ABSTRACT
The application of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture is a practice used worldwide, and it is commonly applied in sugarcane to supply nutrients, with beneficial effects on crop productivity and soil; but SS can increase sorption and decrease desorption of herbicides. However, in tropical soils such as in Brazil, there are no studies regarding the behavior of pre-emergent herbicides, mainly aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, in SS-amended soil. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of municipal SS applied in agriculture on the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in clay soil. Aminocyclopyrachlor (pyrimidine-2-14C-aminocyclopyrachlor) and mesotrione (cyclohexane-2-14C-mesotrione) sorption–desorption was evaluated using a batch equilibrium method. Soil was amended at 0% (control – unamended), 0.1%, 1%, and 10% (w∙w–1) of air-dried SS corresponding to 1.2, 12, and 120 t∙ha–1. The Freundlich Kf sorption values of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione were similar for all treatments, ranging from 1.07 to 1.45 and 3.48 to 4.25 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙kg–1, respectively. Overall, the lowest Kd sorption value of these herbicides was reported for SS-amended soil (1%), while in the SS-amended soil (10%) it was higher than unamended soil. The H value for aminocyclopyrachlor was ~1 (no hysteresis) and for mesotrione was on average 0.4 (hysteresis occurring). In conclusion, the present study indicates that SS applied in any crop to supply nutrients can slightly affect the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, but this small difference does not affect the bioavailability of these herbicides for weed control.
Key words
organic amendments; tropical soil; leaching potential; weak acid
INTRODUCTION
The application of municipal sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture is a practice used worldwide, with beneficial effects on crop productivity, such as in sugarcane in Brazil (Franco et al. 2010Franco, A., Abreu Jr., C. H., Perecin, D., Oliveira, F. C., Granja, A. C. R., and Braga, V. S. (2010). Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 34, 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832010000200029
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683201000...
). The SS addition in the soil increases organic carbon (OC), nitrogen and phosphorus (Pires et al. 2015Pires, A. M. M., Andrade, C. A., Souza, N. A. P., Carmo, J. B., Coscione, A. R., and Carvalho, C. S. (2015). Disponibilidade e mineralização do nitrogênio após aplicações sucessivas de lodo de esgoto no solo, estimadas por meio de incubação anaeróbica. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 50, 333-342.), besides increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water retention. However, SS may carry high amounts of heavy metals and other pollutants, which can cause serious problems of plant injury, accumulation in the food chain, and surface and groundwater contamination with high environmental impacts (Saito 2007Saito, M. L. (2007). O uso do lodo de esgoto na agricultura: precauções com os contaminantes orgânicos. Jaguariúna: Embrapa Meio Ambiente.). In order to ensure that the SS does not pose any danger to the environment, the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA (2006)[CONAMA] Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (2006). Resolução N. 375 , de 29 de Agosto de 2006. Define critérios e procedimentos, para o uso agrícola de lodos de esgoto gerados em estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário e seus produtos derivados, e dá outras providências. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente. legislation regulated by resolution N.375/06 was created in Brazil, together with Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental – CETESB (1999)[CETESB] Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (1999). Norma P4.230: aplicação de lodos de sistemas de tratamento biológico em áreas agrícolas – critérios para projeto e operação. São Paulo: CETESB. regulated by rule P4.230 in São Paulo State, to regulate the agricultural use of SS on soil.
The application of SS to soil can increase sorption and decrease desorption of herbicides, depending on both the organic amendments and herbicide properties (Pinna et al. 2009Pinna, M. V., Giunta, F., Nardi, S., and Pusino, A. (2009). Effects of a municipal sewage sludge amendment on triasulfuron soil sorption and wheat growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 11249-11253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f...
). Sorption and desorption are important processes as they regulate the leaching of an herbicide in soil. Among various physical, chemical and biological processes, sorption to organic matters is one of the dominant processes determining the fate of herbicides in the environment (Cheng 1990Cheng, H. H. (1990). Pesticides in the soil environment: processes, impacts, and modeling. Madison: Soil Science Society of America.).
Aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid) and mesotrione (2-(4-mesyl-2-nitrobenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione) are weak acid herbicides applied on sugarcane and maize in pre- and post-emergent for the control of woody weeds, some grasses and broad-leaved weeds, respectively. The properties influencing the concentration of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in the aqueous phase of a soil include the soil pH value, soil texture, mineral composition (including the proportion of clay, iron, and manganese oxides), its CEC, the amount and type of organic compounds present in the soil and its aqueous phase, temperature, moisture content, and the amount and types of microorganisms inhabiting the soil (Brady and Weil 2016Brady, N. C., and Weil, R. R. (2016). Soil and chemical pollution. In R. R. Weil and N. C. Brady (Eds.), The nature and properties of soils (p. 879-935). London: Pearson Education.). The physicochemical properties of these herbicides are shown in Table 1.
Several authors have studied the impact of SS addition on the sorption–desorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals (Kimet al. 2010Kim, H. J., Lee, D. S., and Kwon, J. H. (2010). Sorption of benzimidazole anthelmintics to dissolved organic matter surrogates and sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 80, 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
), microconstituents (Banihashemi and Droste 2014Banihashemi, B., and Droste, R. L. (2014). Sorption–desorption and biosorption of bisphenol A, triclosan, and 17α-ethinylestradiol to sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environmental, 487, 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.116
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013...
), metal (Majewska et al. 2007Majewska, M., Kurek, E., and Rogalski, J. (2007). Microbially mediated cadmium sorption/desorption processes in soil amended with sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 67, 724-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.051
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
), estrogen (Stumpe and Marschner 2010Stumpe, B., and Marschner, B. (2010). Dissolved organic carbon from sewage sludge and manure can affect estrogen sorption and mineralization in soils. Environmental Pollution, 158, 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.027
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07...
), and 2,4-D, ametryn, atrazine, cyhalofop-butyl, diuron, linuron, simazine, terbuthylazine and triasulfuron herbicides (O’Connor et al. 1981O’Connor, G. A., Fairbanks, B. C., and Doyle, E. A. (1981). Effects of sewage sludge on phenoxy herbicide adsorption and degradation in soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10, 510-515. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000040018x
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425...
; Celis et al. 1998Celis, R., Barriuso, E., and Houot, S. (1998). Effect of liquid sewage sludge addition on atrazine sorption and desorption by soil. Chemosphere, 37, 1091-1107.; Sluszny et al. 1999Sluszny, C., Graber, E. R., and Gerstl, Z. (1999). Sorption of s-triazine herbicides in organic matter amended soils: fresh and incubated systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 115, 395-410. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105020757
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105020757...
; Cox et al. 2000Cox, L., Celis, R., Hermosín, M. C., Cornejo, J., Zsolnay, A., and Zeller, K. (2000). Effect of organic amendments on herbicide sorption as related to the nature of the dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4600-4605. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293...
; Pinna et al. 2009Pinna, M. V., Giunta, F., Nardi, S., and Pusino, A. (2009). Effects of a municipal sewage sludge amendment on triasulfuron soil sorption and wheat growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 11249-11253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f...
; Rodríguez-Cruz et al. 2012Rodríguez-Cruz, M. S., Herrero-Hernández, E., Ordax, J. M., Marín-Benito, J. M., Draoui, K., and Sánchez-Martín, M. J. (2012). Adsorption of pesticides by sewage sludge, grape marc, spent mushroom substrate and by amended soils. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 92, 933-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.609933
https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.60...
; Imache et al. 2012Imache, A. E., Dousset, S., Satrallah, A., and Dahchour, A. (2012). Effects of sewage sludge amendments on pesticide sorption and leaching through undisturbed Mediterranean soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 47, 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.632260
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.63...
) in the soil. However, there are no studies regarding the behavior of pre-emergent herbicides, mainly aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, in SS-amended tropical soils, such as in Brazil. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of municipal SS applied in agriculture on the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in clay soil.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Soil sample
Sample (5 Kg) was collected from soil that had not been treated with the herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in the past 2 years. Soil was collected from only one surface layer (0 – 10 cm depth) in an area cultivated with sugarcane in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (14°39’01” S; 57°25’54” W; and altitude = 321.5 m), after pre-cleaning the vegetable layer. After drying, sample was sieved through a 2.0-mm mesh and stored at room temperature. The soil was classified as Oxisol-Typic Hapludox (clay texture) and with the following physicochemical properties:CEC = 107 mmolc∙kg–1, pH (H2O) = 6.0, OC = 2.21%,clay = 60.5%, silt = 11.3%, and sand = 28.2%.
Sewage sludge
The SS was a compost supplied by the municipal sewage treatment plant in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The soil was amended at 0% (control – unamended), 0.1%, 1%, and 10% (w·w–1) of air-dried SS, corresponding to 1.2, 12, and 120 t·ha–1, respectively, assuming a soil bulk density of 1.2 g·cm–3 and a tillage incorporation depth of 10 cm. The SS was milled and homogenized in a mechanical mill. Selected physicochemical properties of the SS are listed in Table 2. Chemical analysis of the metals was performed with the solid waste method – SW 3015A (USEPA 2008[USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2008). Method 3015A: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils. SW-846: Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods, Update IV. Washington: USEPA.). N was determined by using the Kjeldahl method and consisted of three main steps: sample digestion, distillation, and ammonia determination, as described by Sáez-Plaza et al. (2013)Sáez-Plaza, P., Navas, M. J., Wybraniec, S., Michalowski, T., and Asuero, A.C. (2013). An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part II. Sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 43, 224-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.75...
. P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg were measured by atomic absorption after nitric-perchloric digestion. The soil-amended and SS pH was determined on slurries with a soil/water ratio of 1:1. OC content was determined by digestion with potassium dichromate. The contents of heavy metals were within the Brazilian regulatory limits for SS agricultural use as regulated by rule P4.230 (CETESB 1999).
Selected properties of sewage sludge and values permitted for application in agricultural areas.
Chemical products
14C-aminocyclopyrachlor (pyrimidine-2-14C-aminocyclopyrachlor) was kindly provided by DuPont (Wilmington, DE, USA). Five solutions (0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.48, and 0.64 Bq·L–1) were prepared and 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor showed 99.5% radiochemical purity and 1.57 MBq·mg–1 of specific activity. 14C-mesotrione (cyclohexane-2-14C-mesotrione) acquired from Izotop (Budapest, Hungary) showed 98.4% radiochemical purity and3.45 MBq·mg–1 of specific activity and analytical standards non-radiolabeled with purities of 99.9% (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and five solutions (0.28, 0.57, 1.13, 1.70, and 2.27 Bq·L–1) were prepared. Radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled standards were carefully mixed in0.01 mol·L–1 CaCl2.
Sorption–desorption experiments
The methodology of sorption–desorption experiments with 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor and 14C-mesotrione was established according to the guidelines of the OECD-106 (OECD 2000[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2000). OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Test number 106, Adsorption - Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method. Paris: OECD.), with two repetitions. Each experimental unit consisted of a 50 mL Teflon tube with a screw cap. Aliquots with 10 g of soil were weighed in duplicate in the tubes and 10 mL of solution CaCl2 0.01 mol·L–1 was used, resulting in a soil–solution ratio of 1:1 (m·v–1). In the sorption experiments, 1 mL aliquots ofradiolabeled solutions were transferred in duplicate to separate vials containing 10 mL of the scintillation solution, and the initial concentration of 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor and 14C-mesotrione after 15 min was determined by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) with a Tri-Carb 2910 TR LSA counter (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
In duplicate, 10 mL of the radiolabeled concentrations of all solutions were added to the Teflon tubes containing the soil samples. The tubes were agitated in a horizontal shaker tabletop in a dark room (20 ± 2 °C) for 24 h to achieve the equilibrium concentration, according to Oliveira Jr. et al. (2011) and Mendes et al. (2016)Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016....
for aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, respectively. At the equilibration concentration, the tubes were centrifuged at 755 g for 15 min, and 1 mL aliquots of the supernatant from each tube were transferred in duplicate to scintillation vials containing 10 mL of the scintillation solution, and analyzed by LSC to determine the concentration of the 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor and 14C-mesotrione solution by counting the radioactivity. Then, 9 mL of the initial supernatant was removed. The amount of sorbed herbicide was calculated using the difference between the initial concentration and the concentration in the supernatant after equilibration of the same soil.
Desorption experiments were performed immediately after sorption under the same conditions. For that, CaCl2 solution (10 mL, 0.01 mol·L–1) was added to the Teflon tubes containing the soil and the radiolabeled herbicide sorbed from the sorption experiment. The tubes were agitated in a horizontal shaker tabletop in a dark room(20 ± 2 °C) for 24 h to reach the equilibrium concentration. After re-equilibration, the tubes were centrifuged and1 mL aliquots of the supernatant were pipetted in duplicate to scintillation vials containing 10 mL of the scintillation solution and analyzed by LSC. The desorbed amount was calculated as the difference between the radioactivity sorbed in the soil and in the remaining supernatant.
Sorption–desorption model
Sorption coefficients were calculated using the equation: Kd = Cs/Ce, where Cs is the concentration of herbicide sorbed to the soil (μmol·kg–1) and Ce is the concentration of herbicide in the liquid phase at equilibrium (μmol·L–1). To normalize the sorption data to soil OC, the Koc was calculated by dividing the sorption coefficient by the following:Koc = Kd/[%OC/100%], where %OC is the percentage of organic carbon in the soil. The units of Kd and Koc were L·kg–1.
In order to estimate the parameters for sorption–desorption, the logarithms of Cs (x-axis) and Ce (y-axis) were plotted using Sigma Plot® (version 10.0 for Windows, Systat Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA, USA), which mathematically fit the log-transformed Freundlich equation: log [Cs] = log [Kf] + 1/n log [Ce], where log [Kf] was the y-intercept of the line and 1/n was the slope. The resulting units of Kf were μmol (1−1/n) L1/n ·kg–1. The hysteresis coefficient, H, was calculated by dividing the Freundlich desorption slope (1/n desorption) by the Freundlich sorption slope (1/n sorption), or mathematically: H = [1/n desorption]/ [1/n sorption] (Barriuso et al. 1994Barriuso, E., Laird, D. A., Koskinen, W. C., and Dowdy, R. H. (1994). Atrazine desorption from smectites. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58, 1632-1638. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800060008x
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.036159...
). However, this was only calculated for soils which exhibited hysteresis, which is defined where 1/n desorption is less than 1/n sorption.
GUS index
Groundwater Ubiquity Scores (GUS) for surface soils were calculated using the equation: GUS = log (DT50) ×(4 – log (Koc)), where DT50 is the dissipation time herbicide half-life (days) in soil (Gustafson 1989Gustafson, D. I. (1989). Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8, 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411
https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411...
). The DT50 values calculated in existing studies available in the database and shown in Table 1 were used (AERU 2018).
Statistical data analysis
Aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione sorption–desorption coefficients (Kd and Koc) data were subjected to ANOVA, data were normally distributed by the Shapiro–Wilk normality test (p < 0.05) and averages were compared by Dunnett’s honest significant difference (HSD) test (p < 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione sorption–desorption
The Freundlich equation fitted well the sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor (R2 = 0.99) and mesotrione (R2 ≥ 0.98)applied to unamended soil and SS-amended soils (Table 3). In all cases the isotherms are linear with a slope value (1/n) of ~1 for aminocyclopyrachlor, according to Francisco et al.(2017)Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.13...
and Oliveira Jr. et al. (2011)Oliveira Jr., R. S., Alonso, D. G., and Koskinen, W. C. (2011). Sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor in selected Brazilian soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 4045-4050. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104992w
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104992w...
, and ranging from 0.92 to 0.94 for mesotrione, according to Mendes et al. (2016)Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016....
, resembling the C-type curve described by Giles et al. (1960)Giles, C. H., MacEwan, T. H., Nakhwa, S. N., and Smith, D. (1960). Studies in adsorption. Part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. Journal of the Chemical Society, 111, 3973-3993. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973
https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973...
. This shape suggests the partition of solute between solution and sorbent (Pinna et al. 2009Pinna, M. V., Giunta, F., Nardi, S., and Pusino, A. (2009). Effects of a municipal sewage sludge amendment on triasulfuron soil sorption and wheat growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 11249-11253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f...
).
Freundlich sorption parameters and leachability for aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione applied in unamended soil and sewage sludge (SS)-amended soil.
The Kf sorption values of aminocyclopyrachlor were similar for all treatments, ranging from 1.07 to 1.45 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n ∙kg–1(Table 3). Francisco et al. (2017)Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.13...
also found that the calculated Kf values for the aminocyclopyrachlor sorption were low in the three soils, at 0.37, 0.85, and 1.34 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙ kg–1for loamy sand, sandy clay, and clay, respectively. The same behavior was observed for mesotrione, whose Kf values were higher (3.48 to 4.25 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n ∙kg–1).Mendes et al. (2016)Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016....
also reported that the Kf values of mesotrione sorption were low, ranging from 0.10 to4.01 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙ kg–1) in soil samples from seven Brazilian sites cultivated with maize. For the Kfoc sorption values in relation to the soil OC, the means ranged from 48.63 to 65.91 and from 158.18 to 193.18 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n ∙kg–1for the aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione applied in all treatments, respectively (Table 3).
Overall, the higher sorption measured on SS-amended soil (10%) is due to the higher OC content of the soil, even though the pH of the soil solution was higher (Table 3). Although aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione are weak acids (Table 1) and increased pH SS-amended soil decreases the sorption of these herbicides in the soil, in this study theOC content was responsible for the higher sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione. This low decreaseof Kf values was only observed in the lower amounts of SS (0.1% and 1%) in the soil (Table 3). Juan et al. (2015)Juan, E. P., Igual, J. M., Curto, N., Sánchez-Martin, M. J., and Rodriguez-Cruz, M. S. (2015). Mesotrione dissipation and response of soil microbial communities in a soil amended with organic residues. Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 5, 12-25. https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2015.V5.N1.02
https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2015.V5.N1....
found that the higher OC content of SS-amended soil could explain both the higher sorption of mesotrione by the soil and the higher DT50 value. Studies in the literature also reported a positive correlation between the sorption of mesotrione (Dyson et al.2002Dyson, J. S., Beulke, S., Brown, C. D., and Lane, M. C. G. (2002). Adsorption and degradation of the weak acid mesotrione in soil and environmental fate implications. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130...
; Chaabane et al. 2008Chaabane, H., Vulliet, E., Calvayrac, C., Coste, C. M., and Cooper, J. F. (2008). Behaviour of sulcotrione and mesotrione in two soils. Pest Management Science, 64, 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456
https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456...
) and aminocyclopyrachlor (Oliveira Jr. et al. 2011) and the soil OC content.
Even though we found little difference between the sorption-desorption in the SS-amended soils and unamended soil for both herbicides in this study, other authors such as Celis et al. (1998)Celis, R., Barriuso, E., and Houot, S. (1998). Effect of liquid sewage sludge addition on atrazine sorption and desorption by soil. Chemosphere, 37, 1091-1107. reported that the incorporation of insoluble and soluble organic matter into soil by liquid SS addition increases the atrazine sorption behavior in soil, and Pinna et al. (2009)Pinna, M. V., Giunta, F., Nardi, S., and Pusino, A. (2009). Effects of a municipal sewage sludge amendment on triasulfuron soil sorption and wheat growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 11249-11253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f...
also reported that SS-amended soil influences triasulfuron retention by reducing the groundwater contamination risk. Cox et al. (2000)Cox, L., Celis, R., Hermosín, M. C., Cornejo, J., Zsolnay, A., and Zeller, K. (2000). Effect of organic amendments on herbicide sorption as related to the nature of the dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4600-4605. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293...
found that SS-amended soils sorbed simazine and 2,4-D to a greater extent than the unamended soils. This can be explained by the difference in physicochemical properties of these herbicides and the characteristics of the organic amendments (SS).
This data corroborates the aminocyclopyrachlor sorption coefficient – Kd of 1.19 ± 0.07 L∙kg–1 to unamended soil, for which the lowest Kd sorption value was reported for SS-amended soil (1%), while for the SS-amended soil (10%) the Kd sorption value was 1.24-fold higher than unamended soil (Fig. 1a), similar to the Koc sorption values described in Fig. 1b. Similar sorption behavior to aminocyclopyrachlor was found for mesotrione with the Kd sorption value of 4.17 ± 0.36 L∙kg–1 for unamended soil, where the lowest Kd sorption value was reported for SS-amended soil (1%) (Fig. 2a), similar to the Koc sorption values described in Fig. 2b. However, Kd of mesotrione was ~3.5-fold higher than aminocyclopyrachlor. This can be explained by the higher water solubility of aminocyclopyrachlor (3130 mg∙L–1) compared with mesotrione (1500 mg∙L–1), as shown in Table 1, enabling water solubility to provide more bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soil solution for absorption by weeds and crops.
Sorption–desorption (A) Kd and (B) Koc values of aminocyclopyrachlor applied in Oxisol-Typic Hapludox amended with SS (0.1%, 1%, and 10% w∙w–1). Kd sorption–desorption value of aminocyclopyrachlor to unamended soil averaged about 1.19 ± 0.07 and 4.84 ± 0.17 L∙kg–1, respectively. Koc sorption–desorption value of aminocyclopyrachlor to unamended soil averaged about 54.13 ± 3.28 and 220.06 ± 7.82 L∙kg–1, respectively.
Sorption-desorption (A) Kd and (B) Koc values of mesotrione applied in Oxisol-Typic Hapludox amended with SS (0.1%, 1%, and 10% w∙w–1). Kd sorption–desorption value of mesotrione to unamended soil averaged about 4.17 ± 0.36 and 7.45 ± 0.65 L∙kg–1, respectively. Koc sorption–desorption value of mesotrione to unamended soil averaged about 189.60 ± 6.41 and 338.58 ± 20.49 L∙kg–1, respectively.
The Freundlich equations fitted well the desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor (R2 = 0.99) and mesotrione(R2 ≥ 0.97) applied to unamended soil and SS-amended soils (Table 4). The 1/n desorption values obtained from the aminocyclopyrachlor desorption isotherms were similar tothe sorption values (~1), and the 1/n desorption values from themesotrione were lower (0.38 – 0.44) than the sorption values, suggesting that mesotrione desorption is more influenced by the concentration of the herbicide in the soil, according to Mendes et al. (2016)Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016....
.
For aminocyclopyrachlor, the Kf desorption values ranged from 4.74 to 5.51 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n ∙kg–1 for all SS doses added to the soil (Table 4). On the other hand, the Kf desorption values of mesotrione were higher than the Kf desorption values of aminocyclopyrachlor and ranged from 6.98 to 7.60 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙kg–1. These data corroborate with the Kfoc desorption values, which ranged from 215.45 to 246.36 and from 317.27 to 345.45 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙kg–1 for the aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione applied in all treatments, respectively (Table 4).
Freundlich desorption parameters and hysteresis coefficient (H) for aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione applied in unamended soil and sewage sludge (SS)-amended soil.
The Kd desorption – Kd sorption ratio of aminocyclopyrachlor was 2.1-fold higher than the ratio of mesotrione (Table 4). Lastly, the H values for aminocyclopyrachlor were ~1 and for mesotrione were on average 0.4 (Table 4), where H values below 1 indicate that the mesotrione desorption percentage is less than that of the sorption and that hysteresis occurs (Pinna et al. 2014Pinna, M. V., Roggero, P. P., Seddaiu, G., and Pusino, A. (2014). Soil sorption and leaching of active ingredients of Lumax® under mineral or organic fertilization. Chemosphere, 111, 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.124
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
), and H values ~1 indicate that the desorption of herbicide showed no hysteresis, indicating that the sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor is reversible, and offers appreciable leaching, as addressed by Francisco et al. (2017)Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.13...
. Similarly to our study, mesotrione and aminocyclopyrachlor H values ranged from 0.32 to 0.77 (Mendes et al. 2016Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016....
) and from 1.04 to 1.07 (Francisco et al. 2017Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.13...
), respectively.
The incorporation of SS to the soil had little effect on the sorption–desorption of the aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, and therefore this practice may not have an effect on weed management in agricultural fields. Concomitantly, given the low sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor under even the best case scenario, the ability of three biochars (wood pellet, wood chip, and corn stover) to increase the sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor was tested by Hall et al. (2015)Hall, K. E., Ray, C., Ki, S. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2015). Pesticide sorption and leaching potential on three Hawaiian soils. Journal of Environmental Management, 159, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.046
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.0...
, but none of these biochars succeeded in increasing the sorption of aminocyclopyrachlor when added to the different Hawaiian soils. Based on this study, neither SS nor such biochar appears to be an effective means of reducing aminocyclopyrachlor leaching in soil, which will be explained below with the potential risk of leaching.
Leachability of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione
GUS index was used to determine whether aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione were mobile in the soil, according to Rittenhouse et al. (2014)Rittenhouse, J. L., Rice, P. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2014). Assessing biochar’s ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils. Environmental Pollution, 189, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02...
. For aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione applied in SS-amended soils and unamended soil, the GUS indices ranged from 2.21 to 2.32 and from 3.24 to 3.45, respectively (Table 3). Several authors have found GUS indexes values for mesotrione similar to this study, such as 2.34 – 2.85 (Mendes et al. 2017Mendes, K. F., Martins, B. A. B., Reis, M. R., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2017). Quantification of the fate of mesotrione applied alone or in a herbicide mixture in two Brazilian arable soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 8425-8435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8535-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8535-...
), 2.2 (Dyson et al. 2002Dyson, J. S., Beulke, S., Brown, C. D., and Lane, M. C. G. (2002). Adsorption and degradation of the weak acid mesotrione in soil and environmental fate implications. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130...
), and 1.9 – 3.2 (Chaabane et al. 2008Chaabane, H., Vulliet, E., Calvayrac, C., Coste, C. M., and Cooper, J. F. (2008). Behaviour of sulcotrione and mesotrione in two soils. Pest Management Science, 64, 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456
https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456...
), corroborating studies of column mesotrione leaching (Pinna et al. 2014Pinna, M. V., Roggero, P. P., Seddaiu, G., and Pusino, A. (2014). Soil sorption and leaching of active ingredients of Lumax® under mineral or organic fertilization. Chemosphere, 111, 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.124
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
). The same is true for the leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor described in the literature, with GUS indices ranging from high (3 – 4) to very high (> 4) (Rittenhouse et al. 2014Rittenhouse, J. L., Rice, P. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2014). Assessing biochar’s ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils. Environmental Pollution, 189, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02...
). Overall, the high leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor is of concern to researchers because this herbicide is proven to contaminate groundwater by studies in columns (Adams and Lym 2015Adams, J. W., and Lym, R. G. (2015). Quinclorac and aminocyclopyrachlor movement in sandy soils. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 8, 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00070.1
https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00070....
; Francisco et al. 2017Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.13...
) and mathematical modeling (Hall et al. 2015Hall, K. E., Ray, C., Ki, S. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2015). Pesticide sorption and leaching potential on three Hawaiian soils. Journal of Environmental Management, 159, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.046
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.0...
).
Aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione display a low ecotoxicity to the environment (Dumas et al. 2017Dumas, E., Giraudo, M., Goujon, E., Halma, M., Knhili, E., Stauffert, M., Batisson, I., Besse-Hoggan, P., Bohatier, J., Bouchard, P., Celle-Jeanton, H., Costa-Gomes, M., Delbac, F., Forano, C., Goupil, P., Guix, N., Husson, P., Ledoigt, G., Mallet, C., Mousty, C., Prévot, V., Richard, C., and Sarraute, S. (2017). Fate and ecotoxicological impact of new generation herbicides from the triketone family: an overview to assess the environmental risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 325, 136-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.059
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.1...
; AERU 2018[AERU] Agriculture & Environment Research Unit (2018). Pesticide Properties Database [accessed 2018 January 5]. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/projects/ppdb/index.htm
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/projects/p...
), but low concentrations of both herbicides are able to damage crops, and can consequently cause a reduction in crop yields (O’Sullivan et al. 2002O’Sullivan, J., Zandstra, J., and Sikkema, P. (2002). Sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivar sensitivity to mesotrione. Weed Technology, 16, 421-425. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0421:SCZMCS]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)0...
; Riddle et al. 2013Riddle, R. N., O’Sullivan, J., Swanton, C. J., and Acker, R. C. V. (2013). Crop response to carryover of mesotrione residues in the field. Weed Technology, 27, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00071.1
https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00071.1...
; Patton et al. 2013Patton, A. J., Ruhl, G. E., Creswell, T. C., Wan, P., Scott, D. E., Becovitz, J. D., and Weisenberger, D. V. (2013). Potential damage to sensitive landscape plants from wood chips of aminocyclopyrachlor damaged trees. Weed Technology, 27, 803-809. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00066.1
https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00066.1...
; Guerra et al. 2014Guerra N., Oliveira Neto, A. M., Oliveira Jr., R. S., Constantin, J., and Takano, H. K. (2014). Sensibility of plant species to herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam. Planta Daninha, 32, 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000300017
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201400...
). That is why the high leaching of these herbicides in the soil is very worrying for producers in agricultural fields.
According to Gustafson (1989)Gustafson, D. I. (1989). Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8, 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411
https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411...
, an herbicide with a GUS score less than 1.8 is regarded as a nonleacher, a value greater than 2.8 qualifies as an easy leacher, and those between 1.8 and 2.8 are considered to be transitional, where the herbicide can be leached in favorable conditions with high intensity rain. Based on the aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione GUS indices from this study, these herbicides can be considered highly (GUS = 3.24 – 3.45) and moderately (GUS = 2.21 – 2.32)leachable when applied to all soils, respectively. Therefore, aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione can contaminate underground water resources and surface water. One potential explanation could be due to the different sorption capacity of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione as previously shown.
As expected, the addition of SS to the soil also did not affect the leaching potential of both herbicides, remaining the same as unamended soil. More research is needed with different aging or incubation times of the SS-amended soil to confirm that the addition of SS has no or very little effect on the sorption–desorption and leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in agricultural fields.
In conclusion, the present study indicates that SS applied to any crop to supply nutrients can slightly affect the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, but this small difference can not affect the bioavailability of these herbicides for weed control. The addition of SS does not appear to be an effective means of reducing aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione leaching in soil, which means that these herbicides can contaminate water resources, based on their GUS index.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) process 2016/17683-1, for the financial support.
REFERENCES
- Adams, J. W., and Lym, R. G. (2015). Quinclorac and aminocyclopyrachlor movement in sandy soils. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 8, 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00070.1
» https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00070.1 - [AERU] Agriculture & Environment Research Unit (2018). Pesticide Properties Database [accessed 2018 January 5]. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/projects/ppdb/index.htm
» http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/projects/ppdb/index.htm - Banihashemi, B., and Droste, R. L. (2014). Sorption–desorption and biosorption of bisphenol A, triclosan, and 17α-ethinylestradiol to sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environmental, 487, 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.116
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.116 - Barriuso, E., Laird, D. A., Koskinen, W. C., and Dowdy, R. H. (1994). Atrazine desorption from smectites. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58, 1632-1638. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800060008x
» https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800060008x - Brady, N. C., and Weil, R. R. (2016). Soil and chemical pollution. In R. R. Weil and N. C. Brady (Eds.), The nature and properties of soils (p. 879-935). London: Pearson Education.
- Celis, R., Barriuso, E., and Houot, S. (1998). Effect of liquid sewage sludge addition on atrazine sorption and desorption by soil. Chemosphere, 37, 1091-1107.
- [CETESB] Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (1999). Norma P4.230: aplicação de lodos de sistemas de tratamento biológico em áreas agrícolas – critérios para projeto e operação. São Paulo: CETESB.
- Chaabane, H., Vulliet, E., Calvayrac, C., Coste, C. M., and Cooper, J. F. (2008). Behaviour of sulcotrione and mesotrione in two soils. Pest Management Science, 64, 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456
» https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1456 - Cheng, H. H. (1990). Pesticides in the soil environment: processes, impacts, and modeling. Madison: Soil Science Society of America.
- [CONAMA] Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (2006). Resolução N. 375 , de 29 de Agosto de 2006. Define critérios e procedimentos, para o uso agrícola de lodos de esgoto gerados em estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário e seus produtos derivados, e dá outras providências. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente.
- Cox, L., Celis, R., Hermosín, M. C., Cornejo, J., Zsolnay, A., and Zeller, K. (2000). Effect of organic amendments on herbicide sorption as related to the nature of the dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4600-4605. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293
» https://doi.org/10.1021/es0000293 - Dumas, E., Giraudo, M., Goujon, E., Halma, M., Knhili, E., Stauffert, M., Batisson, I., Besse-Hoggan, P., Bohatier, J., Bouchard, P., Celle-Jeanton, H., Costa-Gomes, M., Delbac, F., Forano, C., Goupil, P., Guix, N., Husson, P., Ledoigt, G., Mallet, C., Mousty, C., Prévot, V., Richard, C., and Sarraute, S. (2017). Fate and ecotoxicological impact of new generation herbicides from the triketone family: an overview to assess the environmental risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 325, 136-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.059
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.059 - Dyson, J. S., Beulke, S., Brown, C. D., and Lane, M. C. G. (2002). Adsorption and degradation of the weak acid mesotrione in soil and environmental fate implications. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130
» https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6130 - Francisco, J. G., Mendes, K. F., Pimpinato, R. F., Tornisielo, V. L., and Guimarães, A. C. D. (2017). Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758
» https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1301758 - Franco, A., Abreu Jr., C. H., Perecin, D., Oliveira, F. C., Granja, A. C. R., and Braga, V. S. (2010). Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 34, 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832010000200029
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832010000200029 - Giles, C. H., MacEwan, T. H., Nakhwa, S. N., and Smith, D. (1960). Studies in adsorption. Part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. Journal of the Chemical Society, 111, 3973-3993. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973
» https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973 - Guerra N., Oliveira Neto, A. M., Oliveira Jr., R. S., Constantin, J., and Takano, H. K. (2014). Sensibility of plant species to herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam. Planta Daninha, 32, 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000300017
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000300017 - Gustafson, D. I. (1989). Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8, 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411
» https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411 - Hall, K. E., Ray, C., Ki, S. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2015). Pesticide sorption and leaching potential on three Hawaiian soils. Journal of Environmental Management, 159, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.046
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.046 - Imache, A. E., Dousset, S., Satrallah, A., and Dahchour, A. (2012). Effects of sewage sludge amendments on pesticide sorption and leaching through undisturbed Mediterranean soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 47, 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.632260
» https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.632260 - Juan, E. P., Igual, J. M., Curto, N., Sánchez-Martin, M. J., and Rodriguez-Cruz, M. S. (2015). Mesotrione dissipation and response of soil microbial communities in a soil amended with organic residues. Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 5, 12-25. https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2015.V5.N1.02
» https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2015.V5.N1.02 - Kim, H. J., Lee, D. S., and Kwon, J. H. (2010). Sorption of benzimidazole anthelmintics to dissolved organic matter surrogates and sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 80, 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.029
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.029 - Majewska, M., Kurek, E., and Rogalski, J. (2007). Microbially mediated cadmium sorption/desorption processes in soil amended with sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 67, 724-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.051
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.051 - Mendes, K. F., Martins, B. A. B., Reis, M. R., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2017). Quantification of the fate of mesotrione applied alone or in a herbicide mixture in two Brazilian arable soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 8425-8435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8535-2
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8535-2 - Mendes, K. F., Reis, M. R., Inoue, M. H., Pimpinato, R. F., and Tornisielo, V. L. (2016). Sorption and desorption of mesotrione alone and mixed with S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine in Brazilian soils. Geoderma, 280, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.014 - O’Connor, G. A., Fairbanks, B. C., and Doyle, E. A. (1981). Effects of sewage sludge on phenoxy herbicide adsorption and degradation in soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10, 510-515. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000040018x
» https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000040018x - [OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2000). OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Test number 106, Adsorption - Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method. Paris: OECD.
- O’Sullivan, J., Zandstra, J., and Sikkema, P. (2002). Sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivar sensitivity to mesotrione. Weed Technology, 16, 421-425. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0421:SCZMCS]2.0.CO;2
» https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0421:SCZMCS]2.0.CO;2 - Oliveira Jr., R. S., Alonso, D. G., and Koskinen, W. C. (2011). Sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor in selected Brazilian soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 4045-4050. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104992w
» https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104992w - Patton, A. J., Ruhl, G. E., Creswell, T. C., Wan, P., Scott, D. E., Becovitz, J. D., and Weisenberger, D. V. (2013). Potential damage to sensitive landscape plants from wood chips of aminocyclopyrachlor damaged trees. Weed Technology, 27, 803-809. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00066.1
» https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00066.1 - Pinna, M. V., Giunta, F., Nardi, S., and Pusino, A. (2009). Effects of a municipal sewage sludge amendment on triasulfuron soil sorption and wheat growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 11249-11253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f
» https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902659f - Pinna, M. V., Roggero, P. P., Seddaiu, G., and Pusino, A. (2014). Soil sorption and leaching of active ingredients of Lumax® under mineral or organic fertilization. Chemosphere, 111, 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.124
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.124 - Pires, A. M. M., Andrade, C. A., Souza, N. A. P., Carmo, J. B., Coscione, A. R., and Carvalho, C. S. (2015). Disponibilidade e mineralização do nitrogênio após aplicações sucessivas de lodo de esgoto no solo, estimadas por meio de incubação anaeróbica. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 50, 333-342.
- Riddle, R. N., O’Sullivan, J., Swanton, C. J., and Acker, R. C. V. (2013). Crop response to carryover of mesotrione residues in the field. Weed Technology, 27, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00071.1
» https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00071.1 - Rittenhouse, J. L., Rice, P. J., Spokas, K. A., and Koskinen, W. C. (2014). Assessing biochar’s ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils. Environmental Pollution, 189, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.022
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.022 - Rodríguez-Cruz, M. S., Herrero-Hernández, E., Ordax, J. M., Marín-Benito, J. M., Draoui, K., and Sánchez-Martín, M. J. (2012). Adsorption of pesticides by sewage sludge, grape marc, spent mushroom substrate and by amended soils. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 92, 933-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.609933
» https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.609933 - Sáez-Plaza, P., Navas, M. J., Wybraniec, S., Michalowski, T., and Asuero, A.C. (2013). An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part II. Sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 43, 224-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787
» https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787 - Saito, M. L. (2007). O uso do lodo de esgoto na agricultura: precauções com os contaminantes orgânicos. Jaguariúna: Embrapa Meio Ambiente.
- Sluszny, C., Graber, E. R., and Gerstl, Z. (1999). Sorption of s-triazine herbicides in organic matter amended soils: fresh and incubated systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 115, 395-410. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105020757
» https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105020757 - Stumpe, B., and Marschner, B. (2010). Dissolved organic carbon from sewage sludge and manure can affect estrogen sorption and mineralization in soils. Environmental Pollution, 158, 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.027
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.027 - [USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2008). Method 3015A: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils. SW-846: Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods, Update IV. Washington: USEPA.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
17 Jan 2019 -
Date of issue
Jan-Mar 2019
History
-
Received
27 Dec 2017 -
Accepted
26 Mar 2018