Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Intervenções educativas para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero: revisão de escopo

RESUMO

Objetivos:

identificar, mapear e descrever as características de intervenções educativas para a prevenção do câncer cervical em mulheres adultas.

Métodos:

revisão de escopo, conduzida em onze bases de dados e na literatura cinzenta, incluindo estudos que descreveram intervenções educativas voltadas à prevenção do câncer cervical em mulheres adultas.

Resultados:

33 artigos com 151.457 participantes foram analisados. As estratégias educativas mais utilizadas foram as discussões participativas e folhetos educativos. A maior parte das intervenções ocorreu em sessão única, com variação de 40 a 60 minutos. O modelo teórico mais utilizado nas intervenções para melhorar a adesão das mulheres ao exame Papanicolau foi o Modelo de Crenças em Saúde.

Conclusões:

discussões em grupo, palestras e folhetos educativos podem aumentar o conhecimento e reduzir barreiras para a prevenção do câncer do colo do útero. Intervenções baseadas em teoria e culturalmente sensíveis podem ter impacto positivo na saúde das mulheres.

Descritores:
Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Programas de Rastreamento; Teste de Papanicolaou; Educação em Saúde; Atenção Primária à; Saúde.

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

to identify, map and describe characteristics of educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention in adult women.

Methods:

a scoping review conducted on eleven databases and the gray literature, including studies that described educational interventions aimed at preventing cervical cancer in adult women.

Results:

thirty-three articles with 151,457 participants were analyzed. The most used educational strategies were participatory discussions and educational leaflets. Most of the interventions took place in a single session, ranging from 40 to 60 minutes. The most used theoretical model in interventions to improve women’s compliance with Pap smear was the Health Belief Model.

Conclusions:

group discussions, lectures and educational brochures can increase knowledge and reduce barriers to cervical cancer prevention. Theory-based and culturally sensitive interventions can have a positive impact on women’s health.

Descriptors:
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Health Education; Primary Health Care.

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

identificar, mapear y describir las características de las intervenciones educativas para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en mujeres adultas.

Métodos:

revisión de alcance, realizada en once bases de datos y en la literatura gris, incluyendo estudios que describían intervenciones educativas dirigidas a la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en mujeres adultas.

Resultados:

se analizaron 33 artículos con 151.457 participantes. Las estrategias educativas más utilizadas fueron las discusiones participativas y los folletos educativos. La mayoría de las intervenciones se realizaron en una sola sesión, con una duración de 40 a 60 minutos. El modelo teórico más utilizado en las intervenciones para mejorar la adherencia de las mujeres al Papanicolaou fue el Modelo de Creencias de Salud.

Conclusiones:

las discusiones grupales, las conferencias y los folletos educativos pueden aumentar el conocimiento y reducir las barreras para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Las intervenciones basadas en teorías y culturalmente sensibles pueden tener un impacto positivo en la salud de las mujeres.

Descriptores:
Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino; Tamizaje Masivo; Prueba de Papanicolaou; Educación en Salud; Atención Primaria de Salud.

INTRODUÇÃO

O câncer do colo do útero (CCU) é o quarto câncer mais comum entre as mulheres no mundo, com estimativa de 604.000 casos novos e 342.000 mortes em 2020(11 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660...
). Cerca de 90% dos casos novos e mortes ocorrem em países de baixa e média renda(11 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660...
). A mortalidade do CCU pode ser reduzida por meio de exames regulares e tratamento precoce(22 Fontham ETH, Wolf AMD, Church TR, Etzioni R, Flowers CR, Herzig A, et al. Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(5):321-46. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21628
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21628...
). No entanto, infraestrutura inadequada e dificuldades de financiamento para implementar estratégias de controle do CCU são limitantes em países em desenvolvimento(33 Cerqueira RS, Luan H, Campos P, Maria N, Lima DB. Controle do câncer do colo do útero na atenção primária à saúde em países sul-americanos: revisão sistemática. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2022;1-11. https://doi.org/10.26633%2FRPSP.2022.107
https://doi.org/10.26633%2FRPSP.2022.107...
).

A realização periódica do exame de Papanicolaou continua sendo a estratégia mais adotada para o rastreamento das lesões precursoras do CCU(44 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Estimativa 2020: incidência de câncer no Brasil [Internet]. 2019[cited 2023 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files//media/document//estimativa-2020-incidencia-de-cancer-no-brasil.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in...
). A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda a realização do exame de Papanicolaou a cada três anos em mulheres dos 25 aos 64 anos, após dois exames negativos com intervalo anual(55 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Estimativa INCA[Internet]. Rio de Janeiro; 2023[cited 2023 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/cancer/tipos/colo-do-utero
https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/c...
).

A conscientização sobre os benefícios da triagem para CCU, os métodos diagnósticos, a importância do acompanhamento e o tratamento precoce estão entre os principais fatores que incentivam as mulheres a fazerem o exame de Papanicolaou(66 Akinola A, Constance MS. Impact of educational intervention on cervical cancer screening uptake among reproductive age women. Int J Community Med Public Health 2021;8(4):2053-60. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211280
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmp...
). Taxas de retorno mais altas são esperadas para mulheres bem informadas, que aderem mais facilmente às recomendações dos profissionais de saúde e encontram maneiras inovadoras de lidar com a doença, sendo menos suscetíveis a complicações(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
).

Vários estudos têm testado estratégias educativas para fortalecer as atitudes, práticas e conhecimentos das mulheres candidatas ao rastreamento do CCU, bem como reduzir as barreiras para adesão a estes programas(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...

9 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...

10 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...

11 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...

12 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...

13 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
). Entre esses modelos teóricos, podemos citar o Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MCS)(1515 Yanikkerem E, Selçuk AK, Esmeray N. Cancer and clinical research women’s attitude and beliefs about cervical cancer and pap smear test by using the health belief model. Int J Cancer Clin Res. 2020;5(3):102-11. https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410102
https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/14101...
), a Teoria da Proteção da Motivação (TPM)(1616 Rahaei Z, Ghofranipour F, Morowatisharifabad M, Mohammadi E. Determinants of cancer early detection behaviors: application of protection motivation theory. Health Promot Perspect. 2015;5(2):138-46. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fhpp.2015.016
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fhpp.2015.016...
) e a Teoria Social Cognitiva (TSC)(1717 Nuño T, Martinez ME, Harris R, García F. A Promotora-administered group education intervention to promote breast and cervical cancer screening in a rural community along the U.S.-Mexico border: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(3):367-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9705-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9705-...
).

Apesar das campanhas para rastreamento do CCU, a adesão permanece baixa na maioria dos países em desenvolvimento. Assim, é importante conhecer as características das intervenções educativas que têm sido utilizadas para aprimorar a prevenção do CCU.

OBJETIVOS

Identificar, mapear e descrever as características de intervenções educativas para a prevenção do CCU em mulheres adultas.

MÉTODOS

Trata-se de revisão de escopo conduzida segundo a metodologia JBI, descrita no Manual do Revisor JBI 2020(1818 Peters M, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Trico A, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews [Internet]. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 11]. Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/
https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/...
), e recomendação do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR)(1919 Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850...
), buscando responder à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: quais são as evidências científicas sobre intervenções educativas para a prevenção do CCU em mulheres adultas? O protocolo desta revisão foi registrado na plataforma Open Science Framework (OSF) e pode ser consultado no link: osf.io/4zgex.

A organização da estratégia de busca seguiu o acrônimo PCC, sendo P para população, C para conceito e C para contexto(1818 Peters M, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Trico A, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews [Internet]. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 11]. Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/
https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/...
). A População foi composta por estudos envolvendo mulheres adultas (idade ≥18 anos), sem diagnóstico prévio de CCU. O Conceito-chave desta revisão foi composto por estudos que detalhassem as características das intervenções educativas direcionadas para a prevenção do CCU (elementos, modo de entrega, dose, materiais educacionais, conteúdo educativo, tipo de teoria). O Contexto foi atenção primária, hospitais, clínicas, centros comunitários, escolas ou igrejas.

A estratégia de busca teve a finalidade de localizar estudos publicados e não publicados, e ocorreu em duas etapas. Na primeira, foi feita uma pesquisa nas bases MEDLINE e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), seguida da análise das palavras dos títulos e resumos e dos descritores das publicações com os termos: “Cervix cancer; cervical cancer; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; screening; Prevention and control; Papanicolaou test; Pap test; Pap smear; education; intervention”.

Na segunda etapa, uma nova busca usando todas as palavras-chave e descritores identificados foi realizada nas bases de dados descritas anteriormente. Para a elaboração da estratégia de busca, contou-se com a ajuda de uma bibliotecária experiente. As buscas utilizaram vocabulário controlado modificado para cada base de dados.

A coleta de dados ocorreu entre 07 de junho e 14 de agosto de 2022 nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, através do portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS); nas bases Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF), por meio do portal da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); e nas bases CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus. Estudos não publicados foram buscados na literatura cinza (Google Scholar, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações CAPES - Brasil e Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD).

Esta revisão incluiu estudos qualitativos e quantitativos, com foco em intervenções educativas voltadas à prevenção do CCU em mulheres adultas. Estudos qualitativos de quaisquer abordagens teórica e metodológica foram considerados, assim como estudos publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português, sem limite de data.

Foram excluídos estudos de intervenção que abordaram outros tipos de câncer (câncer de mama, câncer de cólon, colo retal e outros), que utilizaram apenas carta convite ou lembrete para o exame de Papanicolaou, sem conteúdo educativo baseado na literatura ou em teoria. Revisões sistemáticas ou integrativas e protocolos de estudos também foram excluídos, por não apresentarem, de forma detalhada, os elementos da intervenção educativa (modo de entrega, dose, materiais educacionais, interventor). As discordâncias foram resolvidas pela discussão entre os dois revisores e, quando necessário, por um terceiro revisor.

Todos os títulos e resumos recuperados nas buscas foram agrupados no banco de dados de gerenciamento de referência Mendeley® para a identificação e exclusão de duplicatas. Para seleção e avaliação dos estudos da amostra, foi utilizado o software Rayyan(2020 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
). A pré-seleção dos estudos foi realizada pela leitura do título e do resumo por dois revisores, de forma independente, com base nos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos.

A extração dos dados dos estudos incluídos na revisão foi realizada usando instrumento de extração de dados padronizado (Apêndice 2). Os dados gerais extraídos incluíram dados dos autores, ano de publicação, objetivos, métodos, desenho do estudo, desfechos, características da população-alvo (idade, raça/etnia), características da intervenção (estratégias educativas, modo de entrega, dose, interventor), estrutura teórica, tipo de intervenção (individual, grupo ou multicomponente) e principais resultados da intervenção.

RESULTADOS

A Figura 1 expressa os resultados da busca e seleção apresentados pelo fluxograma PRISMA-ScR(1919 Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850...
). Após a leitura, alguns estudos foram excluídos, por não descreverem os elementos da intervenção e o tipo de teoria utilizada, restando 33 artigos para análise.

Figura 1
Fluxograma de busca dos estudos baseado no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, Coari, Amazonas, Brasil, 2022

Nos estudos analisados, o desenho mais utilizado foi o quase-experimental, que apareceu em 18 estudos (54,5%)(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...

12 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...
-1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...

22 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...

23 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...

24 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....

25 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...

26 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...

27 Lee HY, Koopmeiners JS, Rhee TG, Raveis VH, Ahluwalia JS. Mobile phone text messaging intervention for cervical cancer screening: Changes in knowledge and behavior pre-post intervention. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):26-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.000000000000...

28 Lima TM, Nicolau AIO, Carvalho FHC, Vasconcelos CTM, Aquino PS, Pinheiro AKB. Intervenções por telefone para adesão ao exame colpocitológico1. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2844
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2...

29 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...

30 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...

31 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...

32 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...

33 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
-3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
). Doze estudos eram ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR)(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
,1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
,1212 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...

36 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...

38 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...

39 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...

40 Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Chen C. The effect of peer-led navigation approach as a form of task shifting in promoting cervical cancer screening knowledge, intention, and practices among urban women in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Control. 2022;29:10732748221089480. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221089480
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274822108948...

41 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...

42 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
-4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
); dois eram estudos piloto do tipo pré-teste e pós-teste(1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
); e um era estudo de método misto(1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
). A maioria dos estudos foi realizado nos EUA (36,3%)(1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2727 Lee HY, Koopmeiners JS, Rhee TG, Raveis VH, Ahluwalia JS. Mobile phone text messaging intervention for cervical cancer screening: Changes in knowledge and behavior pre-post intervention. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):26-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.000000000000...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
-3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...

42 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...

43 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
-4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
), Irã (30,3%)(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2424 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....
,3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
-3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
) e Turquia (9,1%)(1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
,2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
-2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
), publicados entre 2007 e 2022 (Quadro 1).

Quadro 1
Descrição das principais características dos estudos analisados

A população da maioria dos estudos analisados era composta por mulheres de 21 a 65 anos, imigrantes, hispânicas/latinas, e de ambientes rurais, com histórico de baixa adesão ao exame de Papanicolaou, sem história prévia de CCU, casadas, não grávidas, que nunca receberam educação em saúde sobre CCU e sem seguro de saúde. O tamanho total da amostra nesta revisão foi de 151.457 (Quadro 1).

Em relação ao contexto, a maior parte dos estudos foi realizada em centros de saúde comunitários (n=19)(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...

8 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
-99 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...
,1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...

12 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...
-1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2424 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....
,2828 Lima TM, Nicolau AIO, Carvalho FHC, Vasconcelos CTM, Aquino PS, Pinheiro AKB. Intervenções por telefone para adesão ao exame colpocitológico1. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2844
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2...
,3030 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...

31 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...

32 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
-3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
-3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
,3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4040 Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Chen C. The effect of peer-led navigation approach as a form of task shifting in promoting cervical cancer screening knowledge, intention, and practices among urban women in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Control. 2022;29:10732748221089480. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221089480
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274822108948...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
,4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
), seguida de centros comunitários (n=5)(1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
,2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
), igrejas (n=4)(2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
-3737 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
), domicílio (n=3)(2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
,2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
-2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
), além de um estudo realizado em ambiente prisional(1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
) e um em ambiente virtual(2727 Lee HY, Koopmeiners JS, Rhee TG, Raveis VH, Ahluwalia JS. Mobile phone text messaging intervention for cervical cancer screening: Changes in knowledge and behavior pre-post intervention. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):26-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.000000000000...
). Os desenhos dos estudos analisados, amostra, país e características sociodemográficas da população-alvo estão representados no Quadro 1. As principais variáveis avaliadas nos estudos analisados foram conhecimento, atitude, autoeficácia e comportamento de adesão ao exame de Papanicolaou.

As estratégias de ensino mais comuns foram as sessões de discussão participativa realizadas em grupos, nas quais as mulheres tinham a oportunidade de tirar dúvidas e expressar questões pessoais relacionadas à prevenção do CCU(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...

9 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...

10 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...

11 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...

12 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...

13 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3737 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
-4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
). Outras estratégias utilizadas foram palestra(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
-88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
-1212 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...
,2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
,3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
), aula expositiva(99 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...
,1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
) e jogos de cartas(3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
).

Os folhetos educativos, ou cartilhas, foram os recursos mais utilizados como material de apoio ou complementar, com a finalidade de reforçar o conteúdo(3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
-4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
). Geralmente, esses materiais eram entregues ao final da atividade educativa(1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2424 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....

25 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
-2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
-3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,3737 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
). Outros recursos visuais foram utilizados, como flipchart(1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,3030 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
-3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
), PowerPoint(3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
-3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
) e cartazes(3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
), além de recursos audiovisuais, como vídeos informativos(2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
-2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
-3030 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...
,3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
-3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
), filmes(1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
,4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
), novelas(3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
), infográficos(3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
), role-play(2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
), mostras práticas(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
) e telegrama(4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
).

A educação por entrevista via contato telefônico também foi utilizada em alguns estudos para fornecer explicações sobre o CCU e seus riscos, a finalidade do exame colpocitológico, a importância da periodicidade correta do exame, os cuidados pré-exame, além de informações sobre o retorno para acessar o resultado pós-exame(2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
,2828 Lima TM, Nicolau AIO, Carvalho FHC, Vasconcelos CTM, Aquino PS, Pinheiro AKB. Intervenções por telefone para adesão ao exame colpocitológico1. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2844
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
).

Outra estratégia utilizada foi a PLNav, usada para auxiliar as mulheres no acesso aos serviços de saúde por meio de profissionais da mesma comunidade que trabalham, falam a mesma língua e/ou se originam do mesmo contexto que a população-alvo. Esse formato foi aplicado em estudos que demonstraram aumento no conhecimento sobre o rastreamento e triagem do CCU entre as mulheres participantes(2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,4040 Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Chen C. The effect of peer-led navigation approach as a form of task shifting in promoting cervical cancer screening knowledge, intention, and practices among urban women in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Control. 2022;29:10732748221089480. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221089480
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274822108948...
).

O conteúdo das atividades educativas empregado nas intervenções abordou temas referentes ao CCU, incluindo fatores de risco, formas de prevenção da doença e possíveis sintomas, com destaque para a importância da realização do exame de Papanicolaou. Além disso, muitas intervenções abordaram os benefícios e barreiras em relação ao exame de Papanicolaou, incluindo conhecimentos, atitudes, crenças e informações sobre acesso aos serviços de saúde. Algumas atividades também enfatizavam a relação do CCU e a infecção causada pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV), comportamentos de estilo de vida saudável, incluindo nutrição saudável, atividade física e controle de peso.

As atividades educativas ocorreram em sessão única em grande parte dos estudos analisados (n=14), com duração de 40 a 60 minutos(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
-2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,2828 Lima TM, Nicolau AIO, Carvalho FHC, Vasconcelos CTM, Aquino PS, Pinheiro AKB. Intervenções por telefone para adesão ao exame colpocitológico1. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2844
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2...
-2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...

36 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
-3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4040 Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Chen C. The effect of peer-led navigation approach as a form of task shifting in promoting cervical cancer screening knowledge, intention, and practices among urban women in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Control. 2022;29:10732748221089480. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221089480
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274822108948...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
). Na maior parte dos estudos, a atividade educativa foi realizada em grupo e entregue por Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS)(1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
-2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
-3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
). Cabe destacar que, em apenas quatro estudos, ficou explícita a participação do enfermeiro na entrega da intervenção educativa(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
).

Sobre modelo teórico utilizado, o mais frequente como base para a intervenção foi o MCS, que tem a finalidade de aumentar o conhecimento, melhorar as atitudes, ampliar a percepção sobre os benefícios do exame e a motivação em saúde, além de diminuir as barreiras para a realização do exame de Papanicolaou, fatores que podem contribuir para a prevenção do CCU(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
-88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
,1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
-3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
).

A Teoria da Motivação da Proteção foi usada em dois estudos, e incorpora o processo cognitivo em uma estrutura conceitual que descreve a intenção e comportamento(2424 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
). Dois estudos utilizaram os princípios mapping, que consideram as necessidades observadas empiricamente na população alvo(3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
). Nesses estudos, a intervenção foi aplicada por ACS(3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...
).

Estudos também utilizaram o Modelo Crenças, Atitudes, Normas subjetivas e fatores facilitadores (BASNEF)(99 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...
), a TSC(2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
), a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado(1212 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...
), o modelo conceitual PRECEDE-PROCEED(1010 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...
) e o Modelo de Comportamento de Fogg(2727 Lee HY, Koopmeiners JS, Rhee TG, Raveis VH, Ahluwalia JS. Mobile phone text messaging intervention for cervical cancer screening: Changes in knowledge and behavior pre-post intervention. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):26-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.000000000000...
), entre outros. Doze artigos incluídos nesta revisão utilizaram modelos teóricos combinados(1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
-2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,3030 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...
,3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,3636 Byrd TL, Wilson KM, Smith JL, Coronado G, Vernon SW, Fernandez-Esquer ME, et al. AMIGAS: a multicity, multicomponent cervical cancer prevention trial among Mexican American women. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1365-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27926...

37 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
-3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4040 Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Chen C. The effect of peer-led navigation approach as a form of task shifting in promoting cervical cancer screening knowledge, intention, and practices among urban women in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Control. 2022;29:10732748221089480. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221089480
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274822108948...
-4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
-4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
).

A análise dos estudos mostrou que estratégias educativas, baseadas em teorias e culturalmente sensíveis, podem ser utilizadas, de forma combinada, para a prevenção do CCU, com destaque para as discussões em grupo e palestras. Intervenções educativas que abordam o conhecimento sobre o CCU, as barreiras ao rastreamento e a importância da realização do exame de Papanicolaou parecem influenciar as crenças em saúde e comportamento das mulheres. Intervenções educativas que contam com a colaboração do ACS podem contribuir na redução das barreiras ao rastreamento.

DISCUSSÃO

O CCU ainda é comum em mulheres. Esta revisão analisou trinta e três estudos que utilizaram intervenções educativas direcionadas para a prevenção do CCU em mulheres com idades ≥18 anos, em qualquer contexto de cuidado.

Com o avanço tecnológico, pode-se pensar no uso de diversas estratégias educativas para educar a população sobre um determinado tema. No entanto, é importante considerar os recursos disponíveis, as características da população-alvo (por exemplo, nível educacional) e a viabilidade de aplicação da tecnologia. Na presente revisão, as sessões de discussão em grupo(88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...

9 Hosseini Z, Mohseni S, Momeni R, Aghamolaei T, Alavi A. Increasing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Iran: effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1311063...

10 Koç Z, Özdeş EK, Topatan S, Çinarli T, Şener A, Danaci E, et al. The impact of education about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus on women’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and beliefs: using the PRECEDE Educational Model. Cancer Nurs. 2019;42(2):106-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000570
https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.000000000000...

11 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...

12 Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F, Rakhshan F, Mahboubi M, Emdadi S. Pap smear test promotion among women: an educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior. J Biol Today’s World [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(4):100-3. Available from: https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-1398623374.pdf
https://oaji.net/articles/2014/598-13986...

13 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
,3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3737 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4141 Mishra SI, Luce PH, Baquet CR. Increasing Pap Smear Utilization among Samoan Women: results from a community based participatory randomized trial. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):85-101. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.0.0160...
,4444 Fleming K, Simmons VN, Christy SM, Sutton SK, Romo M, Luque JS, et al. Educating hispanic women about cervical cancer prevention: feasibility of a promotora-led charla intervention in a farmworker community. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.169...
-4545 Jeihooni AK, Jormand H, Harsini PA. The effect of educational program based on beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on doing pap-smear test in sample of Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01419...
) e os folhetos educativos foram as estratégias mais utilizadas para promover comportamentos de prevenção(1111 McDonough AM, Vargas M, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Garcia M, Galvez G, Rios-Ellis B. Mujer sana, familia fuerte: the effects of a culturally-relevant, community-based, promotores program to increase cervical cancer screening among Latinas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(2):568-79. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094
https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2016.0094...
,1414 Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract. 2015;16(3):432-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914541658...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2424 Ghahremani L, Harami ZK, Kaveh MH, Keshavarzi S. Investigation of the Role of Training Health Volunteers in Promoting Pap Smear Test Use among Iranian Women Based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1157
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3....

25 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
-2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
-3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,3737 Calderón-Mora J, Byrd TL, Alomari A, Salaiz R, Dwivedi A, Mallawaarachchi I, et al. Group versus individual culturally tailored and theory-based education to promote cervical cancer screening among the underserved Hispanics: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119871004...
,3939 Malmir S, Barati M, Jeihooni AK, Bashirian S. Effect of an educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on preventing cervical cancer among marginalized women in West Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018;19(3):755-61. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.755
https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
), provavelmente porque seu baixo custo os torna acessíveis e garante a entrega do conteúdo educativo necessário.

Na presente pesquisa, as sessões de discussão e os folhetos educativos apareceram combinados entre si, ou de forma complementar, a outras metodologias, como vídeos, palestras, ligação telefônica, entre outras. Revisão sistemática que avaliou os efeitos de intervenções educativas sobre o comportamento do rastreamento do CCU mostrou que os diversos métodos utilizados melhoraram os comportamentos de prevenção entre as mulheres(4646 Ghare-Naz MS, Kariman N, Ebadi A, Ozgoli G, Ghasemi V, Rashidi-Fakari F, et al. Educational interventions for cervical cancer screening behavior of women: a systematic review. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(4):875-84. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2018.19.4.875
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2018.19...
).

Os estudos que utilizaram vídeo como estratégia educativa mostraram aumento significativo do conhecimento do CCU. As mulheres participantes relataram maior segurança para agendar o exame Papanicolau, sugerindo que o vídeo pode ser um meio potencialmente útil para comunicar informações de saúde(2222 Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Sasu E, Amponsem-Boateng C, Akpabla GS, et al. The impact of video-based educational interventions on cervical cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Front Public Health. 2021;9:681319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.68131...
-2323 Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1298-302. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0091
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07...
,2929 Love GD, Mouttapa M, Tanjasiri SP. Everybody’s talking: using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(5):829-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019...
-3030 Luque JS, Tarasenko YN, Reyes-Garcia C, Alfonso ML, Suazo N, Rebing L, et al. Salud es vida: a cervical cancer screening intervention for rural Latina Immigrant Women. J Cancer Educ Off. 2017;32(4):690-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0978-...
,3333 Thompson B, Vilchis H, Moran C, Copeland W, Holte S, Duggan C. Increasing cervical cancer screening in the United States-Mexico border region. J Rural Heal Off J Am Rural Heal Assoc Natl Rural Heal Care Assoc. 2014;30(2):196-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044
https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12044...
-3434 Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX. Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(3):463-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1422...
,3838 Calderon-Mora J, Alomari A, Shokar N. Comparison of narrative video and flipchart presentation to promote cervical cancer screening among Latinas along the border. Health Educ Behav. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221074918
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198122107491...
,4343 Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer. 2017;123(4):666-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30399...
).

O telefonema também foi uma estratégia utilizada para fornecer informações a respeito do CCU(2828 Lima TM, Nicolau AIO, Carvalho FHC, Vasconcelos CTM, Aquino PS, Pinheiro AKB. Intervenções por telefone para adesão ao exame colpocitológico1. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2844
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1683.2...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
) ou como forma de convite para mulheres que não responderam inicialmente ao exame de rastreamento(2525 Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Yenen MC. Effectiveness of nursing interventions to increase pap smear test screening. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(2):146-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21526...
). Consistente com uma revisão de escopo, o contato por telefone elevou o comparecimento ao serviço de saúde para a realização do exame de Papanicolaou(4747 Bhochhibhoya S, Dobbs PD, Maness SB. Interventions using health strategies to improve screening rates of cervical cancer: a scoping review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2021;76(12):737-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106387
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106...
).

O conteúdo das atividades educativas empregado nos estudos analisados se assemelha aos achados de revisão sistemática que concluiu que as intervenções enfatizam principalmente o CCU, o exame de Papanicolaou e o HPV(4848 Agide FD, Garmaroudi G, Sadeghi R, Shakibazadeh E, Yaseri M, Koricha ZB, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of health education interventions to increase cervical cancer screening uptake. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(6):1156-62. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky197
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky197...
). Programas educativos eficazes visando à conscientização sobre o CCU precisam de planejamento sofisticado e abrangente e da avaliação das necessidades do público-alvo, como o nível de conhecimento, crenças, atitudes e comportamentos.

No presente estudo, a maioria das participantes era latina ou de comunidades rurais. As mulheres latinas expressaram melhor resposta às intervenções educativas; no entanto, foram mais propensas a serem diagnosticadas em estágio avançado da doença, devido às taxas de rastreamento relativamente baixas, pior qualidade de vida e ausência de seguro de saúde(4949 Atere-Roberts J, Smith JL, Hall IJ. Interventions to increase breast and cervical cancer screening uptake among rural women: a scoping review. Cancer Causes Control. 2020;31(11):965-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01340-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01340...
). As mulheres de áreas rurais apresentaram uma série de barreiras para obter cuidados de saúde, como distância de viagem, dificuldades de transporte e acesso a cuidados especializados(4949 Atere-Roberts J, Smith JL, Hall IJ. Interventions to increase breast and cervical cancer screening uptake among rural women: a scoping review. Cancer Causes Control. 2020;31(11):965-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01340-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01340...
).

Os estudos que utilizaram o MCS indicaram que oferecer informações sobre os fatores de risco do CCU e detecção precoce são elementos cruciais para aumentar a intenção de realizar o rastreamento do CCU e que as intervenções educativas entregues por ACS ajudaram a reduzir as disparidades do CCU entre as mulheres de diferentes contextos(77 Samami E, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1). https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_20
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_33_2...
-88 Ernawati, Oktaviana D, Mantasia, Yusuf RA, Sumarmi. The effect of health education based on the health belief model about pap smear test on women in rural district Indonesia. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021;21(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636
https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2636...
,1313 Pirzadeh A, Mazaheri MA. The effect of education on women’s practice based on the health belief model about pap smear test. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 17];3(8):585-90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429807/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Daryani S, Shojaeezadeh D, Batebi A, Charati JY, Naghibi A. The effect of education based on a health belief model in women’s practice with regard to the Pap smear test. J Cancer Policy. 2016;8:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.11.0...
,2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,3131 Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, Karami M. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(6):1525-30. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.6.1525
https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18...
-3232 Shobeiri F, Shobeiri F, Javad M, Parsa P, Roshanaei G. Effects of group training based on the health belief model on knowledge and behavior regarding the pap smear test in Iranian Women: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(6):2871-2876. https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871
https://doi.org/APJCP.2016.17.6.2871...
,3535 Abu SH, Woldehanna BT, Nida ET, Tilahun AW, Gebremariam MY, Sisay MM. The role of health education on cervical cancer screening uptake at selected health centers in Addis Ababa. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239580
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
).

O uso de cartilhas educativas pode ser eficaz para aumentar o rastreamento, quando o objetivo é atingir muitas mulheres, com pouco ou nenhum conhecimento sobre o CCU(2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
). Por outro lado, fornecer informações individuais por telefone, explicar a importância do assunto e fazer um convite pessoal podem ser estratégias mais eficazes na redução de barreiras(2626 Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions on increasing participation in cervical cancer screening. J Nurs Res. 2019;27(5):e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317
https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
).

Estudo revelou aumento significativo nas taxas de rastreamento em intervenções lideradas por ACS, podendo ser uma abordagem útil na medida em que usa relacionamentos confiáveis entre pares para fornecer educação e promover comportamentos saudáveis, com ênfase na prevenção do CCU(4242 O’Brien MJ, Halbert CH, Bixby R, Pimentel S, Shea JA. Community health worker intervention to decrease cervical cancer disparities in Hispanic women. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(11):1186-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1434-...
).

O modelo teórico mais utilizado pelos estudos incluídos nesta revisão foi o MCS, à semelhança de dados observados em revisão sistemática e meta-análise que evidenciou que esse modelo pode ser eficaz na promoção da adesão ao exame de Papanicolaou(5050 Simbar M, Ghazanfarpour M, Abdolahian S. Effects of training based on the health belief model on Iranian women’s performance about cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:179. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_684_19
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_684_...
).

Limitações do estudo

O presente estudo apresenta como limitação a ausência de verificação das referências dos estudos analisados para localizar estudos adicionais.

Contribuições para a área da enfermagem

Intervenções educativas têm potencial para aumentar o conhecimento, modificar crenças em saúde e reduzir barreiras para a prevenção do CCU. Intervenções baseadas em teoria e culturalmente sensíveis parecem ter impacto positivo na saúde das mulheres. A presente pesquisa revelou baixa participação dos enfermeiros nos programas de intervenção educativa, e questiona-se se a participação desse profissional poderia contribuir na redução de barreiras para os comportamentos de prevenção em saúde. Essa hipótese deve ser testada em futuros estudos.

CONCLUSÕES

A análise dos estudos mostrou que diferentes estratégias educativas podem ser utilizadas, de forma combinada, para a prevenção do CCU, com destaque para as discussões em grupo e palestras. Os folhetos educativos foram utilizados como material de apoio. O conteúdo das intervenções enfatizou o conhecimento sobre o CCU, as barreiras ao rastreamento e a importância da realização do exame de Papanicolaou.

A maior parte dos estudos indicou benefícios da atuação do ACS, e poucos contaram com o enfermeiro como interventor. Estudos que testem intervenções educativas baseadas em teoria, culturalmente sensíveis, tendo o enfermeiro como interventor, são necessários para avaliar o impacto dessas intervenções na saúde das mulheres.

  • FOMENTO
    O presente estudo foi realizado com apoio da CAPES - Brasil - Código de Financiamento 0001.

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Editado por

EDITOR CHEFE: Dulce Barbosa
EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Hugo Fernandes

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    27 Nov 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    24 Jan 2023
  • Aceito
    12 Jun 2023
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