Abstract
Introduction
Malignant tumors of the salivary glands are uncommon pathological entities, representing less than 5% of head and neck neoplasms. The prognosis of patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands is highly variable and certain clinical factors can significantly influence overall survival.
Objective
To analyze the clinicopathologic and sociodemographic characteristics that influence survival in patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands
Methods
This retrospective study analyzed sex, age, race, education level, tumor location, tumor size, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, margin status, treatment type, marital status, method of health care access and 15-year overall survival in 193 patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands. The X², log-rank Mantel-Cox, multinomial regression and Cox logistic regression tests were used (SPSS 20.0,p < 0.05).
Results
The most common histological types were adenocarcinoma (32.1%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (31.1%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (18.7%). The 15-year overall survival rate was 67.4%, with a mean of 116 ± 6 months. The univariate analysis revealed that male sex (p = 0.026), age > 50 years (p = 0.001), referral origin from the public health system (p = 0.011), T stage (p = 0.007), M stage (p < 0.001), clinical stage (p < 0.001), compromised surgical margins (p = 0.013), and chemotherapy (p < 0.001) were associated with a poor prognosis. Multivariate analyses also showed that age > 50 years was independently associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.016). The level of education was the only factor more prevalent in older patients (p = 0.011).
Conclusion
Patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands older than 50 years have a worse prognosis and an independent association with a low education level.
Keywords
Survival analysis; Oral neoplasms; Parotid neoplasms; Submandibular gland neoplasms; Sublingual gland neoplasms
Resumo
Introdução
Os tumores malignos das glândulas salivares são entidades patológicas incomuns, representam menos de 5% das neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. O prognóstico dos pacientes com tumores malignos das glândulas salivares é altamente variável e alguns fatores clínicos podem influenciar significativamente a sobrevida global.
Objetivo
Analisar as características clinicopatológicas e sociodemográficas que influenciam a sobrevida em pacientes com tumores malignos das glândulas salivares.
Método
Este estudo retrospectivo analisou sexo, idade, etnia, nível de escolaridade, localização do tumor, tamanho do tumor, envolvimento linfonodal, metástase distante, margens, tipo de tratamento, estado civil, método de acesso à assistência médica e sobrevida global em 15 anos de 193 pacientes com tumores malignos das glândulas salivares. Foram usados os testes X2, log-rank Mantel-Cox, regressão multinomial e regressão logística de Cox (SPSS 20.0, p < 0,05).
Resultados
Os tipos histológicos mais comuns foram adenocarcinoma (32,1%), carcinoma adenoide cístico (31,1%) e carcinoma mucoepidermoide (18,7%). A taxa de sobrevida global em 15 anos foi de 67,4%, com média de 116 ± 6 meses. A análise univariada revelou que sexo masculino (p = 0,026), idade > 50 anos (p = 0,001), origem de referência do sistema público de saúde (p = 0,011), estádio T (p = 0,007), estádio M (p < 0,001)), estágio clínico (p < 0,001), margens cirúrgicas comprometidas (p = 0,013) e quimioterapia (p < 0,001) foram associados a um prognóstico ruim. As análises multivariadas também mostraram que a idade > 50 anos foi associada independentemente a um prognóstico ruim (p = 0,016). O nível de escolaridade foi o único fator mais prevalente em pacientes idosos (p = 0,011).
Conclusão
Pacientes com tumores malignos das glândulas salivares acima de 50 anos apresentam pior prognóstico e associação independente com baixo nível de escolaridade.
Palavras-chave
Análise de sobrevida; Neoplasias orais; Neoplasias da parótida; Neoplasias da glândula submandibular; Neoplasias da glândula sublingual
Introduction
Malignant tumors of the salivary glands (MTSG) are uncommon pathological entities, representing less than 5% of head and neck neoplasms.11 McHugh JB, Visscher DW, Barnes EL. Update on selected salivary gland neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:1763-74. The prognosis of patients with MTSG varies greatly, and some clinical factors significantly influence disease-free time and overall survival. The survival rate of these tumors ranges from 19.6% to 84.7%, depending on the histological type and anatomical site and particularly the therapy of choice.22 McHugh CH, Roberts DB, El-Naggar AK, Hanna EY, Garden AS, Kies MS, et al. Prognostic factors in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands. Cancer. 2012;118:3928-36.
3 Iqbal H, Bhatti ABH, Hussain R, Jamshed A. Ten year experience with surgery and radiation in the management of malignant major salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:2195-9.
4 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6.-55 Kandaz M, Soydemir G, Bahat Z, Canyilmaz E, Yoney A. Prognostic factors and clinical outcome in parotid gland tumors: a single institution experience from the eastern black sea region of Turkey. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:1169-74.
Epidemiologically, these neoplasms are more frequent in the parotid gland in middle-aged female adults and are represented primarily by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC).66 Santos Gda C, Martins MR, Pellacani LB, Vieira ACT, Nascimento LA, Abrahão M. Neoplasias de glândulas salivares: estudo de 119 casos. J Bras Patol e Med Lab. 2005;39:371-5. Despite their high prevalence in the parotid gland, these lesions are heterogeneously distributed considering their topographic distribution. Only 25% of parotid gland tumors are malignant; however, submandibular gland tumors and minor salivary gland tumors represent 50% and 81% of malignancies, respectively.77 INCA. Tumores das Glândulas Salivares Salivary gland tumors. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2002;48:9-12.
Survival studies have reported different frequencies and distributions of sociodemographic factors such as age, sex and race.88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.
9 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.-1010 Toida M, Shimokawa K, Makita H, Kato K, Kobayashi A, Kusunoki Y, et al. Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors: a clinicopathological study of 82 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:528-32. These variables become difficult to compare among studies because they are highly diverse and undergo intense reclassifications.1111 Seethala RR, Stenman G. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: tumors of the salivary gland. Head Neck Pathol. 2017;11:55-67. Additionally, the prognosis is directly influenced by the site of involvement, the staging of the tumor and its histological type. The behavior of salivary gland tumors still has little predictability due to the lack of well-delineated prognostic factors, which makes most of these tumors extremely aggressive, resulting in a poor prognosis.22 McHugh CH, Roberts DB, El-Naggar AK, Hanna EY, Garden AS, Kies MS, et al. Prognostic factors in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands. Cancer. 2012;118:3928-36.,77 INCA. Tumores das Glândulas Salivares Salivary gland tumors. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2002;48:9-12.
Numerous factors seem to be associated with the poor prognosis of MTSG, and this is very important to consider during diagnosis to guide the appropriate treatment. Indeed, different populations have individual and, sometimes, very specific risk factors in the development of this set of lesions.1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. Similarly, the therapeutic approach of the treatment center may also influence the prognosis of patients with these lesions.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6.
Nevertheless, the rarity of these tumors makes it challenging to conduct case-control, cohort, and clinical trials. This makes cross-sectional observational studies an important source of information about this type of lesion.66 Santos Gda C, Martins MR, Pellacani LB, Vieira ACT, Nascimento LA, Abrahão M. Neoplasias de glândulas salivares: estudo de 119 casos. J Bras Patol e Med Lab. 2005;39:371-5.,99 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1414 Israel Y, Rachimiel A, Gourevich K, Nagler R. Survival probabilities related to histology, grade and stage in patients with salivary gland tumors. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:641-7. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize, based on a retrospective analysis, malignant tumors of the salivary glands and to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors that influence the survival of this group of patients.
Methods
Study design and ethical precepts
This was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study in which clinical and pathological data were collected from patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands diagnosed at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute over 15 years (January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2014). This study was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute and was accepted under opinion number 1,203,732.
Data sampling and survey
We evaluated the biopsy reports and medical records of patients whose entry into the service was between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014. The classification was based on guidelines from the World Health Organization in 2017.1111 Seethala RR, Stenman G. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: tumors of the salivary gland. Head Neck Pathol. 2017;11:55-67. Data on histological type, sex, age, race/ethnicity, patient origin (rural area/metropolitan area), patient education level, hospital access mode (public or private service), primary tumor location (large or small salivary glands; if small, which region of the oral cavity), Tumor size (T), the presence of lymph Node metastasis (N), the presence of distant Metastasis (M), staging, and type of treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and their associations) were analyzed.
The overall survival status was also assessed, and the survival time (in months) was calculated by subtracting the date at the initial diagnosis from the date of last return to the hospital or death.1515 Dantas TS, de Barros Silva PG, Sousa EF, da Cunha Mdo P, de Aguiar AS, Costa FW, et al. Influence of educational level, stage, and histological type on survival of oral cancer in a brazilian population: a retrospective study of 10 years observation. Med (United States). 2016;95:1-10.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive data and death frequencies are expressed as absolute and percentage frequencies and were compared by Fisher's exact test or Pearson's Chi-Square test. Survival time was based on Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank Mantel-Cox test (expressed as the mean and standard error).
We then used the forward stepwise model in which variables with p < 0.200 were added to the multivariate model. Survival curves introduced in the model were analyzed using Cox regression, and subsequent categorical data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. All analyses were performed using Statistical Packing for Social Sciences (SPSS) software 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) (p < 0.05).
Results
Sample characterization: histological types
From 2000 to 2014, a total of 193 patients with malignant tumors of the salivary glands were diagnosed at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute. Of these, there were 62 (32.1%) diagnoses of adenocarcinoma, NOS (AC-NOS), followed by 60 (31.1%) diagnoses of ACC, 36 (18.7%) diagnoses of MEC and 35 (18.1%) diagnoses of another tumor: 11 acinic cell carcinomas, 9 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, 5 salivary duct carcinomas, 4 intraductal carcinomas, 3 myoepithelial carcinomas, 2 lymphoepithelial carcinomas and 1 carcinosarcoma.
Sample characterization: sociodemographic factors and overall survival
Over the 15 years of evaluation, the overall survival rate was 67.4% (n = 130), with a mean survival time of 116 ± 6 months. Among the patients surveyed, 99 (55.1%) were female, and 94 (48.7%) were male. In male patients, the total number of patients alive (p = 0.011) and the mean survival time (p = 0.026) were significantly lower than those in female patients. Most patients were older than 50 years (n = 112, 58.0%), and patients older than this cut-off point had a higher rate of death (p = 0.003) and shorter survival times (p = 0.001) (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Influence of sociodemographic profile on the death frequency and survival time of patients with malignant lesions of salivary glands diagnosed and treated at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute between 2000 and 2014.
Fifteen-year survival curves (2000−2014) of patients diagnosed with malignant salivary gland neoplasms at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute (log-rank Mantel-Cox test).
Most of the cohort was of mixed ethnicity (n = 109, 59.2%). Patients with a low education level (n = 78, 56.9%) also accounted for the majority. Despite having a higher mortality rate (p = 0.019), these patients had the same survival time as patients with a higher level of education (p = 0.212) (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Patients living in a metropolitan area (n = 97, 50.3%) showed lower mortality rates and longer survival times compared to those living in a rural area (n = 96, 49.7%). Living in a rural area also had a significant influence on mortality (p = 0.019) and survival time (p = 0.011) (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Other sociodemographic factors studied were marital status, with a higher prevalence of unmarried people (n = 111, 57.8%), and hospital access mode, with a higher prevalence from the public service (n = 96, 77.4%). Cancer family history was absent in most patients (n = 32, 53.3%), and previous use of alcohol and smoking were present in most patients (n = 52, 88.1% and n = 43, 78.2%, respectively). However, these factors did not influence mortality or survival time (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Clinicopathological factors and overall survival
Most tumors were from major salivary glands (n = 127, 65.8%), but this factor did not influence patient survival time (p = 0.073 and p = 0.097). The most common histological type, AC-NOS, had the highest mortality rate (n = 27, 42.9%), followed by ACC (n = 21, 33.3%) and other tumors (n = 10, 15.9%). The lowest mortality rate was observed in patients with MEC (n = 5, 7.9%) (p = 0.023). There were no differences on overall survival between these major histologic tumors types (p = 0.054) (Table 2).
Influence of the clinical-pathological and therapeutic profile on the mortality rate and survival time of patients with malignant lesions of salivary glands diagnosed and treated at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute between 2000 and 2014.
The patients were in homogeneous stages: T1 (n = 14, 23.7%), T2 (n = 21, 35.6%), T3 and T4 (both with n = 12, 20.3%). Patients in T4 stage showed the highest mortality rate (p = 0.038) and a short survival time (p = 0.007). Most patients had no lymph node metastasis (n = 45, 81.8%), and this factor did not significantly influence mortality (p = 0.479) or survival time (p = 0.342). We observed the presence of metastases only in 8 patients (12.5%). This factor significantly increased the mortality rate (p = 0.002) and reduced survival time (p < 0.001).
The patients of rural areas had a slight increase in prevalence of T3/4 tumors (n = 18, 52.9% vs. n = 14, 40.0%; p = 0.281) and M1 tumors (n = 7, 21.2% vs. n = 4, 11.1%; p = 0.330), however these variables were not significantly influenced by the regional origin of the patient.
Of the treatments performed, radiotherapy was the most commonly used (n = 122, 63.2%), followed by surgery (n = 93, 48.2%) and chemotherapy (n = 25, 13.0%). The patients with compromised surgical margins and patients who underwent chemotherapy had a high mortality rate (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively) and short survival time (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively) (Table 2, Fig. 1).
Survival analysis: age and education as factors directly and indirectly associated
In the multivariate survival analysis, only patient age over 50 years significantly and independently influenced survival (p = 0.016). Patients over 50 years of age had a risk of death 9.967 times higher than patients younger than this cut-off (95% CI 5.772−171.507) (Table 3).
Multivariate survival analysis of patients with malignant salivary gland lesions diagnosed and treated at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute between 2000 and 2014.
Patients over 50 years old had a higher prevalence of males (p = 0.030), those with a low education level (p = 0.002), unmarried individuals (p < 0.001), and nonsmokers (p = 0.002) and were more often treated with radiotherapy (p = 0.029) and chemotherapy (p = 0.018) (Table 4). The factor that was independently associated with age was the level of education (p = 0.011), which was 0.047 times lower in patients over 50 years old (95% CI 0.004−0.503) (Table 5).
Influence of age on sociodemographic, clinical-pathological, and therapeutic profiles of patients with malignant lesions of salivary glands diagnosed and treated at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute between 2000 and 2014.
Multivariate analysis of the influence of age on sociodemographic, clinical-pathological, and therapeutic characteristics of patients with malignant lesions of salivary glands diagnosed and treated at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Ceará Cancer Institute between 2000 and 2014.
Discussion
MTSG are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors in which the predictors of mortality are uncertain, and death can occur up to decades after initial treatment, which proves the tendency for late recurrence.88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.,1414 Israel Y, Rachimiel A, Gourevich K, Nagler R. Survival probabilities related to histology, grade and stage in patients with salivary gland tumors. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:641-7. Therefore, to obtain reliable information on prognostic factors, it is necessary to follow up patients for many years. This is probably the reason why the vast majority of studies are retrospective.66 Santos Gda C, Martins MR, Pellacani LB, Vieira ACT, Nascimento LA, Abrahão M. Neoplasias de glândulas salivares: estudo de 119 casos. J Bras Patol e Med Lab. 2005;39:371-5.,99 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1414 Israel Y, Rachimiel A, Gourevich K, Nagler R. Survival probabilities related to histology, grade and stage in patients with salivary gland tumors. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:641-7.
The present study observed an overall survival rate of 67.4% and a survival time of 116 ± 6 months in a 15-year follow-up. Other authors have reported lower 15-year overall survival rates, ranging from 39.8% to 42%.1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. Even in 10 and 5 year estimates, lower rates have been reported, ranging from 19.6% to 51% and 35.3% and 65.9%, respectively.55 Kandaz M, Soydemir G, Bahat Z, Canyilmaz E, Yoney A. Prognostic factors and clinical outcome in parotid gland tumors: a single institution experience from the eastern black sea region of Turkey. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:1169-74.,88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.,99 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. Higher values have also been presented in the literature.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6.,1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205. Ouyang et al.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6. presented 5, 10, and 15-year overall survival rates of 84.7%, 70.8%, and 34%, respectively. Monteiro et al.1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205. presented a slightly higher value than the one we found (71% survival after 5 years). These differences may be related to the histological variability of the samples and the therapeutic approach employed at each center.99 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.,1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205.
MTSG proved to be a heterogeneous group, and the histological variability of the sample was compatible with previously reported data.33 Iqbal H, Bhatti ABH, Hussain R, Jamshed A. Ten year experience with surgery and radiation in the management of malignant major salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:2195-9.,55 Kandaz M, Soydemir G, Bahat Z, Canyilmaz E, Yoney A. Prognostic factors and clinical outcome in parotid gland tumors: a single institution experience from the eastern black sea region of Turkey. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:1169-74.,1010 Toida M, Shimokawa K, Makita H, Kato K, Kobayashi A, Kusunoki Y, et al. Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors: a clinicopathological study of 82 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:528-32.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205.,1818 Bjørndal K, Larsen SR, Therkildsen MH, Kristensen CA, Charabi B, Andersen E, et al. Does age affect prognosis in salivary gland carcinoma patients? A national Danish study. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2016;55:19-22. In the present study, AC was the most common histological type, followed by ACC, MEC and nine other different tumors.
Our data revealed no different prognoses for histological types. However, Baddour et al.1919 Baddour HM, Fedewa SA, Chen AY. Fiveand 10-year causespecific survival rates in carcinoma of the minor salivary gland. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:67-73. and Kokemueller et al.1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. demonstrated higher survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years for MEC in relation to AC.
In our study, there was no sex predominance, which is in agreement with other findings.1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205.,2020 Zhang CY, Xia RH, Han J, Wang BS, Tian WD, Zhong LP, et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic analysis of 218 cases in a Chinese population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115:368-75.
21 Pinheiro J, Pereira AR, Lopes M. Histological subtypes and clinical behavior evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Acta Med Port. 2018;31:641-7.-2222 Vasconcelos AC, Nör F, Meurer L, Salvadori G, Souza LB, Vargas PA, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of salivary gland tumors over a 15-year period. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30:1-7. However, in previous Brazilian studies, a predilection for females66 Santos Gda C, Martins MR, Pellacani LB, Vieira ACT, Nascimento LA, Abrahão M. Neoplasias de glândulas salivares: estudo de 119 casos. J Bras Patol e Med Lab. 2005;39:371-5.,2323 Morais M de LS de A, Azevedo PR, Carvalho CH, Medeiros L, Lajus T, Costa Ade LL. Clinicopathological study of salivary gland tumors: an assessment of 303 patients. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27:1035-40.
24 Ito FA, Ito K, Vargas PA, de Almeida OP, Lopes MA. Salivary gland tumors in a Brazilian population: A retrospective study of 496 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:533-6.-2525 da Silva LP, Serpa MS, Viveiros SK, Sena DAC, Pinho RFC, Guimarães LDA, et al. Salivary gland tumors in a Brazilian population: A 20-year retrospective and multicentric study of 2292 cases. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2018;46:2227-33. was observed when analyzing a variety of tumors. A large Brazilian study, with 2292 cases, demonstrated a female:male ratio of 1.5:1; but when only ACC was described, there was a slight predominance in males (M:F = 1.22:1).2626 Da Cruz Perez DE, De Abreu Alves F, Nobuko Nishimoto I, De Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Prognostic factors in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:139-46. Predilection for the male sex was also demonstrated when evaluating malignant and benign tumors together, but these findings are supported by a smaller number of evaluated cases.2727 de Oliveira FA, Duarte ECB, Taveira CT, Máximo AA, Aquino EC, Alencar RC, et al. Salivary gland tumor: A review of 599 cases in a Brazilian population. Head Neck Pathol. 2009;3:271-5.
The univariate analysis showed a higher death frequency in males. This finding is in agreement with several other previous studies.55 Kandaz M, Soydemir G, Bahat Z, Canyilmaz E, Yoney A. Prognostic factors and clinical outcome in parotid gland tumors: a single institution experience from the eastern black sea region of Turkey. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:1169-74.,88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.,2121 Pinheiro J, Pereira AR, Lopes M. Histological subtypes and clinical behavior evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Acta Med Port. 2018;31:641-7.,2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. Iwata et al.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. found, in a univariate analysis, that the female sex is a protective factor, bringing a 50% increase in the 5-year survival rate and a 40% increase in the 10-year survival rate. This fact remained in the multivariate analysis, in which the female sex brought a 47% increase in the 5-year survival rate and a 40% increase in the 10-year survival rate.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. Interestingly, Baddour et al.1919 Baddour HM, Fedewa SA, Chen AY. Fiveand 10-year causespecific survival rates in carcinoma of the minor salivary gland. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:67-73. found that sex is not an independent prognostic factor that influences the overall survival of these patients, similar to our study.
We found an influence of the origin of referral of the patients on overall survival. Patients from rural locations showed a worse prognosis than patients from metropolitan regions. These findings resemble those from US studies.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.,2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. Access to highly complex oncology services is an important prognostic factor;2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. evidence confirmed by Iwata et al.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. showed that with an increase in population density, there was an improvement in survival at 5 and 10 years.
Advanced clinical stage, according to the AJCC's TNM classification, has been reported as a significant predictor of prognosis in patients with MTSG,33 Iqbal H, Bhatti ABH, Hussain R, Jamshed A. Ten year experience with surgery and radiation in the management of malignant major salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:2195-9.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.
17 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205.-1818 Bjørndal K, Larsen SR, Therkildsen MH, Kristensen CA, Charabi B, Andersen E, et al. Does age affect prognosis in salivary gland carcinoma patients? A national Danish study. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2016;55:19-22.,2121 Pinheiro J, Pereira AR, Lopes M. Histological subtypes and clinical behavior evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Acta Med Port. 2018;31:641-7. which was confirmed in our study. Both the T and M stages showed a significant influence on the death frequency and patient survival, in agreement with the literature.33 Iqbal H, Bhatti ABH, Hussain R, Jamshed A. Ten year experience with surgery and radiation in the management of malignant major salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:2195-9.,1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.
17 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205.-1818 Bjørndal K, Larsen SR, Therkildsen MH, Kristensen CA, Charabi B, Andersen E, et al. Does age affect prognosis in salivary gland carcinoma patients? A national Danish study. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2016;55:19-22.,2121 Pinheiro J, Pereira AR, Lopes M. Histological subtypes and clinical behavior evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Acta Med Port. 2018;31:641-7.,2626 Da Cruz Perez DE, De Abreu Alves F, Nobuko Nishimoto I, De Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Prognostic factors in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:139-46. Moreover, stage IV showed the worst prognosis.
In addition, for therapy and prognosis, it is important to determine the status of surgical margins.1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. Our data presented a decreased survival in patients with compromised surgical margins, similar to the current literature.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. Ouyang et al.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6. also demonstrated margin involvement as an independent risk factor for distant metastasis. According to Lewis et al.,2929 Lewis AG, Tong T, Maghami E. Diagnosis and management of malignant salivary gland tumors of the parotid gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49:343-80. factors predictive of a partial response to definitive radiation include size greater than 4 cm, T4 stage cancer, and stage IV disease. Radiotherapy is mainly reserved for inoperable cases and for patients who refuse surgery.1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,2929 Lewis AG, Tong T, Maghami E. Diagnosis and management of malignant salivary gland tumors of the parotid gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49:343-80.,3030 Wang X, Luo Y, Li M, Yan H, Sun M, Fan T. Management of salivary gland carcinomas K a review. Oncotarget. 2017;8:3946-56. Most patients in our cohort did not undergo surgery, which could be related to the considerable number of T4 and stage IV cancers.
Moreover, in our study only chemotherapy was a significant predictor (patients treated with chemotherapy experienced shorter survival), similar to previous reports.88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.,1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32. In fact, MTSG show a limited response to conventional chemotherapy, being usually reserved for palliative treatment.1313 Kokemueller H, Swennen G, Brueggemann N, Brachvogel P, Eckardt A, Hausamen JE. Epithelial malignancies of the salivary glands: Clinical experience of a single institution a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:423-32.,1414 Israel Y, Rachimiel A, Gourevich K, Nagler R. Survival probabilities related to histology, grade and stage in patients with salivary gland tumors. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:641-7.,3030 Wang X, Luo Y, Li M, Yan H, Sun M, Fan T. Management of salivary gland carcinomas K a review. Oncotarget. 2017;8:3946-56.
In the multivariate analysis, only age over 50 years independently influenced the survival of these patients. Several studies have confirmed the influence of age on the prognosis of malignant tumors in salivary glands.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6.,55 Kandaz M, Soydemir G, Bahat Z, Canyilmaz E, Yoney A. Prognostic factors and clinical outcome in parotid gland tumors: a single institution experience from the eastern black sea region of Turkey. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:1169-74.,88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8.,99 Pohar S, Gay H, Rosenbaum P, Klish D, Bogart J, Dagerman R, et al. Malignant parotid tumors: presentation, clinical/pathologic prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:112-8.,1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85.,1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.,1818 Bjørndal K, Larsen SR, Therkildsen MH, Kristensen CA, Charabi B, Andersen E, et al. Does age affect prognosis in salivary gland carcinoma patients? A national Danish study. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2016;55:19-22.,1919 Baddour HM, Fedewa SA, Chen AY. Fiveand 10-year causespecific survival rates in carcinoma of the minor salivary gland. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:67-73.,2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. However, opposite results have also been found.1717 Monteiro LS, Bento MJ, Antunes L, Lopes C. Fatores de prognóstico em neoplasias malignas de glândulas salivares. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2012;53:199-205. Consistent with our findings, Iwata et al.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. showed that for each year, there is a 5% increase in the risk of death in 5-years (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.08 − 2.08) and 6% in the risk of death in 10-years (95% CI 1.04 − 1.08).
This finding may be partially explained by the fact that there is a tendency towards more aggressive and, in turn, more effective treatments in younger patients and because of the effect of age on mortality in general.1212 Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johasen J, Krintensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990-2005: outcome and prognostic factors: Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179-85. In addition, older patients tend to have more comorbidities, which limits the treatment response and compromises tolerance to more aggressive treatments.44 Ouyang DQ, Liang LZ, Zheng GS, kE ZF, Weng DS, Yang WF, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma in southern china. Med (United States). 2017;96:1-6. In the cohort of Cheung et al.88 Cheung MC, Franzmann E, Sola JE, Pincus DJ, Koniaris LG. A comprehensive analysis of parotid and salivary gland cancer: worse outcomes for male gender. J Surg Res. 2011;171:151-8. several comorbidities affected the survival of the patients evaluated, and Iwata et al.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. demonstrated through the Charlson Comorbidity Index3131 Charlson M, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis. 1987;40:373-83. that for every 1 point increase in the index, there is a 19% increase in the risk of death in the 5-year analysis and an 18% increase in the 10 year analysis.
In the distribution of patients regarding age, in the multivariate analysis, only the level of education showed an independent association with the prognosis of the patients evaluated, acting as a factor indirectly associated with a worse prognosis. This finding is in agreement with recent studies conducted to analyze the influence of socioeconomic variables on MTSG1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50.,2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. In the study by Olarte et al.2828 Olarte LS, Megwalu UC. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on major salivary gland cancer survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;150:991-8. educational level influenced the survival of patients in the univariate analysis. In the study by Iwata et al.1616 Iwata AJ, Williams AM, Taylor AR, Chang SS. Socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities, not race, affect salivary gland malignancy survival outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2545-50. the multivariate analysis revealed an influence of the educational level on the increased risk of death at 5 and 10 years.
The results of the present study highlight the importance of age and education in MTSG prognosis. However, the study has some limitations. As a retrospective and unicentric study, it does not offer the highest level of clinical evidence. A significant bias related to high education level of the population treated in our center was observed. More educated patients are more likely to seek medical care earlier, thereby improving prognosis. Therefore, the application and generalization of our results should be viewed with caution. Additionally, it is necessary to consider the heterogeneity of the treatments applied over this long period and the loss of follow-up data. Nonetheless, this study evaluated 15-year follow-up data, which is a long observational time, and had a large sample of MTSG, strongly contributing to the recognition of prognostic factors in this rare group of tumors.
Conclusion
Patients older than 50 years of age have a poor prognosis, with education being the main variable associated with this risk factor. Extensive multicenter studies and systematic reviews with meta-analyses are needed to better understand the prognosis of these malignancies to optimize treatment strategies and develop targeted therapies.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES) (Scholarship).
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Peer Review under the responsibility of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.
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23Morais M de LS de A, Azevedo PR, Carvalho CH, Medeiros L, Lajus T, Costa Ade LL. Clinicopathological study of salivary gland tumors: an assessment of 303 patients. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27:1035-40.
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25da Silva LP, Serpa MS, Viveiros SK, Sena DAC, Pinho RFC, Guimarães LDA, et al. Salivary gland tumors in a Brazilian population: A 20-year retrospective and multicentric study of 2292 cases. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2018;46:2227-33.
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26Da Cruz Perez DE, De Abreu Alves F, Nobuko Nishimoto I, De Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Prognostic factors in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:139-46.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
27 June 2022 -
Date of issue
May-Jun 2022
History
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Received
06 May 2020 -
Accepted
24 June 2020