Suicide by jumping from high places in a Brazilian city: regional peculiarities as a determining factor of variation in suicide methods

Considering the findings reported by Borges-Santos & Wang in their letter “Suicide by hanging in Brazil: challenges to mitigating its escalation,” which reported a proportional increase of 51.1% in suicide by hanging over 20 years (1997-2017),¹ we hypothesized that, in some regions of Brazil, these rates would vary as a result of local specificities. Jumping from high places is a growing method of suicide in cities where suicide “hotspots” are popular, as we believe is the case of Natal (population 1,485,505), the capital of the northeastern state of Rio Grande do Norte, where the construction of a high-level bridge may have increased the number of suicides by jumping. We conducted a search of Brazilian Ministry of Health data (DATASUS), analyzing deaths from self-inflicted causes (ICD-10 codes X60-X84) in the city of Natal over the same 20-year period (1997-2017), and compared the number of suicides before and after the new bridge was opened (on November 21, 2007).

Overall, during this 20-year period, 488 people committed suicide in the city: 47.3% by hanging (the most observed method), followed by fire (13.7%) and self-inflicted gunshot wounds (10.4%); jumping accounted for only 8.4% of suicides. The second period (2007-2017) conserved hanging as the leading cause (52,6%), but already showed suicide by jumping in second, sharing the same proportion with lesions caused by fire (both representing 11,3% of suicides). In 1997, hanging represented 41.6% of all suicides, and no suicides by jumping occurred. In 2017, 52.9% of suicides were by hanging (a 27.1% increase), followed by jumping (now representing 21% of all completed suicides). This represents an important disparity to the data reported by Borges-Santos & Wang. While hanging remained as the leading method of suicide, we observed a downward trend in its proportion, while suicide by jumping steadily rose in popularity. Our data suggest that this occurred particularly after 2007, in a clear overlap with the opening of the bridge (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Trends in suicide methods, Natal, Brazil, 1997-2017. Although suicide by hanging increased in popularity during the 20-year period overall, an increase in suicides by jumping and a reduction in suicides by hanging was observed after the opening of a new high-level bridge.

In different regions of the world, certain structures (such as bridges) have gained notoriety as “hotspots” for suicide by jumping. Jumps from such sites may increase the risk of copycat acts, considering their fatality rate, the distress or physical harm caused to bystanders, and prominent media coverage.² Recent studies reported evidence for prevention after the erection of barriers, with an overall reduction in deaths of 86% and little evidence of substitution by other jumping sites.³,⁴ In the particular case of this Brazilian city, we observed a diverted trend in the increase of suicide methods, when compared with national data, which could point to regional variables – such as the presence of a suicide “hotspot” – potentially leading to copycat acts and thus increasing the rate of suicide by jumping.

These observations reinforce the need for an evaluation of suicide risk and its most common methods that takes regional characteristics into account. This could lead to a better comprehension of this phenomenon and improve the odds of developing more efficacious actions to prevent suicide from a public health standpoint.

References

• ¹
  Borges-Santos D, Wang YP. Suicide by hanging in Brazil: challenges to mitigating its escalation. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019;41:188-9.
• ²
  Pirkis J, Spittal MJ, Cox G, Robinson J, Cheung YT, Studdert D. The effectiveness of structural interventions at suicide hotspots: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:541-8.
• ³
  Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:646-59.
• ⁴
  Law CK, Sveticic J, De Leo D. Restricting access to a suicide hotspot does not shift the problem to another location. An experiment of two river bridges in Brisbane, Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2014;38:134-8.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Oct 2019
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2019

History

• Received
  16 May 2019
• Accepted
  15 July 2019