The potential impact of COVID-19 and diabetes on intervertebral disc degeneration

Dear Editor,

A large part of the world's population has become infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).( ¹ ) While most SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were asymptomatic or presented with mild symptoms, some were severely affected. The most common COVID-19 symptoms include fever, cough, pneumonia, dyspnea and acute lung injury. Although respiratory symptoms are more frequent, extrapulmonary conditions including coagulation disorders, cardiac injury, kidney failure, and metabolic disorder, can also occur in severe COVID-19. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an immune system overreaction, with high levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and free radicals, causing severe injuries to the lungs and other organs.( ¹ , ² ) The uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2 is called a cytokine storm, a hyperimmune state in patients with severe disease.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the main comorbidities associated with COVID-19, contributes to immune dysregulation and exacerbates inflammatory reactions during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 associated with DM enhances metabolic disruption and increases glycemia, which impairs the clinical course of the disease.( ² , ³ ) The dysregulated glucose metabolism and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with DM and COVID-19 accelerate free radicals production.( ² ) Oxidative stress damages proteins, lipids, and DNA, and affects the structure and function of various organs and tissues.( ² ) SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the lungs, myocardial muscles, kidneys, liver, and other tissues. However, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on intervertebral discs (IVD) remains unknown.

Some pathophysiological effects during the clinical course of severe COVID-19 potentially contribute to IVD degeneration. The etiology of IVD degeneration is characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress mediators.( ⁴ ) Moreover, DM significantly contributes to IVD degenerative disease. The high sugars levels in DM can glycate proteins or lipids, which are called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Increased IVD degeneration occurs due to AGEs accumulation, triggering inflammatory reactions through pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals.( ⁵ )

The combination of COVID-19 and DM promotes inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress, which drive IVD degeneration ( Figure 1 ). Subsequently, these processes can cause cell death and lead IVD to a catabolic state, reducing the extracellular matrix contributing to its degeneration. Thus, COVID-19 must be considered, in addition to DM, as an essential factor that promotes IVD degeneration. Considering the large number of COVID-19 patients and the long duration of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, IVD degenerative disease should be considered a potential sequela in cured patients. Hence, effective interventions to attenuate the effect of COVID-19 on IVD should be established, since IVD degenerative disease causes suffering and distress to patients and their families.

Figure 1
Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 pathways may lead to intervertebral discs degeneration

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Triggle CR, Bansal D, Ding H, Islam MM, Farag EA, Hadi HA, et al. A comprehensive review of viral characteristics, transmission, pathophysiology, immune response, and management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a basis for controlling the pandemic. Front Immunol. 2021;12:631139. Review.
• ²
  Lim S, Bae JH, Kwon HS, Nauck MA. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(1):11-30. Review.
• ³
  Chen J, Wu C, Wang X, Yu J, Sun Z. The impact of COVID-19 on blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:574541.
• ⁴
  Alpantaki K, Kampouroglou A, Koutserimpas C, Effraimidis G, Hadjipavlou A. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration: a critical review. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(9):2129-44. Review.
• ⁵
  Song Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Geng W, Liu W, Gao Y, et al. Advanced glycation end products regulate anabolic and catabolic activities via NLRP3-inflammasome activation in human nucleus pulposus cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21(7):1373-87.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  21 July 2021
• Accepted
  19 Aug 2021