Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Mudança de Mentalidade na Doença Arterial Coronariana: Reflexões Desencadeadas pelo Sexagésimo Aniversário do Protocolo de Bruce

Protocolo Bruce; Prova de Esforço; AngioTC Coronária; Testes de Isquemia; Carga Aterosclerótica

Seis décadas se passaram desde os estudos pioneiros que levaram ao desenvolvimento do protocolo de Bruce para o teste ergométrico, primeiro apresentado por Robert Arthur Bruce (o pai da cardiologia do exercício) et al.11. Shah BN. On the 50th Anniversary of the First Description of a Multistage Exercise Treadmill Test: Re-Visiting the Birth of the ‘Bruce Protocol’. Heart. 2013;99(24):1793-4. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304003.
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-30...
, 22. Bruce RA, Blackmon JR, Jones JW, Strait G. Exercise Testing in Adult Normal Subjects and Cardiac Patients. Pediatrics. 1963;32(Suppl 7):42-56. doi: 10.1542/peds.32.4.742.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.32.4.742...
Esse marco no diagnóstico cardiovascular abriu caminhos para um melhor entendimento e manejo da Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC). Enquanto comemoramos o sexagésimo aniversário do protocolo de Bruce, ainda existem incertezas acerca do melhor método de diagnóstico e manejo da DAC.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...

4. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
- 55. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(15):1395-407. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915922...
De fato, o manejo da DAC sofreu uma importante mudança de paradigma nos últimos anos.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...

5. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(15):1395-407. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915922...
- 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
O rápido avanço de modalidades invasivas e não invasivas (por exemplo, de imagens) possibilitou melhor desempenho diagnóstico e, assim, possíveis melhorias no manejo do paciente.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
Simultaneamente, vários ensaios clínicos desafiaram alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da DAC e geraram uma ampla discussão sobre a “mudança do paradigma da DAC”: do tratamento somente da estenose e isquemia da artéria coronária para uma abordagem mais ampla, envolvendo carga aterosclerótica total, estratificação de risco, e uma visão global do manejo do paciente.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...

5. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(15):1395-407. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915922...

6. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...

7. Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, et al. Optimal Medical Therapy With or Without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1503-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070829.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070829...
- 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
Essa evolução de pensamento ocorreu paralelamente ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas invasivas e não invasivas que nos permitiram estudar as múltiplas facetas da DAC.

Do teste ergométrico clássico às modalidades modernas

O teste ergométrico, introduzido várias décadas atrás e cuja face mais visível evoluiu ao que se tornou o protocolo de Bruce, foi uma mudança de paradigma na avaliação da DAC.11. Shah BN. On the 50th Anniversary of the First Description of a Multistage Exercise Treadmill Test: Re-Visiting the Birth of the ‘Bruce Protocol’. Heart. 2013;99(24):1793-4. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304003.
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-30...
Ele possibilitou um meio não invasivo para avaliar a resposta do coração ao estresse físico, oferecendo insights valiosos para aspectos como alterações isquêmicas e arritmias.11. Shah BN. On the 50th Anniversary of the First Description of a Multistage Exercise Treadmill Test: Re-Visiting the Birth of the ‘Bruce Protocol’. Heart. 2013;99(24):1793-4. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304003.
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-30...
, 44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
A simplicidade do método, combinada com o fornecimento de dados sobre diferentes componentes da resposta cardiovascular, levou à ampla utilização do teste ergométrico.11. Shah BN. On the 50th Anniversary of the First Description of a Multistage Exercise Treadmill Test: Re-Visiting the Birth of the ‘Bruce Protocol’. Heart. 2013;99(24):1793-4. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304003.
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-30...
No entanto, o cenário evolutivo da tecnologia médica introduziu métodos alternativos, tais como a ecocardiografia de estresse e imagem nuclear e, mais recentemente, técnicas de imagens avançadas de suporte, tais como ressonância magnética cardíaca e angiotomografia computadorizada (AC).33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
De maneira lenta, mas constante, essas técnicas têm prevalecido em vários cenários, e diretrizes atuais atribuem um papel relativamente secundário para o teste ergométrico no diagnóstico de DAC, ao mesmo tempo em que destacam seu valor em inúmeros outros contextos, como na avaliação da capacidade funcional, de sintomas, do ritmo cardíaco e de distúrbios da condução, na prescrição de exercício e na cardiologia do esporte.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
, 1010. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.0...

O enigma da escolha

Com uma vasta gama de modalidades disponíveis, médicos e pesquisadores agora encaram um enigma desafiador: qual abordagem oferece a informação mais precisa e prática em diferentes populações? Embora, historicamente, a angiografia coronária tenha sido descrita como o padrão ouro no diagnóstico de DAC, seu caráter invasivo e potenciais riscos, no entanto, requerem consideração cuidadosa.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
As técnicas de imagem não invasiva oferecem insights funcionais e anatômicos detalhados, mas sua disponibilidade e custos associados podem variar consideravelmente.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...

10. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.0...

11. Carmo PBD, Magliano CADS, Rey HCV, Camargo GC, Trocado LFL, Gottlieb I. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of CCTA in SUS, as Compared to Other Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities in Suspected Obstructive CAD. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(3):578-85. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201050.
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201050...
- 1212. Valério RS, Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS. Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(6):1126-31. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210347.
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20210347...
Esse cenário diverso de potenciais escolhas demanda uma abordagem individualizada de cada paciente, integrando fatores como apresentação clínica, perfil de risco, comorbidades, preferências do paciente, e recursos disponíveis.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...

9. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
- 1010. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.0...
Além disso, entre os fatores mais importantes (embora muitas vezes esquecidos) na análise de um teste, está o equilíbrio risco-benefício e seu potencial impacto sobre as estratégias de tratamento pré-teste. Um ponto importante, caso não seja esperado que o manejo do paciente mude independentemente dos resultados do teste, então, deve-se reconhecer que muito provavelmente o teste não é apropriado.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 1010. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.0...

Além da estenose da artéria coronária: abrangendo a carga aterosclerótica

Tradicionalmente, a avaliação e o manejo da DAC giraram em torno da identificação e do tratamento de estenoses importantes da artéria coronária.88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
Contudo, pesquisas têm progressivamente revelado as limitações dessa abordagem.55. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(15):1395-407. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915922...
, 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
De fato, a ausência de placas obstrutivas na angiografia (ou seja, na angiografia coronária invasiva) não exclui a presença de anormalidades na função vascular coronária.66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
Esse conceito, associado não só a distúrbios na microcirculação e à isquemia com DAC não obstrutiva (entidade cada vez mais reconhecida), como também a outras condições como a angina vasoespática, deve ser considerada na avaliação de indivíduos com dor torácica.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
Por outro lado, nem todas as lesões estenóticas levam a eventos adversos, e algumas placas não obstrutivas podem ser vulneráveis e tender a se romperem, como mostrado elegantemente em indivíduos após uma síndrome coronária aguda.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 1313. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, de Bruyne B, Cristea E, Mintz GS, et al. A Prospective Natural-History Study of Coronary Atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002358.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1002358...
Consequentemente, um foco na carga aterosclerótica – a extensão e a distribuição da placa dentro das artérias coronárias – surgiu como um indicador mais abrangente do risco cardiovascular.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
Modalidades de imagem como o escore de cálcio coronariano, AC e imagem intravascular empoderaram médicos a quantificar a carga aterosclerótica, possibilitando uma estratificação de risco e decisões terapêuticas mais precisas e personalizadas.44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
Com uma identificação precoce dos pacientes em alto risco, os recursos podem ser alocados de maneira eficiente, e estratégias preventivas podem ser otimizadas.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
, 1414. Winchester DE, Maron DJ, Blankstein R, Chang IC, Kirtane AJ, Kwong RY, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE/ASNC/ASPC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2023 Multimodality Appropriate Use Criteria for the Detection and Risk Assessment of Chronic Coronary Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(25):2445-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.4...
, 1515. Newby DE, Adamson PD, Berry C, Boon NA, Dweck MR, Flather M, et al. Coronary CT Angiography and 5-Year Risk of Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):924-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805971.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805971...

Enquanto a troca de paradigma no entendimento atual sobre a fisiopatologia e o manejo da DAC é promissor na tentativa de melhorar os desfechos do paciente, ela também apresenta desafios significativos.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 1414. Winchester DE, Maron DJ, Blankstein R, Chang IC, Kirtane AJ, Kwong RY, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE/ASNC/ASPC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2023 Multimodality Appropriate Use Criteria for the Detection and Risk Assessment of Chronic Coronary Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(25):2445-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.4...
Como e com que frequência nós devemos quantificar a carga aterosclerótica, quais limiares e intervenções devemos usar, são algumas das questões imediatas que permanecem não respondidas. Mas, talvez o maior desafio em implementar essa troca de paradigma seja a transformação de mentalidade que será necessária em diferentes clínicas de cardiologia e departamentos. Colaboração interdisciplinar, educação continuada, e integração da medicina baseada em evidência na prática clínica são necessárias para se alcançar o potencial máximo desse novo paradigma.

Olhando adiante

A mudança de paradigma mencionada acima representa um momento crucial na área multifacetada e dinâmica da DAC. Enquanto necessidades não atendidas quanto à melhor abordagem em diferentes cenários persistem (particularmente quando são consideradas as especificidades de cada paciente), evidências têm desafiado médicos a ampliarem suas perspectivas e se moverem em direção a uma medicina mais centrada no paciente.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 99. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.0...
, 1010. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.0...
, 1414. Winchester DE, Maron DJ, Blankstein R, Chang IC, Kirtane AJ, Kwong RY, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE/ASNC/ASPC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2023 Multimodality Appropriate Use Criteria for the Detection and Risk Assessment of Chronic Coronary Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(25):2445-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.4...
Ao comemorar o aniversário de 60 anos do teste ergométrico com o protocolo de Bruce, vamos aproveitar a oportunidade de reavaliar pragmaticamente nossas estratégias para o diagnóstico e o manejo da DAC. Mudando nosso foco de lesões individuais para a carga aterosclerótica, ao implementar modelos de estratificação de risco personalizados e adotar uma abordagem holística do paciente, estamos promovendo uma nova era de tratamento da DAC, que pode ser mais precisa, abrangente, e eficaz que já houve antes. Apesar de ainda existirem várias questões que necessitem mais estudos em termos de seleção de um melhor teste em diferentes pontos do continuum da DAC, o sexagésimo aniversário do protocolo de Bruce é um lembrete do grande progresso feito no diagnóstico cardiovascular e no entendimento de sua complexa patologia.33. Berry C, Kramer CM, Kunadian V, Patel TR, Villines T, Kwong RY, et al. Great Debate: Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography Should be the Initial Diagnostic Test in Suspected Angina. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(26):2366-75. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac59...
, 44. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425...
, 66. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(9):833-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.0...
, 88. Boden WE, Marzilli M, Crea F, Mancini GBJ, Weintraub WS, Taqueti VR, et al. Evolving Management Paradigm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.8...
Nosso desafio atual como médicos é trazer todo esse conhecimento acumulado para a prática clínica e adotar estratégias baseadas em evidência para o diagnóstico e tratamento da DAC, mesmo se isso represente uma profunda mudança no paradigma que estamos historicamente seguindo.

Referências

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    » https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425
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    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.814
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    Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053
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    Winchester DE, Maron DJ, Blankstein R, Chang IC, Kirtane AJ, Kwong RY, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE/ASNC/ASPC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2023 Multimodality Appropriate Use Criteria for the Detection and Risk Assessment of Chronic Coronary Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(25):2445-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.410.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.410
  • 15
    Newby DE, Adamson PD, Berry C, Boon NA, Dweck MR, Flather M, et al. Coronary CT Angiography and 5-Year Risk of Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):924-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805971.
    » https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805971

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    24 Nov 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    Nov 2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    11 Set 2023
  • Revisado
    20 Set 2023
  • Aceito
    20 Set 2023
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