ABSTRACT.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.
Keywords:
animal behavior; feed intake; rumination
Introduction
Large amounts of fiber limits the feed intake and, at the same time, the energy intake (Mertens, 1987Mertens, D. R. (1987). Predicting intake and digestibility using mathematical models of ruminal function. Journal of Animal Science, 64(5), 1548-1558. doi: 10.2527/jas1987.6451548x
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1987.6451548x...
), however minimum amounts of physically effective fiber are necessary to stimulate rumination and prevent metabolic disorders (i.e. ruminal acidosis) (Mertens, 1997Mertens, D. R. (1997). Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(7), 1463-1481. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
). Fiber is one of the main components that is directly related to diet digestibility and passage rates, which has influence on the gastrointestinal tract filling and feed intake capacity. Thus, affecting the overall use of feed nutrients and animal performance.
Studies have been proposed to evaluate ingestive behavior, including feeding, rumination and idle related to chemical and physical properties of fiber, for example, the effect of different fiber particle sizes NDFpe in small ruminants (Gomes et al., 2012Gomes, S. P., Borges, A. L. C. C., Borges, I., Macedo Junior, G. L., Silva, A. G. M., & Pancoti, C. G. (2012). Efeito do tamanho de partícula do volumoso e da freqüência de alimentação sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade em ovinos. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 13(1), 137-149. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402012000100012
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-9940201200...
; Jang et al., 2017Jang, S. Y., Kim, E. K., Park, J. H., Oh, M. R., Tang, Y. J., Ding, Y. L., ... Moon, S. H. (2017). Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber content on dry matter intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) fed with total mixed ration. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(10), 1405-1409. doi: 10.5713/ajas.16.0868
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0868...
) and different NDF concentrations in heifers (Oh et al., 2016Oh, M. R., Hong, H., Li, H. L., Jeon, B. T., Choi, C. H., Ding, Y. L., ... Seong, H. J. (2016). Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber content on intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in fttening heifer fed total mixed ration. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29(12), 1719-1724. doi: 10.5713/ajas.16.0344
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0344...
), and both variables evaluated in dairy cows (Yang & Beauchemin, 2007Yang, W., & Beauchemin, K. (2007). Altering physically effective fiber intake through forage proportion and particle length: Chewing and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(6), 2826-2838. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0032
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0032...
).
However, analysis of variance and regression are commonly used to evaluate ingestive behavior; however, understanding a time series data on a mean implies loss of information about behavior pattern belonging to a circadian cycle. Thus, another method has been proposed to assess feeding behavior on ruminants with observations taken sequentially during a 24-hour period composing a circadian pattern (Roland et al., 2018Roland, L., Lidauer, L., Sattlecker, G., Kickinger, F., Auer, W., Sturm, V., … Iwersen, M. (2018). Monitoring drinking behavior in bucket-fed dairy calves using an ear-attached tri-axial accelerometer: A pilot study. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 145, 298-301. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.01.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.01...
; Ruuska, Kajava, Mughal, Zehner, & Mononen, 2016Ruuska, S., Kajava, S., Mughal, M., Zehner, N., & Mononen, J. (2016). Validation of a pressure sensor-based system for measuring eating, rumination and drinking behaviour of dairy cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 174, 19-23. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.11.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015....
). This approach using time series data have been used to understand the relationship between different types of activities, states and causes of ingestive behavior (Fischer, Dutilleul, Deswysen, Dèspres, & Lobato, 2000Fischer, V., Dutilleul, P., Deswysen, A. G., Dèspres, L., & Lobato, J. F. P. (2000). Aplicação de probabilidades de transição de estado dependentes do tempo na análise quantitativa do comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Parte I. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 29(6), 1811-1820. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982000000600031
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200000...
) and their relationship with animal performance.
In view of the knowledge and relevance of the concentration effect and the physical action of the fiber on ruminant nutrition, this study aimed to investigate the ingestive behavior of dairy goats receiving diets with increasing levels of neutral detergent fiber and particle sizes from forage, using a multivariate time series cluster analysis.
Material and methods
Forty-eight adult lactating goats, 22 Saanen animals and 26 Alpine animals, multiparous, with 51.1 ± 9 kg body weight (BW), and average milk production of 1.4 kg d-1 ± 0.57 kg d-1, around 60 ± 12th days on milk were used in this trial. There was sixteen days for adaptation, during a 96-day evaluation. The animals were randomly distributed and kept in individual stalls of 3 m2, with slatted wooden floor, feeder and water fountain. The goats were fed twice a day (07:00 and 16:00 h) and had access to feed and water ad libitum.
A 3 × 4 factorial completely randomized design was used, with the combination of three lengths of particle size (2, 5 or 15 cm), four levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDFf; 34, 41, 49 or 57%) from forage (Tifton 85 hay), with four replicates per treatment.
Forage: concentrate ratio varied according to the level of NDFf required for the experimental diets, thus, influencing the chemical composition of the experimental diets (Table 1). The dry matter, crude protein, ether extract contents were determined using the methodology described by Silva and Queiroz (2002Silva, D. J., & Queiroz, A. C. (2002). Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos (3 ed.). Viçosa, MG: Universdiade Federal de Viçosa.), and fiber fraction analysis according to Van Soest, Robertson, and Lewis (1991Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
). Estimated metabolizable and net energy values were made according to Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC, 1993Agricultural and Food Research Council [AFRC]. (1993). Energy and protein requirements of ruminants. Cambridge, UK: Agricultural and Food Research Council.).
To obtain the desired hay particle sizes, different grinding processes were conducted. Large-particle hay (15 cm) was obtained in a silage chopper with knives and counter-knives system (Nogueira - Model EM 6600®). Medium-particle hay (5 cm) was obtained using a hay disintegrator (Massey Ferguson - Model MF 4970®), without sieves. Small-particle hay (2 cm) was obtained with the same equipment used to obtain the large-particle hay and then passed on a hammer mill (Nogueira - Model DPM-4®).
In order to characterize the particle size profile of the supplied diet and leftovers, standard sieves (Smith & Waldo, 1969Smith, L. W., & Waldo, D. R. (1969). Method for sizing forage cell wall particles. Journal of Dairy Science, 52(12), 2051-2053. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(69)86898-0
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(6...
) were used with openings of 4.76, 2.38, 1.19, 1.00, 0.71 and 0.297 mm. It was calculated the particle size percentages of the fiber retained ≥1.19 mm as the sum of fiber retained in the sieve 4.76, 2.38 and 1.19 mm, these fractions were called physically effective fiber (≥ 1.19 mm). The particle size percentages of the fiber retained <1.19 mm were calculated as: 100% - ≥1.19mm (%), these fractions were called no physically effective fiber fractions (< 1.19 mm). The peNDF (physically effective neutral detergent fiber) was calculated by multiplying neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the diet by pef1.18mm (Mertens, 1997Mertens, D. R. (1997). Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(7), 1463-1481. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
).
To evaluate the feeding behavior without interference of human presence, a monitoring system with camcorders connected to a computer software (Geovision, model GV800®) was installed to uninterruptedly record animal behavior (two animals per camera). Through the video images, it was observed and counted: feeding, ruminating and idle every five minutes through 24 hours during one day at the end of experimental period. In order to characterize the animal behavior of the circadian period, average of the repetitions was made at each observation, which is, the average time spent in the activities, in seconds. One goat, from particle size 2 cm and 34% NDFf treatment, was identified as outlier, presenting an atypical behavior during the experiment, and it was removed from dataset.
Total time spent on ingestive activities were assessed using regression analysis, according to the statistic model: , where: Yij = observation; ( = overall mean; Pi = fixed effect of particle size i; Fj = levels of neutral detergent fiber from forage j; PxFij = interaction effect of particle size i and levels of neutral detergent fiber j; εij = random error.
To assess behavioral patterns, a multivariate time series cluster analysis was applied. Time series were sequential observations over time, which form an object. The objects were used to describe temporal distribution of activities containing more information than usual methods with cumulative average time. The clustering analysis of time series objects allow group formation based on their dissimilarities. The cluster method used was the Euclidean distance to dissimilarity measures and agglomerative hierarchical average to create the groups, using pvclust package (Suzuki & Shimodaira, 2006Suzuki, R., & Shimodaira, H. (2006). Pvclust: na R package for assesing the uncertainty in hierarchial clustering. Bioinformatics, 22(12),1540-1542. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl117
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/b...
). The number of clusters were determined according to resampling technique (Suzuki & Shimodaira, 2006Suzuki, R., & Shimodaira, H. (2006). Pvclust: na R package for assesing the uncertainty in hierarchial clustering. Bioinformatics, 22(12),1540-1542. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl117
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/b...
) (boostrap) in 10,000 times, generating unbiased approximation p-values (AU) with the nboot function. These p-values where used to determine the accuracy of the clusters within the database adopting for dissimilarity between the clusters α ≤ 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software (R-Core-Team, 2016R-Core-Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, AU: R. Foundation for Satatical Computing. ).
Results and discussion
The percentages of physically effective fiber (≥ 1.19 mm) in the offered feed and leftovers presented different proportions (Figure 1), suggesting feed selection.
As particle sizes increased, the physically effective fiber fractions (% ≥1.19 mm) in the offered diets increased as well, moreover, as particle sizes increased in leftovers, the percentages of physically effective fiber also increased (Figure 1). Treatments with the particle size of 2 cm presented a higher proportion of no physically effective fiber (< 1.19 mm) in leftovers than in the offered feed. Treatments with particle size of 15 cm, with 34, 41 and 49% of NDFf had the opposite situation, showing that animals select small particles. The goats are classified as intermediate selective feeders that can distinguish between bitter, sweet, salty and sour tastes (Hofmann, 1989Hofmann, R. R. (1989). Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia, 78(4), 443-457. doi: 10.1007/BF00378733
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378733...
). In a free-choice situation when a more concentrated diet is supplied, selection does not always maximize energy; ruminants eat some straw to prevent rumen disorders. Goats seek herbage species relatively low in protein but rich in fiber, it is likely that animals select vegetation to reduce the variation on ingesting composition, as far as possible, in the face of large seasonal variations or diet composition (Baumont, Prache, Meuret, & Morand-Fehr, 2000Baumont, R., Prache, S., Meuret, M., & Morand-Fehr, P. (2000). How forage characteristics influence behaviour and intake in small ruminants: A review. Livestock Production Science, 64(1), 15-28. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00172-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00...
).
There was no interaction between particle size and NDFf level on ingestive activities. For ingestive behavior, only particle size for the feeding activity was significant (p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).
As particle sizes increased, the total feeding time (min day-1) increased with a linear effect, besides, there were no effects when NDFf increased in the diet (Table 3). Yang and Beauchemin (2007Yang, W., & Beauchemin, K. (2007). Altering physically effective fiber intake through forage proportion and particle length: Chewing and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(6), 2826-2838. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0032
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0032...
) working with four particle sizes for dairy cows and found an increase in feeding time with increasing particle size; the authors justify this behavior as a result of chewing before swallowing to promote particle reduction.
The increase in feeding time can also be related to increasing peNDF content of the diets. The study showed that peNDF content raised, as the particle size and the NDFf content increased (Table 4). According to Li et al. (2014Li, F., Li, Z., Li, S., Ferguson, J., Cao, Y., Yao, J., ... Yang, T. (2014). Effect of dietary physically effective fiber on ruminal fermentation and the fatty acid profile of milk in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(4), 2281-2290. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6895
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6895...
), the increase from low pedNDF (18.7%) to high peNDF (24.3%) in the diet for goats led to an increase from 76 to 196 (min day-1) time spent in feeding. Although values of feeding time were lower than found in this study, the amount of peNDF in the treatments and the change in the feeding behavior is explained by raising the dietary forage particle length that decreases surface area available for microbial attachment and forage digestibility, consequently, animals spend more time feeding to meet nutrient requirements.
The rumination and idle time did not differ between different particle sizes and NDFf levels (Table 3). Differently, the increase in NDFf contents was significant on idle and rumination behavior for some authors (Branco et al., 2011Branco, R. H., Rodrigues, M. T., Silva, M. M. C., Rodrigues, C. A., Queiroz, A. C., & Araújo, F. L. (2011). Desempenho de cabras em lactação alimentadas com dietas com diferentes níveis de fibra oriundas de forragem com maturidade avançada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(5), 1061-1071. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000500018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
; Sousa et al., 2018Sousa, N. M., Oliveira, J. S., Silva, D. S., Santos, E. M., Medeiros, A. N., Ramos, J. P. F., & Brito, E. A. (2018). Levels of neutral detergent fiber in diets with forage palm for dairy goats. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 70(5), 1595-1604. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-10181
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10181...
). According to Branco et al. (2011Branco, R. H., Rodrigues, M. T., Silva, M. M. C., Rodrigues, C. A., Queiroz, A. C., & Araújo, F. L. (2011). Desempenho de cabras em lactação alimentadas com dietas com diferentes níveis de fibra oriundas de forragem com maturidade avançada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(5), 1061-1071. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000500018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
) and Sousa et al. (2018Sousa, N. M., Oliveira, J. S., Silva, D. S., Santos, E. M., Medeiros, A. N., Ramos, J. P. F., & Brito, E. A. (2018). Levels of neutral detergent fiber in diets with forage palm for dairy goats. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 70(5), 1595-1604. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-10181
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10181...
), increased NDFf contents caused no change in the feeding activity, but increased rumination, because this behavior is related in the processing of dietary fiber to pass through the digestive tract of ruminants. However, we demonstrated that there was a selective behavior in the feeding activity, and this may have removed, among the treatments, the need to increase fiber processing through rumination when the NDFf content and the particle size is increased.
The clustering analysis for feeding activity was significant (p ≤ 0.05); generating two clusters. The first grouping consisted of 34, 41 and 49% NDFf levels, with 2 cm particle size and 34% NDFf, with 5 cm particle size, these groups spent less time on meals. The second group was composed of the other treatments: 57% NDFf, with 2 cm particle size, 41, 49 and 57% NDFf, with 5 cm particle size and 34, 41, 49 and 57% NDFf, with 15 cm particle size, which had longstanding meals.
The feeding pattern (Figure 2) was consistent with the description of Baumont et al. (2000Baumont, R., Prache, S., Meuret, M., & Morand-Fehr, P. (2000). How forage characteristics influence behaviour and intake in small ruminants: A review. Livestock Production Science, 64(1), 15-28. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00172-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00...
). These authors described that 60 to 80% of daily intake occurs during the two main meals, with highest intake at the beginning of the meal then starts to decrease continuously until satiation. The control of short-term feeding behavior, within a day, is influenced by the stimuli of the center of hunger and satiety and the physical effects of filling, generating the reduction in intake (Allen, 2000Allen, M. S. (2000). Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(7), 1598-1624. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(0...
). The stimulus at the beginning of meal times, 07:00 and 16:00 h, present a sustained peak of feeding pattern on treatments composed of medium and large particles (5 and 15 cm) and acute peaks in animals consuming small particles (2mm), as a result of selective and chewing actions, these behaviors were clustered into two groups (p < 0.05).
Meal frequency reduces approximately two hours after the feeding time, however, short time meals are conducted during the day. According to Baumont, Malbert, and Ruckebusch (1990Baumont, R., Malbert, C. H., & Ruckebusch, Y. (1990). Mechanical stimulation of rumen fill and alimentary behaviour in sheep. Animal Science, 50(1), 123-128. doi: 10.1017/S0003356100004529
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000335610000452...
), when rumen fill is increased with indigestible material, animals increase the number of meals.
Rumination pattern followed a random distribution between the meals. This result can be justified by the NDFpe content of the diets (Table 4). According to Mertens (1997Mertens, D. R. (1997). Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(7), 1463-1481. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
), a minimum requirement of NDFpe for dairy cows was determined to be 22% of ration on a DM basis to maintain ruminal health within a 6.0 pH. For dairy goats, diets with 20.4% to 20.8% did not present an apparent risk of causing subcutaneous ruminal acidosis (Zhao, Zhang, Xu, & Yao, 2011Zhao, X. H., Zhang, T., Xu, M., & Yao, J. H. (2011). Effects of physically effective fiber on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility in goats. Journal of Animal Science, 89(2), 501-509. doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3013
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3013...
). However, in the experimental diet with smaller particles and NDFf, the peNDF accounted for 19.3%, which means, in this study, the minimum NDFpe fiber to maintain the same rumination patterns between treatments.
The distribution of rumination activity was uniform between treatments (p > 0.05) and showed peaks few hours before the next meal and not just after the meal (Figure 3). This effect is related to solubilization and lag phenomenon, which is the time required for commination and microbial colonization (Mertens, 1977Mertens, D. R. (1977). Dietary fiber components: relationship to the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Federation Proceedings, 36(2), 187-192.; Sauvant & Noziere, 2016Sauvant, D., & Noziere, P. (2016). Quantification of the main digestive processes in ruminants: the equations involved in the renewed energy and protein feed evaluation systems. Animal, 10(5), 755-770. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115002670
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111500267...
).
Dendrogram of temporal distribution patterns of feeding activity for 34%, 41%, 49% and 57% levels of NDFf combined with 2, 5 and 15 cm of particle size. The dashed line represents the dendrogram cutoff level of significance with 0.05 P - value (AU).
Dendrograms of temporal distribution patterns of rumination activity for 34%, 41%, 49% and 57% levels of NDFf combined with 2, 5 and 15 cm of particle size. The dashed line represents the dendrogram cutoff level of significance with 0.05 P - value (AU).
Temporal analysis of idle activity presented peaks just before the meals and it is a direct antagonist of feeding activity (Figure 4). This random time distribution for idle activity was also observed in dairy cows regardless of the frequency of offered feed (DeVries, von Keyserlingk, & Beauchemin, 2005DeVries, T. J., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2005). Frequency of feed delivery sffects the behavior of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(10), 3553-3562. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73040-X
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(0...
).
Dendrograms of temporal distribution patterns of idle activity for 34%, 41%, 49% and 57% levels of NDFf combined with 2, 5 and 15 cm of particle size. The dashed line represents the dendrogram cutoff level of significance with 0.05 P - value (AU).
The time series cluster analysis has been demonstrated as a tool to help animal science researchers to identify patterns in the ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Time series clustering is the most used approach as an exploratory technique, the clustering of complex objects is particularly advantageous because it leads to the discovery of interesting patterns in time series datasets (Aghabozorgi, Shirkhorshidi, & Wah, 2015Aghabozorgi, S., Shirkhorshidi, A. S., & Wah, T. Y. (2015). Time-series clustering-A decade review. Information Systems, 53, 16-38. doi: 10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007...
).
Conclusion
As particle sizes increased from 2 cm to 15 cm in the goat diet, mean of feeding time and feeding distribution patterns also increased, nevertheless rumination and idle activities did not change. The increase in NDFf content from 34% to 57% did not influence feeding, ruminating and idle activities. Temporal distribution utilizing clustering analysis of time series showed consistent results and can be used in other feeding behavior researches.
Acknowledgements
This research was partially funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG. The scholarship of the first and second author was granted by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, Brazilian Government.
References
- Agricultural and Food Research Council [AFRC]. (1993). Energy and protein requirements of ruminants Cambridge, UK: Agricultural and Food Research Council.
- Aghabozorgi, S., Shirkhorshidi, A. S., & Wah, T. Y. (2015). Time-series clustering-A decade review. Information Systems, 53, 16-38. doi: 10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007 - Allen, M. S. (2000). Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(7), 1598-1624. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2
» https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2 - Baumont, R., Malbert, C. H., & Ruckebusch, Y. (1990). Mechanical stimulation of rumen fill and alimentary behaviour in sheep. Animal Science, 50(1), 123-128. doi: 10.1017/S0003356100004529
» https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100004529 - Baumont, R., Prache, S., Meuret, M., & Morand-Fehr, P. (2000). How forage characteristics influence behaviour and intake in small ruminants: A review. Livestock Production Science, 64(1), 15-28. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00172-X
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00172-X - Branco, R. H., Rodrigues, M. T., Silva, M. M. C., Rodrigues, C. A., Queiroz, A. C., & Araújo, F. L. (2011). Desempenho de cabras em lactação alimentadas com dietas com diferentes níveis de fibra oriundas de forragem com maturidade avançada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(5), 1061-1071. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000500018
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000500018 - DeVries, T. J., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2005). Frequency of feed delivery sffects the behavior of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(10), 3553-3562. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73040-X
» https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73040-X - Fischer, V., Dutilleul, P., Deswysen, A. G., Dèspres, L., & Lobato, J. F. P. (2000). Aplicação de probabilidades de transição de estado dependentes do tempo na análise quantitativa do comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Parte I. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 29(6), 1811-1820. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982000000600031
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000600031 - Gomes, S. P., Borges, A. L. C. C., Borges, I., Macedo Junior, G. L., Silva, A. G. M., & Pancoti, C. G. (2012). Efeito do tamanho de partícula do volumoso e da freqüência de alimentação sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade em ovinos. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 13(1), 137-149. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402012000100012
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
04 July 2019 -
Date of issue
2019
History
-
Received
14 Dec 2018 -
Accepted
26 Feb 2019