[Article Retraction] Evaluation of an experimental rat model for comparative studies of bleaching agents

CINTRA, Luciano Tavares Angelo; BENETTI, Francine; FERREIRA, Luciana Louzada; RAHAL, Vanessa; ERVOLINO, Edilson; JACINTO, Rogério de Castilho; GOMES FILHO, João Eduardo; BRISO, André Luiz Fraga

doi:10.1590/1678-775720150393

ABSTRACT

Dental materials in general are tested in different animal models prior to the clinical use in humans, except for bleaching agents.

Objectives

To evaluate an experimental rat model for comparative studies of bleaching agents, by investigating the influence of different concentrations and application times of H₂O₂ gel in the pulp tissue during in-office bleaching of rats’ vital teeth.

Material and Methods

The right and left maxillary molars of 50 Wistar rats were bleached with 20% and 35% H₂O₂ gels, respectively, for 5, 10, 15, 30, or 45 min (n=10 rats/group). Ten animals were untreated (control). The rats were killed after 2 or 30 days, and the maxillae were examined by light microscopy. Inflammation was evaluated through histomorphometric analysis with inflammatory cell count in the coronal and radicular thirds of the pulp. Fibroblasts were also counted. Scores were attributed to odontoblastic layer and vascular changes. Tertiary dentin area and pulp chamber central area were measured histomorphometrically. Data were compared by analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05).

Results

After 2 days, the amount of inflammatory cells increased in the coronal pulp occlusal third up to the 15-min application groups of each bleaching gel. In the groups exposed to each concentration for 30 and 45 min, the number of inflammatory cells decreased along with the appearance of necrotic areas. After 30 days, reduction on the pulp chamber central area and enlargement of the tertiary dentin area were observed, without the detection of inflammation areas.

Conclusion

The rat model of extracoronal bleaching showed to be adequate for studies of bleaching protocols, as it was possible to observe alterations in the pulp tissues and tooth structure caused by different concentrations and application periods of bleaching agents.

Bleaching agents; Animal models; Hydrogen peroxide

The Editorial Board of the Journal Applied Oral Science communicates the formal retraction of the manuscript:

Cintra LTA, Benetti F, Ferreira LL, Rahal V, Ervolino E, Jacinto RC, et al . Evaluation of an experimental rat model for comparative studies of bleaching agents. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(2):171-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720150393

Since it comprises a duplicated version of a manuscript previously published in the preceding edition of the Journal Applied Oral Science:

Cintra LTA, Benetti F, Ferreira LL, Rahal V, Ervolino E, Jacinto RC, et al . Evaluation of an experimental rat model for comparative studies of bleaching agents. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(1):95-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720150393.

Prof. Dr. Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek

Editor-in-Chief

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the financial support from FAPESP projects 2011/13709-2 and 2013/25429-0.

REFERENCES

¹
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²
- Benetti AR, Valera MC, Mancini MN, Miranda CB, Balducci I. In vitro penetration of bleaching agents into the pulp chamber. Int Endod J. 2004;37:120-4.
³
- Bhattacharyya S, Dudeja PK, Tobacman JK. Carrageenan-induced NFkappaB activation depends on distinct pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species and Hsp27 or by Bcl10. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1780:973-82.
⁴
- Borges AB, Torres CR, Souza PA, Caneppele TM, Santos LF, Magalhães AC. Bleaching gels containing calcium and fluoride: effect on enamel erosion susceptibility. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:1-6.
⁵
- Chen HP, Chang CH, Liu JK, Chuang SF, Yang JY. Effect of fluoride containing bleaching agents on enamel surface properties. J Dent. 2008;36(9):718-25.
⁶
- Cintra LT, Benetti F, Silva Facundo AC, Ferreira LL, Gomes-Filho JE, Ervolino E, et al. The number of bleaching sessions influences pulp tissue damage in rat teeth. J Endod. 2013;39(12):1576-80.
⁷
- Costa CA, Oliveira MF, Giro EM, Hebling J. Biocompatibility of resin-based materials used as pulp-capping agents. Int Endod J. 2003;36:831-9.
⁸
- Costa CA, Riehl H, Kina JF, Sacono NT, Hebling J. Human pulp responses to in-office tooth bleaching treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;109:e59-64.
⁹
- Dammaschke T. Rat molar teeth as a study model for direct pulp capping research in dentistry. Lab Anim. 2010;44(1):1-6.
¹⁰
- Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJ, Cooper PR. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induced differentiation and accelerated mineralization of pulp-derived cells. J Endod. 2012;38(3):339-45.
¹¹
- Esposito P, Varvara G, Murmura G, Terlizzi A, Caputi S. Ability of healthy and inflamed human dental pulp to reduce hydrogen peroxide. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003;111:454-6.
¹²
- Ferreira VG, Nabeshima CK, Marques MM, Paris AF, Gioso MA, Reis RS, et al. Tooth bleaching induces changes in the vascular permeability of rat incisor pulps. Am J Dent. 2013;26(5):298-300.
¹³
- Frigo L, Pallota RC, Meneguzzo D, Marcos RL, Penna SC, Lopes-Martins RAB. Evaluation of the photo-activated dental bleaching effect on dental pulp in an in vivo rat experimental model. Rev Dental Press Estét 2009;6(1):102-14.
¹⁴
- Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Pyrogallol as a glutathione depletor induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Int J Mol Med. 2008;21:721-30.
¹⁵
- Hanks CT, Fat JC, Wataha JC, Corcoran JF. Cytotoxicity and dentin permeability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen-peroxide vital bleaching materials, in vitro J Dent Res. 1993;72(5):931-8.
¹⁶
- Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2006;34:412-9.
¹⁷
- Kina JF, Huck C, Riehl H, Martinez TC, Sacono NT, Ribeiro AP, et al. Response of human pulps after professionally applied vital tooth bleaching. Int Endod J. 2010;43(7):572-80.
¹⁸
- Marson FC, Gonçalves RS, Silva CO, Cintra LT, Pascotto RC, Santos PH, et al. Penetration of hydrogen peroxide and degradation rate of different bleaching products. Oper Dent. 2015;40(1):72-9.
¹⁹
- Marson FC, Guedes AA, Camargo WR, Progiante PS, Oliveira e Silva C. The gel cytotoxicity in relation to the dental pulp. J Surg Clin Dent. 2014;1:10-3.
²⁰
- Marson FC, Sensi LG, Vieira LC, Araújo E. Clinical evaluation of in-office dental bleaching treatments with and without the use of light-activation sources. Oper Dent. 2008;33:15-22.
²¹
- Matsui S, Takahashi C, Tsujimoto Y, Matsushima K. Stimulatory effects of low-concentration reactive oxygen species on calcification ability of human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2009;35:67-72.
²²
- Penna LA, Rode SM. Morphological study of the pulp of Wistar rats molars under experimental occlusal interference. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2000;14(2):159-64.
²³
- Sanz A, Gómez J, Caro P, Barja G. Carbohydrate restriction does not change mitochondrial free radical generation and oxidative DNA damage. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2006;38:327-33.
²⁴
- Sasaki T, Kawamata-Kido H. Providing an environment for reparative dentine induction in amputated rat molar pulp by high molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40:209-19.
²⁵
- Seale NS, McIntosh JE, Taylor AN. Pulpal reaction to bleaching of teeth in dogs. J Dent Res. 1981;60:948-53.
²⁶
- Seale NS, Wilson CF. Pulpal response of bleaching of teeth in dogs. Ped Dent. 1985;7:209-14.
²⁷
- Soares DG, Pontes EC, Ribeiro AP, Basso FG, Hebling J, Costa CA. Low toxic effects of a whitening strip to cultured pulp cells. Am J Dent. 2013:26:283-5.
²⁸
- Soares DG, Ribeiro AP, Sacono NT, Coldebella CR, Hebling J, Costa CA. Transenamel and transdentinal cytotoxicity of carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells. Int Endod J. 2011;44(2):116-25.
²⁹
- Sulieman M, Addy M, Macdonald E, Rees JS. The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based in-office product: a study in vitro J Dent. 2005;33(1):33-40.
³⁰
- Trindade FZ, Ribeiro AP, Sacono NT, Oliveira CF, Lessa FC, Hebling J, et al. Trans-enamel and trans-dentinal cytotoxic effects of a 35% H₂O₂ bleaching gel on cultured odontoblast cell lines after consecutive applications. Int Endod J. 2009;42:516-24.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Mar-Apr 2016

History

Received
21 Sept 2015
Reviewed
6 Jan 2016
Accepted
17 Jan 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] ¹
- Arai M, Shibata Y, Pugdee K, Abiko Y, Ogata Y. Effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on antioxidant system and osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. IUBMB Life. 2007;59:27-33.

[2] ²
- Benetti AR, Valera MC, Mancini MN, Miranda CB, Balducci I. In vitro penetration of bleaching agents into the pulp chamber. Int Endod J. 2004;37:120-4.

[3] ³
- Bhattacharyya S, Dudeja PK, Tobacman JK. Carrageenan-induced NFkappaB activation depends on distinct pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species and Hsp27 or by Bcl10. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1780:973-82.

[4] ⁴
- Borges AB, Torres CR, Souza PA, Caneppele TM, Santos LF, Magalhães AC. Bleaching gels containing calcium and fluoride: effect on enamel erosion susceptibility. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:1-6.

[5] ⁵
- Chen HP, Chang CH, Liu JK, Chuang SF, Yang JY. Effect of fluoride containing bleaching agents on enamel surface properties. J Dent. 2008;36(9):718-25.

[6] ⁶
- Cintra LT, Benetti F, Silva Facundo AC, Ferreira LL, Gomes-Filho JE, Ervolino E, et al. The number of bleaching sessions influences pulp tissue damage in rat teeth. J Endod. 2013;39(12):1576-80.

[7] ⁷
- Costa CA, Oliveira MF, Giro EM, Hebling J. Biocompatibility of resin-based materials used as pulp-capping agents. Int Endod J. 2003;36:831-9.

[8] ⁸
- Costa CA, Riehl H, Kina JF, Sacono NT, Hebling J. Human pulp responses to in-office tooth bleaching treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;109:e59-64.

[9] ⁹
- Dammaschke T. Rat molar teeth as a study model for direct pulp capping research in dentistry. Lab Anim. 2010;44(1):1-6.

[10] ¹⁰
- Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJ, Cooper PR. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induced differentiation and accelerated mineralization of pulp-derived cells. J Endod. 2012;38(3):339-45.

[11] ¹¹
- Esposito P, Varvara G, Murmura G, Terlizzi A, Caputi S. Ability of healthy and inflamed human dental pulp to reduce hydrogen peroxide. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003;111:454-6.

[12] ¹²
- Ferreira VG, Nabeshima CK, Marques MM, Paris AF, Gioso MA, Reis RS, et al. Tooth bleaching induces changes in the vascular permeability of rat incisor pulps. Am J Dent. 2013;26(5):298-300.

[13] ¹³
- Frigo L, Pallota RC, Meneguzzo D, Marcos RL, Penna SC, Lopes-Martins RAB. Evaluation of the photo-activated dental bleaching effect on dental pulp in an in vivo rat experimental model. Rev Dental Press Estét 2009;6(1):102-14.

[14] ¹⁴
- Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Pyrogallol as a glutathione depletor induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Int J Mol Med. 2008;21:721-30.

[15] ¹⁵
- Hanks CT, Fat JC, Wataha JC, Corcoran JF. Cytotoxicity and dentin permeability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen-peroxide vital bleaching materials, in vitro J Dent Res. 1993;72(5):931-8.

[16] ¹⁶
- Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2006;34:412-9.

[17] ¹⁷
- Kina JF, Huck C, Riehl H, Martinez TC, Sacono NT, Ribeiro AP, et al. Response of human pulps after professionally applied vital tooth bleaching. Int Endod J. 2010;43(7):572-80.

[18] ¹⁸
- Marson FC, Gonçalves RS, Silva CO, Cintra LT, Pascotto RC, Santos PH, et al. Penetration of hydrogen peroxide and degradation rate of different bleaching products. Oper Dent. 2015;40(1):72-9.

[19] ¹⁹
- Marson FC, Guedes AA, Camargo WR, Progiante PS, Oliveira e Silva C. The gel cytotoxicity in relation to the dental pulp. J Surg Clin Dent. 2014;1:10-3.

[20] ²⁰
- Marson FC, Sensi LG, Vieira LC, Araújo E. Clinical evaluation of in-office dental bleaching treatments with and without the use of light-activation sources. Oper Dent. 2008;33:15-22.

[21] ²¹
- Matsui S, Takahashi C, Tsujimoto Y, Matsushima K. Stimulatory effects of low-concentration reactive oxygen species on calcification ability of human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2009;35:67-72.

[22] ²²
- Penna LA, Rode SM. Morphological study of the pulp of Wistar rats molars under experimental occlusal interference. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2000;14(2):159-64.

[23] ²³
- Sanz A, Gómez J, Caro P, Barja G. Carbohydrate restriction does not change mitochondrial free radical generation and oxidative DNA damage. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2006;38:327-33.

[24] ²⁴
- Sasaki T, Kawamata-Kido H. Providing an environment for reparative dentine induction in amputated rat molar pulp by high molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40:209-19.

[25] ²⁵
- Seale NS, McIntosh JE, Taylor AN. Pulpal reaction to bleaching of teeth in dogs. J Dent Res. 1981;60:948-53.

[26] ²⁶
- Seale NS, Wilson CF. Pulpal response of bleaching of teeth in dogs. Ped Dent. 1985;7:209-14.

[27] ²⁷
- Soares DG, Pontes EC, Ribeiro AP, Basso FG, Hebling J, Costa CA. Low toxic effects of a whitening strip to cultured pulp cells. Am J Dent. 2013:26:283-5.

[28] ²⁸
- Soares DG, Ribeiro AP, Sacono NT, Coldebella CR, Hebling J, Costa CA. Transenamel and transdentinal cytotoxicity of carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells. Int Endod J. 2011;44(2):116-25.

[29] ²⁹
- Sulieman M, Addy M, Macdonald E, Rees JS. The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based in-office product: a study in vitro J Dent. 2005;33(1):33-40.

[30] ³⁰
- Trindade FZ, Ribeiro AP, Sacono NT, Oliveira CF, Lessa FC, Hebling J, et al. Trans-enamel and trans-dentinal cytotoxic effects of a 35% H₂O₂ bleaching gel on cultured odontoblast cell lines after consecutive applications. Int Endod J. 2009;42:516-24.

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