Abstracts
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) was founded in 1933 and the first Professor of Neurology was Fausto Guerner, who could not effectively assume the teaching activities due to his premature death in 1938. Professor Guerner had had his neurological training at Paris. Professor Longo was his successor. Longo was one of the founders of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria the foremost journal of neurosciences in Latin American. Longo died in 1967 and Professor Paulo Pupo succeeded him. Pupo introduced electroencephalography in Brazil. After his death in 1970, Professor Dante Giorgi succeeded him until 1974. Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima took over the position after Giorgi’s death. He created the Neurological Emergency unit, initiated the Post-Graduation in Neurology and divided the Discipline in specialized units. During the 1980’s and until his retirement in 1995, EPM had become one of most important centers of Brazil training neurologists and researchers in neurological sciences.
history of neurology; teaching of neurology; neurology in Brazil
A Escola Paulista de Medicina foi fundada em 1933 e o primeiro Professor de Neurologia foi Fausto Guerner, que morreu prematuramente em 1938, antes do início das aulas. O Professor Paulino Longo foi o seu sucessor. Longo, juntamente com outros, fundou os Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria e a Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. Professor Paulo Pupo, seu sucessor, introduziu a eletroencefalografia no Brasil. O Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima tornou-se chefe da Neurologia em 1974. Criou o Pronto-Socorro de Neurologia, iniciou a Pós-Graduação e dividiu a disciplina em setores especializadas. A partir dos anos 1980, a Neurologia da EPM tornou-se um dos centros acadêmicos mais importantes do Brasil.
história da Neurologia; ensino da neurologia; neurologia no Brasil
The Escola Paulista de Medicina (Paulista School of Medicine)
was founded in 1933 in Sao Paulo and Professor Octavio de Carvalho, the
founder of the School appointed Fausto Guerner as Chairman of Neurology. To
understand the first years of Neurology at Escola Paulista de
Medicina (EPM) we have to go back to the first two decades
of the twentieth century in Sao Paulo. The first School of Medicine in Sao
Paulo (Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo) was founded in
1912. During 1918 and 1923, Professor Franco da Rocha was the Chairman of
the Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases. Franco da Rocha was the most eminent
Psychiatrist of Sao Paulo of that occasion and the founder of
Hospício do Juquery (Juquery Hospice), an
important institution dedicated to treat mental diseases in Brazil. In 1925,
after Franco da Rocha retirement, Professor Enjolras Vampré was
indicated to rule the Chair of Psychiatry and Mental diseases of
Faculdade de Medicina11 Neves AC. O emergir do corpo neurológico:
neurologia, psiquiatria e psicologia em São Paulo a
partir dos periódicos médicos paulistas
(1889-1936). São Paulo: Companhia Ilimitada;
2010.,22 Pupo PP. Contribuição para a história
da neurologia em São Paulo. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.
1963;21:44-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1963000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X196300...
.
Vampré graduated at the Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (School of Medicine of Bahia) in 1908 and went to France to learn Neurology with Babinski, Dejenerine, Foix, and others. After this training year he returned to Sao Paulo and started a medical career at Juquery Hospice, the main nervous and psychiatric institution of Sao Paulo of that time. He also started private practice in his office. He became a famous clinician, considered to have a broad neurological knowledge and the most skilled physician on nervous diseases on town11 Neves AC. O emergir do corpo neurológico: neurologia, psiquiatria e psicologia em São Paulo a partir dos periódicos médicos paulistas (1889-1936). São Paulo: Companhia Ilimitada; 2010.. Professor Vampré had three main Assistants: Adherbal Tolosa, Paulino Watt Longo and Oswaldo Lange. Fausto Guerner was one of Vampré’s volunteer assistants.
Fausto Guerner (Figure 1) graduated in Rio de Janeiro in 1925 and during his graduation years, became a disciple of Professor Antonio Austregésilo, considered the first Neurologist of Brazil. In 1926, Guerner went to Paris and trained with Babinski, Guillain and Claude. After one year of training, he went back to Sao Paulo work at Juquery Hospice. He also became assistant of Vampré at his private practice and volunteered to work at Faculdade de Medicina. At that occasion, he oriented four medical students in their dissertations to graduate on the subject of nervous system diseases. His works were devoted to diagnosis and treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric diseases. Between 1927 and 1937 he published 37 scientific papers in Brazilian periodicals which was considered a significant amount of work since it was not usual to maintain a routine scientific production at that occasion33 Silva ACP. Professor Fausto Guerner 1903-1938. Rev Neurol Psychiatria São Paulo. 1938;4:101-5..
The appointment of Professor Guerner to EPM was among pioneers in Sao Paulo and
Brazil. Neurology, since the beginning of EPM, was a discipline separated
from Psychiatry. In 1935, Professor Vampré was approved as Chairman of
Neurology and Professor Pacheco e Silva Chairman of Psychiatry at
Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo11 Neves AC. O emergir do corpo neurológico:
neurologia, psiquiatria e psicologia em São Paulo a
partir dos periódicos médicos paulistas
(1889-1936). São Paulo: Companhia Ilimitada;
2010.,22 Pupo PP. Contribuição para a história
da neurologia em São Paulo. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.
1963;21:44-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1963000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X196300...
. Pacheco e Silva was an
imminent Psychiatrist and had been director of Juquery Hospice after the
retirement of Franco da Rocha. He stimulated the growing of neuropathology
by bringing Konstantin Tretiakoff, one of the most important pathologist of
the world, from Paris to Sao Paulo to give lectures and to rule the
laboratory of Neuropathology of Juquery. Tretiakoff stayed at Sao Paulo for
two years and then returned to France44 Andrade LAF, Selikhova M, Lees AJ. Konstantin N.
Tretiakoff in Brazil: a historical perspective and
discussion of his contribution to Brazilian neuroscience.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(2A):322-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2009000200032
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X200900...
.
The beginning of the teaching classes of Neurological diseases at EPM was scheduled to the last year of the graduation, i.e., during 1938. Professor Guerner was not able to start the course since he had a progressive and consuming disease (maybe cancer) and died at the first semester of 1938 when he was only 35 years. Coincidentally, Professor Vampré died of stroke a few weeks after Professor Guerner.
Professor Paulino Longo (Figure 2) competed
and won the public examination to the Chair of Neurology to substitute
Professor Guerner at EPM and Professor Adherbal Tolosa won at Faculdade de
Medicina55 Lange O. In memoriam: Professor Paulino Watt Longo
1903-1967. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1967;25(4):316-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1967000400009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X196700...
.
Professor Longo was born in Sao Paulo in 1903 and graduated at Faculdade
de Medicina de São Paulo in 1925. In his last
graduation year, started working as a volunteer of Vampré team and in
1928 was designated Assistant of the Nervous and Psychiatry Diseases Unit.
In 1938, Longo was appointed to the position of Professor of Neurology of
EPM to substitute Professor Guerner. Professor Longo was a distinguished
clinician and used to teach his disciples and assistants at the clinical
settings. His personal charisma coupled to a perennial good mood and a
tolerance to divergent ideas made him admired and respected by all who
worked with him. Despite his skills of teaching practical neurology at the
bedside, Professor Longo was too shy and had difficulty expressing himself
fluently in classes and lectures55 Lange O. In memoriam: Professor Paulino Watt Longo
1903-1967. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1967;25(4):316-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1967000400009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X196700...
.
In 1943, Longo, together with Adherbal Tolosa and Oswaldo Lange founded
Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, nowadays the
foremost journal of neurosciences in Latin America66 Allegri RF. The pioneers of clinical Neurology in
South America. J Neurol Sci. 2008;271(1-2):29-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.01...
. In 1962, he was one of the founders of
Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (Brazilian
Academy of Neurology) which is the representative association of
neurologists in Brazil. Paulino Longo has published over 250 papers and had
an important participation in many international neurological events,
notably the International Congress of Psychosurgery in Lisbon in 1948,
International Congress in Brussels in 1953, and the Pan American Congress of
Neurology, held in Lima in 1964. He trained a vast number of Brazilian and
Latin American physicians most of them with further outstanding neurological
knowledge and distinguished professional practice. He trained all his
assistants at the EPM, and many of them had additional overseas training.
Longo retired in February 1967 and died of stroke in September of the same
year.
Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo (Figure 3)
succeeded Longo. Pupo was his main assistant and worked with him since the
beginning of Neurology at EPM. Professor Pupo was born on 1911 in Ribeirao
Preto (state of Sao Paulo) and was admitted at Faculdade de Medicina
de São Paulo in 1929. Pupo during the fourth year of
the graduation applied and was approved to be a training student at the
Neuropathology Laboratory of Juquery Hospice, the most important of Latin
America at that occasion. He devoted himself to the study of psychiatric and
neurological disorders, which was decisive to give him solid bases to the
further practice of Neurology. After graduation, in 1935, Pupo joined
Professor Vampré at Faculdade de Medicina as a trainee
and stayed at Juquery working with Osório César and Walter Edgard
Maffei, the most eminent neuropathologists of Brazil at that occasion.
Professor Guerner invited Pupo to work with him as Head of the Clinical Unit
in 1938 at EPM, and he was maintained by Professor Longo at the same
position77 Lange O. Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo 1911 1970. Arq
Neuropsiquiatr. 1970;28(3):303-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1970000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X197000...
.
Professor Pupo gave an important complement to Longo’s work of
teaching practical Neurology by being his main scientific advisor in the
clinical rounds of EPM.
In 1944, Professor Pupo pioneered the studies of electroencephalography (EEG),
which lead him eventually to set with Olavo Pazzanese, the first EEG machine
to operate in Brazil. To meet the demands of this new specialization, he
traveled in 1949 to Canada and USA to train in service with Professor H.
Jasper in Montreal and B. K. Bagchi in Ann Arbor. He also visited the EEG
services of Professor Gibbs in Chicago and F. Klemme in St. Louis. His main
scientific production after that was on studies of epilepsy and clinical
EEG. Professor Pupo published 76 papers in Brazilian and international
journals77 Lange O. Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo 1911 1970. Arq
Neuropsiquiatr. 1970;28(3):303-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1970000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X197000...
.
During a brief period during the 1950’s, Professor Pupo went to Ribeirao Preto to develop the Neurology Unit at the recently founded Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Professor Pupo came back to Escola Paulista de Medicina in 1959 (Professor Fernando Braga, personal communication, June 2014).
In 1970, Professor Pupo was elected president of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and Chairman of the third Pan-American Congress of Neurology, to be held in 1972. Unfortunately, he died unexpectedly of stroke on August 1970 and could not concluded those two duties, which would be a tribute to his successful career.
Professor Dante Giorgi (Figure 4) succeeded
Professor Pupo. Giorgi was his Head of the Clinical Unit and Associated
Professor of Neurology at EPM. He helped Pupo and Longo during all his
devoted career by giving classes and lectures for the graduating students
and residents. During his leadership years at EPM he worked on structuring
the graduation curriculum. He died in 1974 with 60 years due to a chronic
consuming disease88 Lemmi O. Professor Dante Robusto Giorgi. 1914-1974.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr. an1974;32(2):157-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1974000200011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X197400...
.
Due to these two premature deaths, the Discipline of Neurology at that time did not had an Assistant with titles enough to be enabled to run for the Full Professorship exams. José Geraldo Camargo Lima (Figure 5) was conducted by the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery for a provisory period of tenure at the Discipline of Neurology.
Professor Camargo Lima was born in 1930 and graduate at EPM in 1954. He joined firstly the Department of Anatomy and there he specialized on anatomy of the nervous system. At de 1950’s, Camargo Lima became one of the Assistants of Paulino Longo, and was admitted as Associated Professor on 1966 (Professor Fernando Braga, personal communication, June 2014).
In 1978, Professor Camargo Lima became Full Professor of Neurology chosen by public examination. After that, he restructured the teaching of Neurology and initiated the Post-Graduation in Neurology and rapidly made it one of the most important programs of Brazil. In 1976, Camargo Lima created the Neurological Emergency Unit of the Hospital São Paulo (University Hospital of EPM), the first emergency unit having full time neurologist directly attending patients. In 1981, organized the Discipline of Neurology in academic units. He firstly created the units of Headache, Movement Disorders, Neuromuscular Disorders, Experimental Neurology, Epilepsy, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory, Electroencephalography and Electroneuromyography. All of his assistants received Neurology training at EPM. Some of the assistants of Professor Longo and Pupo remained at the Discipline giving classes and teaching graduate students.
Professor Camargo Lima was a good clinician and had fine abilities on neurological semiology. During de 1980’s years, he used to lead a weekly clinical round with residents and assistants at Tuesdays. Every Thursday, there were theoretical discussions on clinical cases and lectures reporting researches and thesis of Post Graduate students of Neurology.
In 1986, Professor Camargo Lima was elected President of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and organized at the end of his term as President (1988), one of the most successful Brazilian Congress of Neurology.
Professor Camargo Lima retired in 1995. Firstly, Luiz Augusto Franco de Andrade and after two years, Alain Gabbai, two of his main assistants, succeeded him. During the 1980’s and until his retirement in 1995, Neurology of EPM had become one of most important centers of Brazil training neurologists and researchers in neurological sciences.
References
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1Neves AC. O emergir do corpo neurológico: neurologia, psiquiatria e psicologia em São Paulo a partir dos periódicos médicos paulistas (1889-1936). São Paulo: Companhia Ilimitada; 2010.
-
2Pupo PP. Contribuição para a história da neurologia em São Paulo. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1963;21:44-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1963000100008
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1963000100008 -
3Silva ACP. Professor Fausto Guerner 1903-1938. Rev Neurol Psychiatria São Paulo. 1938;4:101-5.
-
4Andrade LAF, Selikhova M, Lees AJ. Konstantin N. Tretiakoff in Brazil: a historical perspective and discussion of his contribution to Brazilian neuroscience. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(2A):322-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2009000200032
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2009000200032 -
5Lange O. In memoriam: Professor Paulino Watt Longo 1903-1967. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1967;25(4):316-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1967000400009
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1967000400009 -
6Allegri RF. The pioneers of clinical Neurology in South America. J Neurol Sci. 2008;271(1-2):29-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.018
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.018 -
7Lange O. Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo 1911 1970. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1970;28(3):303-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1970000300011
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1970000300011 -
8Lemmi O. Professor Dante Robusto Giorgi. 1914-1974. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. an1974;32(2):157-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1974000200011
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1974000200011
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Feb 2015
History
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Received
31 July 2014 -
Received
03 Oct 2014 -
Accepted
24 Oct 2014