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Ponte Miocárdica: Amiga, Inimiga ou Ambas?

Ponte Miocárdica; Angina Pectoris; Insuficiência Cardíaca; Transposição das Grandes Artérias; Hamartoma

Mencionada pela primeira vez em 1737 por Reyman como achado de autópsia,11. Reyman H. Disertatio de vasis cordis propriis. [dissertation]. Gottingen: Med Diss Univ Gottingen;1727. descrita em 1922 por Crainicianu,22. Crainicianu DA. Anatomische Studien über die Coronararterien und experimentelle Untersuchungen über ihre Durchgängigkeit. Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin. 1922;238:1-75. Doi:10.1007/BFO1944-331
https://doi.org/10.1007/BFO1944-331...
nomeada por Polacek33. Polacek P, Kralove H. Relation of myocardial bridges and loops on the coronary arteries to coronary occulsions. Am Heart J. 1961;61:44-52. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(61)90515-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(61)905...
em 1956 e angiograficamente demonstrada por Portmann e Iwig44. Portmann WC, Iwig J. Die intramurale koronarie im angiogramm. Fortschr Rontgenstr.1960;92:129-32. em 1960, a ponte miocárdica abrange a porção tunelizada de uma artéria coronária, enquanto a banda muscular que a envolve é denominada ponte miocárdica (PM). Uma ponte miocárdica pode permanecer silenciosa por toda a vida ou causar uma miríade de sintomas clínicos – desde angina,55. Dai S, Xiao Z, Chen C, Yao W, Qian J, Yang J. Nomogram to predict recurrent chest pain in patients with myocardial bridging. Eur Radiol. 2023;33(6):3848-56. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-09305-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-09305...
e isquemia,66. Teofilovski-Parapid G, Kanjuh V, Parapid B. Myocardial bridging phenomenon and myocardial ischemia. Med Data Rev. 2009;1(3):15-20. passando por síncope77. Sun Y, Hu B, Feng L, Dong J, Huang X, Cai S, et al. A Case of Syncope in a Child due to the Large Segment of Myocardial Bridge. Int Heart J. 2022;63(2):416-20. doi: 10.1536/ihj.21-565.
https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.21-565...
com arritmia77. Sun Y, Hu B, Feng L, Dong J, Huang X, Cai S, et al. A Case of Syncope in a Child due to the Large Segment of Myocardial Bridge. Int Heart J. 2022;63(2):416-20. doi: 10.1536/ihj.21-565.
https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.21-565...
, 88. Falconer D, Yousfani S, Herrey AS, Lambiase P, Captur G. Therapeutic Dilemmas Faced When Managing a Life-Threatening Presentation of a Myocardial Bridge. Case Rep Cardiol. 2022;2022:8148241. doi: 10.1155/2022/8148241.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8148241...
e insuficiência cardíaca99. Seferović PM, Polovina M, Bauersachs J, Arad M, Ben Gal T, Lund LH, et al. Heart failure in cardiomyopathies: a position paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):553-76. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1461.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1461...
até morte súbita1010. Sunnassee A, Shaohua Z, Liang R, Liang L. Unexpected death of a young woman: is myocardial bridging significant?--A case report and review of literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2011;7(1):42-6. doi: 10.1007/s12024-010-9175-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9175-...
, 1111. Aden D, Phulware RH, Mittal S, Ahuja A. Myocardial bridging - Sudden unexpected death of a young girl: A case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2022;65(1):157-9. doi: 10.4103/ijpm.Ijpm_1177_20.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpm.Ijpm_1177_2...
– entretanto, nem as crianças são poupadas do quadro da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMPH).77. Sun Y, Hu B, Feng L, Dong J, Huang X, Cai S, et al. A Case of Syncope in a Child due to the Large Segment of Myocardial Bridge. Int Heart J. 2022;63(2):416-20. doi: 10.1536/ihj.21-565.
https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.21-565...
, 1212. Maeda K, Schnittger I, Murphy DJ, Tremmel JA, Boyd JH, Peng L, et al. Surgical unroofing of hemodynamically significant myocardial bridges in a pediatric population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;156(4):1618-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.081.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01....

Do ponto de vista anatomopatológico, três questões principais permanecem sem resposta: (1) As diferenças étnicas tornam alguns cantos do mundo mais suscetíveis a nascer com essa anomalia congênita da artéria coronária? (2) Quais são as implicações de PMs únicas ou múltiplas de vasos únicos ou múltiplos, mesmo na ausência de CMPH? Além disso, (3) Qual é a carga aterosclerótica real do segmento tunelizado e periponte?

Nesta edição dos Archivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o artigo original de Lucena et al.,1313. Lucena JD, Brito HM, Sanders JVS, Cavalcante JB. Incidence and Morphological Study of Myocardial Bridge in the State of Ceará: A Cadaveric Study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220460. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(7):e20220460.
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220460...
nos dá um vislumbre das 3 questões não respondidas em sua amostra local do estado brasileiro do Ceará, um estado multiétnico per se , onde os autores identificaram presença dominante de PM no sistema coronariano esquerdo com maior índice muscular [IMM= comprimento da PM X espessura da PM (mm)] da PM do que o encontrado em outros ramos acometidos implicando pior prognóstico.

Globalmente, esses achados implicam que a diversidade populacional e a inclusão nas análises sempre importam, pois os números continuam variando tanto na autópsia.1414. Tomanović-Koković J, Teofilovski-Parapid G, Oklobdzija M, Kanjuhl V, Kovacević S, Parapid B, et al. [Influence of the myocardial bridging phenomenon on the myocardial structure and the coronary arteries wall structure changes]. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2006;63(2):148-52. doi: 10.2298/vsp0602148t.
https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp0602148t...

15. Loukas M, Curry B, Bowers M, Louis RG, Jr., Bartczak A, Kiedrowski M, et al. The relationship of myocardial bridges to coronary artery dominance in the adult human heart. J Anat. 2006;209(1):43-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00590.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006...

16. Teofilovski-Parapid G, Jankovic R, Kanjuh V, Virmani R, Danchin N, Prates N, et al. Myocardial bridges, neither rare nor isolated-Autopsy study. Ann Anat. 2017;210:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.09.007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.09....
- 1717. Otsuka T, Ueki Y, Kawai K, Sato Y, Losdat S, Windecker S, et al. Definition of Myocardial Bridge by Optical Coherence Tomography: Validation by Angiography, IVUS, and Histology. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16(5):716-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.11.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.11.0...
quanto na angiografia.1818. Şenöz O, Yapan Emren Z. Is myocardial bridge more frequently detected on radial access coronary angiography? BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):564. doi: 10.1186/s12872-021-02382-y.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02382...

19. Doriot PA, Dorsaz PA, Noble J. Could increased axial wall stress be responsible for the development of atheroma in the proximal segment of myocardial bridges? Theor Biol Med Model. 2007;4:29. doi: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-29.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-4-29...

20. Bárczi G, Becker D, Sydó N, Ruzsa Z, Vágó H, Oláh A, et al. Impact of Clinical and Morphological Factors on Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Myocardial Bridge. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(5):129. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9050129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9050129...
- 2121. Darabont RO, Vișoiu IS, Magda Ș L, Stoicescu C, Vintilă VD, Udroiu C, et al. Implications of Myocardial Bridge on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Survival. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(4):948. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12040948.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040...
As PMs tendem a se localizar mais no sistema esquerdo, e Loukas et al.,1515. Loukas M, Curry B, Bowers M, Louis RG, Jr., Bartczak A, Kiedrowski M, et al. The relationship of myocardial bridges to coronary artery dominance in the adult human heart. J Anat. 2006;209(1):43-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00590.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006...
descobriram que é dependente da dominância da artéria coronária em sua amostra; no entanto, PMs sobre a artéria coronária direita também são descritas,2222. Caminiti R, Vetta G, Parlavecchio A. Right coronary myocardial bridging: An extremely rare case. Am J Med Sci. 2023;365(5):e84-e5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.12.021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2022.12....
enquanto presença concomitante com valva aórtica quadricúspide,2323. Sopek Merkaš I, Lakušić N, Paar MH. Quadricuspid aortic valve and right ventricular type of myocardial bridging in an asymptomatic middle-aged woman: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2022;10(25):8954-61. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i25.8954.
https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i25.89...
transposição de grandes artérias,2424. Vaikunth SS, Murphy DJ, Tremmel JA, Schnittger I, Mitchell RS, Maeda K, et al. Symptomatic Myocardial Bridging in D-Transposition of the Great Arteries Post-Arterial Switch. JACC Case Rep. 2023 Feb 15;8:101730. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.101730.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.10...
hamartoma,2525. Bianchi G, Zancanaro E, Pucci A, Solinas M. Hamartoma of mature cardiomyocytes presenting with atypical angina, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography uptake, and myocardial bridging: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2023;7(3):ytad077. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad077.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/ytad077...
Takotsubo e dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária2626. Kegai S, Sato K, Goto K, Ozawa T, Kimura T, Kobayashi K, et al. Coexistence of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, and Myocardial Bridge. JACC Case Rep. 2021;3(2):250-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.11.042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.11...
, 2727. Gianos E, Dwivedi A. Three’s Company: A Rare Case of a Myocardial Bridge With Concomitant SCAD and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. JACC Case Rep. 2021;3(2):255-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.12.025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.12...
foram recentemente relatados.

Como as ferramentas de diagnóstico avançaram substancialmente nas últimas duas décadas,2828. Sternheim D, Power DA, Samtani R, Kini A, Fuster V, Sharma S. Myocardial Bridging: Diagnosis, Functional Assessment, and Management: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):2196-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.859.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.8...
a avaliação de pacientes PM que se apresentaram a um cardiologista permanece em função da logística local1717. Otsuka T, Ueki Y, Kawai K, Sato Y, Losdat S, Windecker S, et al. Definition of Myocardial Bridge by Optical Coherence Tomography: Validation by Angiography, IVUS, and Histology. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16(5):716-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.11.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.11.0...
, 2020. Bárczi G, Becker D, Sydó N, Ruzsa Z, Vágó H, Oláh A, et al. Impact of Clinical and Morphological Factors on Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Myocardial Bridge. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(5):129. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9050129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9050129...
, 2929. Aleksandric S, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Beleslin B, Parapid B, Teofilovski-Parapid G, Stepanovic J, et al. Noninvasive assessment of myocardial bridging by coronary flow velocity reserve with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography: vasodilator vs. inotropic stimulation. Int J Cardiol. 2016;225:37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09...

30. McLaughlin T, Schnittger I, Nagy A, Zanley E, Xu Y, Song Y, et al. Relationship Between Coronary Atheroma, Epicardial Adipose Tissue Inflammation, and Adipocyte Differentiation Across the Human Myocardial Bridge. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(22):e021003. doi: 10.1161/jaha.121.021003.
https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.121.021003...

31. Lu Y, Liu H, Zhu Z, Wang S, Liu Q, Qiu J, et al. Assessment of myocardial bridging and the pericoronary fat attenuation index on coronary computed tomography angiography: predicting coronary artery disease risk. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):145. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03146-6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-023-03146...
- 3232. Bullock-Palmer RP. Utility of myocardial blood flow assessment with dynamic CZT single photon emission computed tomography in patients with myocardial bridging: Is this ‘wishful thinking’ in this dynamic situation? J Nucl Cardiol. 2023 Jun 20; doi: 10.1007/s12350-023-03319-y. online ahead of print
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-023-03319...
e da experiência em manejo de longo prazo. No entanto, antes de chegarmos à decisão de tratamento, o quando, o onde e como as PMs se tornam amigas, inimigas ou ambas, de nossos pacientes em função de seu papel na aterogênese permanece o ponto central.

Enquanto Matta et al.,3333. Matta A, Canitrot R, Nader V, Blanco S, Campelo-Parada F, Bouisset F, et al. Left anterior descending myocardial bridge: Angiographic prevalence and its association to atherosclerosis. Indian Heart J. 2021;73(4):429-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2021.01.018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2021.01.01...
e Darabant et al.,2121. Darabont RO, Vișoiu IS, Magda Ș L, Stoicescu C, Vintilă VD, Udroiu C, et al. Implications of Myocardial Bridge on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Survival. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(4):948. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12040948.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040...
consideram a presença de PM associada à redução do risco aterosclerótico e até mesmo protetora em seguimento de 10 anos, respectivamente, McLaughlin et al.,3030. McLaughlin T, Schnittger I, Nagy A, Zanley E, Xu Y, Song Y, et al. Relationship Between Coronary Atheroma, Epicardial Adipose Tissue Inflammation, and Adipocyte Differentiation Across the Human Myocardial Bridge. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(22):e021003. doi: 10.1161/jaha.121.021003.
https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.121.021003...
e Lu et al.,3131. Lu Y, Liu H, Zhu Z, Wang S, Liu Q, Qiu J, et al. Assessment of myocardial bridging and the pericoronary fat attenuation index on coronary computed tomography angiography: predicting coronary artery disease risk. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):145. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03146-6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-023-03146...
mostraram independentemente que a aterosclerose ligada à PM é mediada por mecanismos complexos mediados por adipogênese e angiogênese. O achado prevalente de aterosclerose proximal a PM é confirmado por numerosos autores,66. Teofilovski-Parapid G, Kanjuh V, Parapid B. Myocardial bridging phenomenon and myocardial ischemia. Med Data Rev. 2009;1(3):15-20. , 1414. Tomanović-Koković J, Teofilovski-Parapid G, Oklobdzija M, Kanjuhl V, Kovacević S, Parapid B, et al. [Influence of the myocardial bridging phenomenon on the myocardial structure and the coronary arteries wall structure changes]. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2006;63(2):148-52. doi: 10.2298/vsp0602148t.
https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp0602148t...
, 1919. Doriot PA, Dorsaz PA, Noble J. Could increased axial wall stress be responsible for the development of atheroma in the proximal segment of myocardial bridges? Theor Biol Med Model. 2007;4:29. doi: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-29.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-4-29...
, 3434. Tanaka S, Okada K, Kitahara H, Luikart H, Yock PG, Yeung AC, et al. Impact of myocardial bridging on coronary artery plaque formation and long-term mortality after heart transplantation. Int J Cardiol. 2023;379:24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03...

35. Torii S, Virmani R, Finn A. Myocardial Bridge and the Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Proximal Segment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38(6):1250-1. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311065.
https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.118.3110...
- 3636. Zhang J, Duan F, Zhou Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Yang J, et al. Relationship between Different Degrees of Compression and Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Myocardial Bridge and the Risk Factors of Proximal Atherosclerosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:2087609. doi: 10.1155/2021/2087609.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2087609...
confirmando diferentes influências de longo prazo nos resultados.2020. Bárczi G, Becker D, Sydó N, Ruzsa Z, Vágó H, Oláh A, et al. Impact of Clinical and Morphological Factors on Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Myocardial Bridge. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(5):129. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9050129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9050129...
, 3737. Park JY, Choi SY, Rha SW, Choi BG, Noh YK, Kim YH. Sex Difference in Coronary Artery Spasm Tested by Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Test in Patients with Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease. J Interv Cardiol. 2022;2022:5289776. doi: 10.1155/2022/5289776.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5289776...
No entanto, com um relatório recente perturbador de PM sendo um preditor independente de arritmia fatal em pacientes com HCMP.3838. Güner A, Atmaca S, Balaban İ, Türkmen İ, Çeneli D, Türkvatan A, et al. Relationship between myocardial bridging and fatal ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the HCM-MB study. Herz. 2023 Apr 20. doi: 10.1007/s00059-023-05171-9. online ahead of print
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-023-05171...
Ao mesmo tempo, naqueles livres de CMPH, Zhang et al.,3636. Zhang J, Duan F, Zhou Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Yang J, et al. Relationship between Different Degrees of Compression and Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Myocardial Bridge and the Risk Factors of Proximal Atherosclerosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:2087609. doi: 10.1155/2021/2087609.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2087609...
encontraram correlação positiva entre compressão sistólica e eventos coronarianos adversos maiores e aterosclerose proximal à PM.

O plano de manejo privilegia o médico, incluindo a reabilitação física,2828. Sternheim D, Power DA, Samtani R, Kini A, Fuster V, Sharma S. Myocardial Bridging: Diagnosis, Functional Assessment, and Management: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):2196-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.859.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.8...
considerando que a intervenção percutânea permanece discutível mesmo nos centros mais experientes devido a inúmeras complicações de curto e longo prazo, então a inicialmente temida abertura cirúrgica oferece a solução mais promissora e permanente.3939. Najm HK, Ahmad M. Transconal Unroofing of Anomalous Left Main Coronary Artery From Right Sinus With Trans-septal Course. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;108(6):e383-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.04.021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201...

40. Charaf Z, Tanaka K, Wellens F, Nijs J, Van Loo I, Argacha JF, et al. A chart review on surgical myocardial debridging in symptomatic patients: a safe procedure with good long-term clinical outcome and coronary computed tomographic angiography results. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2023;36(1):ivac286. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivac286.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivac286...

41. Najm HK, Ahmad M, Hammoud MS, Costello JP, Karamlou T. Surgical Pearls of the Transconal Unroofing Procedure-Modifications and Midterm Outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2023;115(1):e29-e31. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.04.027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.202...

42. Boyd JH, Pargaonkar VS, Scoville DH, Rogers IS, Kimura T, Tanaka S, et al. Surgical Unroofing of Hemodynamically Significant Left Anterior Descending Myocardial Bridges. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017;103(5):1443-50. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.08.035.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201...

43. Wang H, Pargaonkar VS, Hironaka CE, Bajaj SS, Abbot CJ, O’Donnell CT, et al. Off-Pump Minithoracotomy Versus Sternotomy for Left Anterior Descending Myocardial Bridge Unroofing. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;112(5):1474-82. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.11.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.202...
- 4444. Ramponi F, Kibirpour A, Pocock E, Lattouf O, Puskas J. Unroofing of an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus. Multimed Man Cardiothorac Surg. 2023;2023. doi: 10.1510/mmcts.2022.096.
https://doi.org/10.1510/mmcts.2022.096...

Finalmente, como as disparidades de sexo nos cuidados continuam sendo a maldição da cardiologia em todo o mundo e a atual falta de diferenças de sexo em relatórios de PMs onde os homens dominam, a questão lógica parece ser se isso se deve à tradicional falta de inclusão de mulheres como pacientes em ensaios e registros que continuaram apesar da pandemia de SARS-CoV2,46,474545. Parapid B, Hachemi H, Cader FA, Alasnag M, Asanin M, Siller-Matula J, et al. Women in cardiology leadership of randomized clinical trials and participation of women in late-breaking clinical trials: has the COVID-19 pandemic changed a thing or not exactly? Eur Heart J. 2022;43(Suppl 2): doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2513.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac54...
ou é realmente uma questão de puro golpe de sorte genético que as mulheres sejam, de fato, menos afetadas. Com o objetivo de mitigar esse papel do destino e como o conceito de centros cardíacos para mulheres foi promovido globalmente,4646. Lundberg GP, Mehta LS, Sanghani RM, Patel HN, Aggarwal NR, Aggarwal NT, et al. Heart Centers for Women: Historical Perspective on Formation and Future Strategies to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2018;138(11):1155-65. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035351.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.1...
, 4747. Gulati M, Hendry C, Parapid B, Mulvagh SL. Why We Need Specialised Centres for Women’s Hearts: Changing the Face of Cardiovascular Care for Women. Eur Cardiol. 2021;16:e52. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2021.49.
https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2021.49...
o grupo sérvio4848. Parapid B, Kanjuh V, Kostić V, Polovina S, Dinić M, Lončar Z, et al. Women’s Health in Serbia - Past, Present, and Future. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2021;149(11-12):745-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/SARH211208105P.
https://doi.org/10.2298/SARH211208105P...
tem uma clínica dedicada – dentro de seu programa de coração para mulheres – para mulheres diagnosticadas com PM, entre outras anomalias da artéria coronária que endossam outras atividades de defesa do Centro do Coração Feminino “Dr. Nanette Kass Wenger” e ajudam a construir registros internacionais com o objetivo de preencher a lacuna do sexo – disparidades nos cuidados cardiovasculares. Se transformar inimigos em amigos-inimigos e amigos-inimigos em amigos em tempo integral continua sendo um desafio diário para todos os seres vivos na Terra, pelo menos não deveria ser o caso com diagnósticos facilmente detectáveis e suas complicações previsíveis e evitáveis com risco de vida no século XXI.

Referências

  • 1
    Reyman H. Disertatio de vasis cordis propriis. [dissertation]. Gottingen: Med Diss Univ Gottingen;1727.
  • 2
    Crainicianu DA. Anatomische Studien über die Coronararterien und experimentelle Untersuchungen über ihre Durchgängigkeit. Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin. 1922;238:1-75. Doi:10.1007/BFO1944-331
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  • Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Incidência e Estudo Morfológico de Pontes Miocárdicas no Estado do Ceará: Um Estudo Cadavérico

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    01 Set 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023
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