ¹¹ After verifying the normality of the data distribution, a sample t-test was used to compare limbs: dominant and non-dominant. For the clinical analyses findings, the effect size was calculated (d of Cohen), where the amplitudes of < 0.31, 0.31-0.70 and >0.70 were defined as small-size effect, moderate and broad, respectively (Cohen, 1988). The data is shown as average ± standard deviation and has a 95% reliability interval for the average differences. The level of significance adopted in the entire analyses was 5% (P < 0.05). The analyses were conducted using PASW statistic 18.0 software, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA. ¹³

RESULTS

The demographic data of the sample is demonstrated in Table 1 .

Table 1
Demographic data from the enrolled athletes.

Parameter	Men (n = 10)	Women (n = 10)	Total (n = 20)
Age (years old)	26 ± 4	21 ± 2	23 ± 4
Weight (kg)	82.7 ± 12.5	70.2 ± 15.1	76.5 ± 14.9
Dominant limb	50% Right	50% Right	50% Right

• Data is shown as mean values ± standard deviation.

Men and women demonstrated higher peak torque and joint work for all the movements analyzed (shoulder adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension) for the dominant limb in comparison to the contralateral side (P < 0.05). The exception was for the adductor peak torque at 180°/s and joint work abductor at 60°/s (P = 0.098 and P = 0.092) for men, and extensor peak torque at 180°/s for women (P = 0.018). ( Table 2 ; Table 3 )

Table 2
Peak Torque (% Body Mass) and Total Joint Work (J) for Male Judo Athletes (n = 10).

Parameter	Dominant limb	Non-dominant limb	Deficit (%)	Difference	IC 95%	Effect (d)	P Value
Peak torque
Abduction 60°/s	86.1 ± 2.5	81.8 ± 3.9	5.4	4.4	2.6 - 6.1	1.36	0.001
Abduction 180°/s	163.5 ± 25.4	154.5 ± 25.1	5.9	9.1	5.3 - 12.8	0.36	0.001
Adduction 60°/s	111.3 ± 10.9	105.7 ± 11.2	5.3	5.6	3.4 - 7.7	0.50	0.001
Adduction 180°/s	183.3 ± 36.4	177.5 ± 28.3	3.3	5.8	-0.4 - 11.9	0.18	0.098
Flexion 60°/s	102.3 ± 7.4	96.7 ± 7.7	5.8	5.6	4.0 - 7.1	0.74	< 0.001
Flexion 180°/s	172.1 ± 17.9	164.1 ± 16.5	4.8	7.9	4.1 - 11.8	0.46	0.003
Extension 60°/s	126.8 ± 11.6	119.1 ± 13.3	6.5	7.7	4.8 - 10.6	0.62	0.001
Extension 180°/s	215.9 ± 19.2	208.5 ± 19.8	3.5	7.3	4.0 - 10.6	0.37	0.002
External rotation 60°/s	40.1 ± 6.5	35.7 ± 5.3	12.3	4.4	1.9 - 6.9	0.75	0.007
External rotation 180°/s	69.2 ± 7.8	64.7 ± 8.3	7.0	4.5	2.1 - 7.0	0.56	0.006
Internal rotation 60°/s	81.4 ± 8.6	76.7 ± 6.5	6.1	4.7	2.4 - 7.0	0.62	0.003
Internal rotation 180°/s	161.5 ± 12.5	156.4 ± 13.5	3.3	5.1	3.2 - 7.1	0.39	0.001
Total Joint work
Abduction 60°/s	93.4 ± 13.8	89.9 ± 13.5	3.9	3.5	-0.1 - 7.1	0.26	0.092
Adduction 60°/s	115.4 ± 22.1	112.1 ± 22.2	2.9	3.3	0.8 - 5.8	0.15	0.031
Flexion 60°/s	100.7 ± 23.2	97.0 ± 22.9	3.8	3.7	0.8 - 6.6	0.16	0.033
Extension 60°/s	121.4 ± 24.6	116.6 ± 25.4	4.1	4.8	1.4 - 8.2	0.19	0.021
External rotation 60°/s	45.6 ± 1.5	40.7 ± 10.7	12.0	4.9	3.0 - 6.8	0.44	0.001
Internal rotation 60°/s	84.6 ± 28.4	78.2 ± 28.1	8.2	6.4	3.3 - 9.5	0.23	0.003

• IC 95%: Limits with 95% confidence for the difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs.

Table 3
Peak Torque (% Body Mass) and Total Joint Work (J) for Female Judo Athletes (n = 10).

Parameter	Dominant limb	Non-dominant limb	Deficit (%)	Difference	IC 95%	Effect (d)	P Value
Peak torque
Abduction 60°/s	71.0 ± 11.9	64.5 ± 8.4	10.1	6.5	2.8 - 10.2	0.64	0.008
Abduction 180°/s	110.1 ± 18.0	102.2 ± 22.4	7.8	7.9	4.7 - 11.1	0.39	0.001
Adduction 60°/s	76.2 ± 5.8	69.7 ± 5.4	9.4	6.5	3.5 - 9.6	1.17	0.002
Adduction 180°/s	114.5 ± 12.4	106.6 ± 15.8	7.4	7.9	4.0 - 11.8	0.56	0.003
Flexion 60°/s	72.4 ± 8.2	67.7 ± 8.0	6.9	4.7	1.8 - 7.6	0.58	0.012
Flexion 180°/s	112.9 ± 20.2	106.8 ± 20.4	5.7	6.1	1.9 - 10.3	0.30	0.020
Extension 60°/s	93.1 ± 9.9	87.7 ± 9.3	6.1	5.4	0.7 - 10.0	0.56	0.050
Extension 180°/s	145.1 ± 14.1	139.5 ± 16.9	4.0	5.6	-2.0 - 13.2	0.36	0.180
External rotation 60°/s	33.3 ± 3.3	29.6 ± 5.0	12.6	3.7	0.9 - 6.5	0.90	0.029
External rotation 180°/s	55.5 ± 5.3	50.2 ± 6.1	10.5	5.3	3.9 - 6.6	0.93	< 0.001
Internal rotation 60°/s	67.5 ± 4.7	63.0 ± 5.5	7.1	4.5	2.6 - 6.3	0.88	0.001
Internal rotation 180°/s	124.3 ± 12.1	117.1 ± 12.2	6.1	7.2	4.7 - 9.7	0.59	< 0.001
Total Joint work
Abduction 60°/s	65.2 ± 21.4	61.6 ± 21.6	5.8	3.6	1.9 - 5.3	0.17	0.002
Adduction 60°/s	83.0 ± 25.7	78.0 ± 23.7	6.4	5.0	1.4 - 8.6	0.20	0.025
Flexion 60°/s	63.5 ± 14.2	59.7 ± 14.8	6.4	3.8	2.4 - 5.2	0.26	< 0.001
Extension 60°/s	78.7 ± 15.3	72.4 ± 18.0	8.7	6.3	2.4 - 10.2	0.38	0.012
External rotation 60°/s	32.4 ± 7.1	28.0 ± 6.9	15.7	4.4	3.1 - 5.7	0.63	< 0.001
Internal rotation 60°/s	62.4 ± 13.9	57.7 ± 13.1	8.1	4.7	3.2 - 6.2	0.35	< 0.001

• IC 95%: Limits with 95% confidence for the difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs

Table 4 shows the differences between male and female shoulder performance on isokinetic tests. Table 5 shows the external and internal rotation ratios for males and females, for both shoulders.

Table 4
Peak Torque (% Body Mass) and Total Joint Work (J) comparison between male and female judo athletes.

Parameter	Male peak torque (mean)	Female peak torque (mean)	Difference (%)	Difference	IC 95%	P Value
Peak torque
Abduction 60°/s	83.9	67.8	19.3	16.2	9.3 – 23.0	< 0.001
Abduction 180°/s	159.0	106.2	33.2	52.8	31.5 – 74.2	< 0.001
Adduction 60°/s	108.5	73.0	32.8	35.6	27.6 – 43.5	< 0.001
Adduction 180°/s	180.4	110.6	38.7	69.8	46.4 – 93.1	< 0.001
Flexion 60°/s	99.5	70.1	29.5	29.4	22.2 – 36.5	< 0.001
Flexion 180°/s	168.1	109.9	34.6	58.2	40.8 – 75.6	< 0.001
Extension 60°/s	123.0	90.4	26.5	32.6	22.6 – 42.6	< 0.001
Extension 180°/s	212.2	142.3	32.9	69.9	53.9 – 85.8	< 0.001
External rotation 60°/s	37.9	31.5	16.9	6.4	2.0 – 10.8	0.007
External rotation 180°/s	67.0	52.8	21.0	14.1	7.7 – 20.5	< 0.001
Internal rotation 60°/s	79.0	65.3	17.5	13.8	7.9 – 19.7	< 0.001
Internal rotation 180°/s	158.9	120.7	24.1	38.3	26.6 – 50.0	< 0.001
Total Joint work
Abduction 60°/s	113.9	89.6	21.3	24.3	0.5 – 48.1	0.046
Adduction 60°/s	137.7	113.7	17.4	24.0	6.8 – 41.2	0.009
Flexion 60°/s	119.5	88.2	26.2	31.3	15.9 – 46.7	< 0.001
Extension 60°/s	143.9	107.9	25.1	36.1	22.1 – 50.1	< 0.001
External rotation 60°/s	52.0	43.1	17.1	8.9	1.8 – 15.9	0.017
Internal rotation 60°/s	96.8	85.6	11.6	11.2	-4.6 – 27.0	0.153

• IC 95%: Limits with 95% confidence for the difference between male and female

Table 5
External Rotation/Internal Rotation Ratio (in %) for Male and Female Judo Athletes on Dominant and Non-dominant Limbs (n = 20).

	Ratio ER / IR Dominant	Ratio ER / IR Non-dominant	P Value
Male 60°/s	49.4 ± 7.2	46.6 ± 6.4	0.524
Male 180°/s	42.9 ± 3.7	41.6 ± 5.1	0.533
Female 60°/s	49.1 ± 4.9	47.3 ± 8.3	0.554
Female 180°/s	44.8 ± 3.2	42.8 ± 4.7	0.299

• IC 95%: Limits with 95% confidence for the difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs.

DISCUSSION

The objective of the current study was to analyze the normative parameters of shoulder strength and performance in international level, high performance judo athletes. The isokinetic testing at speeds of 60°/s and 180°/s were chosen because are better to detect deficits that may represent risk factors for lesions, especially in agonist/antagonist ratio analysis. ¹² According to Codine, speeds above 180°/s may be difficult to achieve, even for professional athletes. ¹⁴

One of the few study published about the theme, Ghrairi et al, ¹⁵ evaluated 10 male professional judo athletes from the Tunisian national team. They demonstrated that the peaks of internal and external rotation muscles torque (60°/s and 120°/s) were higher on the dominant shoulder (84N/m versus 71N/m for internal rotation and 34.7N/m versus 29N/m for external rotation). The current study showed that both men and women athletes presented a higher peak muscle torque on their dominant side on nearly all of the movements. The exceptions were for adductor peak torque at 180°/s and adductor joint work at 60°/s (P = 0.098 and P = 0.092) for men, and extensor peak torque 180°/s for women (P=0.180). In the present study, athletes were evaluated on speeds of 60°/s and 180°/s, differing from Ghrairi et al, ¹⁵ which evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s. Moreover, Ghrairi et al ¹⁵ did not normalize muscle force production with athlete's body weight.

Furthermore, when concentric internal and external muscle torque rotation ratios are analyzed, Ghrairi et al ¹⁵ measured these values at 90°/s and 180°/s, and observed ratios of 36.3 ± 5.2 and 35.4 ± 4.1 on the dominant side of male athletes, respectively. On the non-dominant side, the values observed were 46.8 ± 4.9 and 44.1 ± 4.3, respectively, showing that on the dominant side the external rotation torque is lower. Differently, in our study we found that male judo athletes demonstrated higher ratios (measured at 60°/s and 180°/s) of 49.4 ± 7.2 and 42.9 ± 3.7 on the dominant side, respectively. This different could happened because the athletes performed the tests in seated position in Ghrairi study, and we performed the internal and external rotation tests in standing position. Maybe in standing position the athletes performed more external rotation torque, raising the ratio value.

Considering external and internal rotation ratios, in our study the female judo athletes demonstrated external rotation/internal rotation ratios of 49.1 ± 4.9 and 44.8 ± 3.2 on the dominant side when evaluated at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. ( Table 5 ) On the non-dominant side, the female athletes obtained ratios of 47.3 ± 83 and 42.8 ± 4.7 when evaluated at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. Following the same pattern as the male evaluations, there were no significant differences on the external rotation/internal rotation ratios comparing the dominant side to the non-dominant side at 60°/s and 180°/s, as shown in Table 5 (P = 0.0554 and P = 0.299, respectively). These ratio values between 42% and 49% represents that in healthy shoulders of judo athletes the external rotation torque is almost the half of internal rotation. It can be a normal adaptation of the judo practice in high level athletes and probably a normative data for this shoulder performance measure.

When we compared the dominant side with the non-dominant side, we observed that the deficits did not surpass a difference of 10% in most cases, except for external rotation peak torque value and joint work at 60°/s for men. ( Table 2 ) Female judo, kas showed differences between sides below 10%, except in abduction and external rotation peak torque at 60°/s, external rotation peak torque at 180°/s and external rotation total joint work at 60°/s. ( Table 3 ) On the other hand, Drid et al ¹⁶ compared external and internal rotation peak torque values between the dominant side and non-dominant side and they did not observe any differences in European judo athletes that compete at an international level.

When we evaluated the ratio between abductors and adductors, we observed that male athletes obtained results close to 77% and 89% at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. For female athletes, the values of the ratio between abductors and adductors were approximately 93% and 96% at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. In the studies of McMaster et al, ^17,18 the ratio founded were close to 50% when evaluated at 30°/s and 180°/s in water polo athletes and swimmers, showing that the adduction strength may be twice as large as abduction. Different from judokas, polo athletes use more adduction movement to keep their upper bodies out of the water, like swimmers that needs more adduction strength to move their bodies forward.

When the flexion and extension torque are compared, Alderink & Kuck ¹⁹ evaluated baseball players (pitchers) and found values close to 50% when evaluated at 90°/s in flexion and extension movements, while in judokas we observed values close to 80% at 60°/s in both genders. These results showed that healthy judokas produce approximately 20% more torque in extension than flexion.

When the values of external and internal rotation ratios are analyzed, McMaster et al ¹⁷ found ratio values close to 57% and 52% at 30°/s and 180°/s, respectively, in water polo athletes. Edouard et al. ²⁰ studied the values of external rotation/internal rotation ratios in professional female handball athletes, and found values close to 71% on the dominant side. In our study, we observed values close to 49% and 42% at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively, for male judokas. For the female athletes we found values close to 49% and 44% at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. In our studies we found values of agonist/antagonist ratios different from other high-performance sports, showing that the practice of high-performance judo generates specific adaptations of the shoulders. However, it is not possible to say whether these characteristics may predispose to injury in judoka's shoulders in the long term. Once the external rotation torque in judokas is almost the half of internal rotation, maybe the external rotation strengthening can be used to avoid symptoms.

Male judokas produce more muscular torque in all the movements analyzed, when compared with females. ( Table 4 ) However, when the external/internal rotation ratio is compared, there's no significant difference between males and females. ( Table 5 ) There is no difference in external/internal rotation between dominant and non-dominant sides. ( Table 5 )

This study demonstrates limitations, like the sample size (20 asymptomatic international level athletes were studied). However, judo is a physical contact sport in which a high demand on the shoulder is required. That's why is difficult to find high-level competitors that do not refer pain in the shoulder for at least 6 months. Moreover, this study has the biggest sample of normative data analyzed for judo athletes in both genders, publish at this time. The internal and external rotations were evaluated with the athletes in orthostatic position, thus allowing trunk compensation, making it difficult to compare with other tests in the sitting position. However, other studies evaluated athletes and non-athletes in the standing position ^11,12 and observed that the method is reproducible and reliable. Another limitation was the absence of height and body mass index of all the athletes, but these data were not included since the category divisions are based in the body weight.

CONCLUSIONS

From the normative data of this study it was possible to report the normal performance of all shoulder movements of high-level healthy judo athletes. Such data can be used as criteria for discharge following treatment and as reference values in pre-season evaluation of judo athletes.

• Work conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) and at Instituto Vita, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  08 May 2019
• Accepted
  10 July 2019