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Ecology of Haemagogus sp. and Sabethes sp. (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the microclimates of the Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil

Abstract

This study was conducted in a meteorological tower located in the Caxiuanã Forest (municipality of Melgaço, Pará, Brazil) with the aim of assessing the vertical stratification of species of Haemagogus and Sabethes, potential vectors of the yellow fever virus. To investigate the role of microclimates in mosquito stratification, bimonthly collections were conducted at ground level (0 m), 8 m, 16 m and 30 m (canopy level), with the aid of entomological nets and suction tubes, from July 2005-April 2006. A total of 25,498 mosquitoes were collected; specimens of Sabethes sp. and Haemagogus janthinomyswere found mostly at heights of 16 m and 30 m while Hg. leucocelaenus was most frequently observed at ground level. The largest number of vector species was collected during the rainiest months, but this difference between seasons was not statistically significant. However, the number of Hg. janthinomys was positively correlated with variations in temperature and relative humidity.

microclimate; ecology; tropical rainforest; Haemagogus; Sabethes


ARTICLES

Ecology of Haemagogus sp. and Sabethes sp. (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the microclimates of the Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil

Claudeth S PintoI,+ + Corresponding author: dethsp@yahoo.com.br ; Ulisses EC ConfalonieriII; Bento M MascarenhasI

IMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral 1901, 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brasil

IIInstituto de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in a meteorological tower located in the Caxiuanã Forest (municipality of Melgaço, Pará, Brazil) with the aim of assessing the vertical stratification of species of Haemagogus and Sabethes, potential vectors of the yellow fever virus. To investigate the role of microclimates in mosquito stratification, bimonthly collections were conducted at ground level (0 m), 8 m, 16 m and 30 m (canopy level), with the aid of entomological nets and suction tubes, from July 2005-April 2006. A total of 25,498 mosquitoes were collected; specimens of Sabethes sp. and Haemagogus janthinomyswere found mostly at heights of 16 m and 30 m while Hg. leucocelaenus was most frequently observed at ground level. The largest number of vector species was collected during the rainiest months, but this difference between seasons was not statistically significant. However, the number of Hg. janthinomys was positively correlated with variations in temperature and relative humidity.

Key words: microclimate - ecology - tropical rainforest - Haemagogus - Sabethes

Culicid mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidade) have been extensively studied in neotropical regions because of their importance in the transmission of tropical diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever (Jones et al. 2004).

In the tropical rainforest environment, adult culicids may show vertical stratification, that is, a marked preference for different heights inside the vegetation. Some present a marked affinity for forest canopies (species termed "acrodendrophilic"), as has been reported for some species of Haemagogus and Sabethes (Roberts et al. 1981).

The patterns of activity of adult mosquitoes are influenced by endogenous biological factors as well as by reactions to the external environment, represented primarily by physical factors such as light, temperature and humidity. These factors directly influence the distribution of these insects (De Kruijf et al. 1973).

Pittendrigh (1950) regarded microclimates and host stratification (food sources) as the main determinants of the ecological niches of culicid species in tropical forests.

In the Amazon Forest there are important differences in the microclimates at different vertical strata, such as the canopy and the understorey; the latter receives only 2% of the total amount of light that reaches the canopy (Whitmore 1998). This has a marked influence on the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) in various forest strata (Lines 1993).

Another important factor that regulates the population distribution of mosquitoes is precipitation, which is extremely variable between the different regions (Wolda & Galindo 1981). In the tropics, water in breeding sites has to rise to a critical level in order to reach the mosquito eggs, which hatch a few days after this contact; therefore, the number of culicid mosquitoes is often directly associated with the amount of rainfall (De Kruijf 1970, Souto 1994, Rocha et al. 1997, Guimarães et al. 2001, Montes 2005).

Although several studies on the stratification of culicids have been published, few of them have investigated the role of climatic factors as determinants of the vertical distribution of these mosquitoes. Understanding the vertical stratification of culicid mosquitoes, which may act as vectors of arboviral diseases in the tropical forest and the role of microclimatic factors in this process, is important for an assessment of disease risks in the natural environment.

The current study analysed the distribution of neotropical mosquito species of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes in one site of the Amazon upland forest and assessed the role played by climatic factors in their distribution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field work was undertaken at the National Caxiuanã Forest, located in the municipality of Melgaço, state of Pará, Brazil (eastern Amazon Region) (Fig. 1). Mosquito collections were conducted in the meteorological tower of the Project for Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiments in the Amazon (LBA-Carbo, PA), administered by the Ferreira Pena Scientific Station of the Emilio Goeldi Museum (Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology). The tower is located at the coordinates 01°43'9.9"S 51°27'31.4"W; it is 54 m high and has equipments for the measurement of several physical processes.


The Caxiuanã National Forest has a vegetation cover composed of four main types of systems: dense forest in the low plateaus (terra firme), representing 80-85% of the area; periodically inundated floodplain forest; permanently inundated Igapó forests; and natural fields, where grass is the dominant type of vegetation (Lisboa 2002).

The climate in Caxiuanã is tropical humid and the rainiest season (monthly average of 252 mm) runs from January through June; from July through December, the monthly average rainfall is 55 mm. The annual average temperature is around 26°C; the lowest temperature occurs from January-March, averaging 26°C and the hottest period is from October-December, with an average above 27°C. The average RH is around 88% (Lisboa & Ferraz 1999).

Data were collected during five field trips, in the months of July, September and December 2005 and February and April 2006. Each field trip included three night-time and two diurnal collecting periods lasting 12 h each. Mosquito captures were conducted using hand nets and CDC traps, at four different heights in the tower: 30 m (forest canopy), 16 m, 8 m and ground level (0 m). The collections took place from 6:00 am-6:00 pm (daytime collections) and from 6:00 pm-6:00 am (night-time collections). One collector and one CDC trap were placed at each height; after every 12 h period of capture, each person moved to a different height in order to minimise personal bias. Specimens were identified at the zoology laboratory of the Ferreira Pena Scientific Station, with the aid of the identification keys provided by Consoli and Lourenço-de-Oliveira (1994) and Forattini (2002).

Microclimatic measurements were taken continuously and automatically and data were stored in the tower's datalogger.

Statistical tests were applied to analyse the seasonal variation of the species and their population densities as well as the time of activity of the adult mosquitoes in relation to the variation in rainfall, temperature and humidity.

The key species of mosquito studied because they are potential vectors of yellow fever were Haemagogus janthinomys, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Sabethes chloropterus. Comparisons were made with the ANOVA test (number of specimens of each species at different heights and times of the day). For the comparison of averages, Tukey's test (0.05 probability) was used, with the aid of the software Estat (Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil).

Linear regression and the chi-square test were used to analyse the association between height and the numbers of Hg. Janthinomys, Sa. chloropterus and Hg. leucocelaenus; correlation analyses to determine whether there is an association between the number of vectors and environmental factors (temperature and humidity) were done with the software Biostat 4.0.

RESULTS

From July 2005-April 2006, a total of 25,498 specimens of adult culicids were obtained during night-time and daytime collections.

Daytime captures yielded 1,530 specimens of species considered to be potential vectors of sylvatic yellow fever: 1,028 belonged to the genus Haemagogus and 502 to the genus Sabethes. Specimens of these two genera were not found during the night-time collections. Two species of the genus Haemagogus - Hg. janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus - as well as eight species of Sabethes were found during the daytime collections (Table I).

Vertical distribution - Hg. janthinomys and all Sabethes sp. were found mostly at or close to the forest canopy while Hg. leucocelaenus was more common at ground level. The largest number of specimens of Sa. chloropterus was found at 16 m; Hg. janthinomys and Sabethes belisarioi were predominant at 30 m (Table I). Height was shown to influence the number of Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus and Sa. chloropterus (X2 = 664.89; p < 0.0005).

About 90% of the specimens of Hg. janthinomys were found at 16 m and 30 m; only 1% were obtained on the ground. Fifty-four percent of specimens of Hg. leucocelaenus were collected at 30 m and only 5% at the canopy level. Sabethes glaucodaemon and Sa. cholopterus were not found at ground level and just one specimen of Sabethes cyaneus was found at ground level (0 m) (Figs 2, 3).



Monthly variation - The greatest abundance of Hg. janthinomys occurred in February and Hg. leucocelaenus was most frequent in the months of July and September. Sa. chloropterus was more frequently captured in July and February while Sa. cyaneus and Sa. belisarioi were more abundant in February; the largest number of Sa. glaucodaemon was found in April (Fig. 4).


In the months of July and September 2005, Hg. janthinomys and Sa. chloropterus were captured in largest numbers at a height of 16 m. Hg. janthinomys and Sa. chloropterus were found mostly at 16 m in December, a period during which neither Haemagogus nor Sabethes were found at ground level.

In February and April 2006 (rainy period), a gradual increase in the number of Hg. janthinomys captured was found with increasing height. This species was more abundant in the month of February.

Statistical analysis was carried out by month of collection. In every month of the study period, the samples behaved the same way for Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus and Sa. chloropterus; the variable heights had a statistically significant influence on the number of specimens collected per species (July X2 = 166.58, p < 0.0001; September X2 = 33.47, p < 0.0001; December X2 = 51.55, p < 0.0001; February X2 = 346.98, p < 0.0001; April X2 = 71.33, p < 0.0001).

Circadian activity - The host-seeking activity of the mosquitoes started at 6:00 am. Both for Hg. janthinomys and for the species of the genus Sabethes (Sa. chloropte-rus, Sa. cyaneus, Sa. glaucodaemon and Sa. belisarioi), two marked peaks of activity were observed: one from 12:00-1:00 pm and the other between 3:00-4:00 pm. Hg. leucocelaenus was more active between 2:00-3:00 pm.

For all species of both genera, a decrease was observed in the number of specimens collected after 4:00 pm and specimens were captured in very low numbers at 6:00 pm (Fig. 5).


Climatic data- The highest average temperature (26.09°C) was observed in December 2005 and the lowest in April 2006 (23.45°C). In the months of July 2005, September 2005 and April 2006, the highest temperatures were recorded at 16 m and the lowest at ground level. In December 2005, the highest temperature was recorded at 30 m and the lowest at 8 m. The highest RH was recorded in February 2006 (average 92.02%) and the lowest occurred in December 2005 (76.55%). In September 2005 and April 2006, the highest values for RH occurred at ground level and the lowest at 30 m; in December 2005, the lowest RH value was found at 30 m and the highest temperature was at 8 m (Table II).

The rainiest period was the month of January 2006 and the driest was October 2005. This difference in precipitation influenced the number of mosquitoes collected; they were more frequently observed in the month following the rainiest period and the lowest number of captures also followed the driest month.

Statistical analysis - No statistical difference was found in the number of specimens of Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus and Sa. chloropterus collected in the different months; however, a significant difference was found in the number of Sa. chloropterus specimens collected at the four heights.

In the comparison of average distribution of Hg. janthinomys at the four different heights, no statistical significance was found using Tukey's test (0.05 probability); the same was observed for Hg. leucocelaenus. However, for Sa. chloropterus, a statistically significant difference was found between the heights 16 m vs. 8 m and 16 m vs. 0 m. No statistically significant difference was found between 16-30 m or between 0-8 m and 30 m. According to Tukey's test (0.05 probability), there was no statistically significant difference in the average distributions in the different months of collection, at all heights.

In the linear regression tests, it was observed that height had a direct relationship with the number of Hg. janthinomys (y = 14.783 x + 13.678; R2 = 0.82) and Sa. chloropterus (y = 3.595 x + 18.971; R2 = 0.36). On the other hand, an inverse relationship was found for Hg. leucocelaenus (y = - 2.394 x + 75.57; R2 = 0.69).

Temperature was not correlated with the number of Hg. leucocelaenus (p = 0.117) or Sa. chloropterus (p = 0.09) at the different heights of collection, but there was an association between temperature and the abundance of Hg. janthinomys (p = 0.03) at different heights.

The RH of the air was correlated with the abundance of Hg. janthinomys (p = 0.009) but was not correlated with the distribution of Hg. leucocelaenus (p = 0.50) or Sa. chloropterus (p = 0.056) at the different heights considered.

DISCUSSION

Mondet et al. (2002), Ferreira Fé et al. (2003) and Ramírez et al. (2007) observed that Hg. janthinomys adults were more commonly found in forest canopies. This same preference for the higher strata of the forest was also observed in our Caxiuanã Forest study, although a few specimens were also found at ground level. According to Galindo et al. (1956), the movement of canopy mosquitoes towards the ground is common in deciduous forests but rare in humid forests. Sabethes species, like Hg. janthinomys, were classified in our study as "acrodendrophilic". Sa. belisarioi had 80% of its specimens collected at a height of 30 m, a fact also observed by Mondet et al. (2002) and Rocha et al. (1997) in the studies undertaken at Belém and Caxiuanã, respectively, both in PA.

Roberts et al. (1981) observed that, around the Transamazon Highway (PA, Brazil), Hg. janthinomys and species of Sabethes were more abundant at the canopy level while Hg. leucocelaenus was homogeneously distributed between the canopy and the ground. At Caxiuanã, Hg. leucocelaenus was collected in higher numbers on the ground, which corroborates the observations made by Mondet (2002). However, this was not observed by Ferreira Fé et al. (2003), who collected a larger number of specimens of this species at the canopy level.

Although most of the specimens of Sabethes and Haemagogus in our study were found at the canopy level, some specimens were also captured on the ground in numbers varying according to the time of the day and the month of the year, as a response to variations in temperature and humidity.

The circadian activity of mosquito vectors may be related to the resting periods of their hosts (Machado-Alison 1982). Chadee (1990) observed a more aggressive behaviour of Hg. janthinomys and Sa. chloropterus females towards their hosts between the late morning hours and the early afternoon, a period of the day corresponding to the resting time of monkeys, their preferred hosts. This author has collected specimens of Sa. chloropterus between 6:00-8:00 pm. In Caxiuanã, our night-time collections (after 6:00 pm) did not detect the activity of Sabethes or Haemagogus, a fact also observed by Roberts et al. (1981) and Rocha et al. (1997).

Kumm and Novis (1938), in a field study conducted at Curralinho, Marajó Island (PA) and Rocha et al. (1997), in a study at Caxiuanã, reported two distinct peaks of blood-feeding activity for Hg. janthinomys: the first, more intense, between 12:00-1:00 pm, and the second, less pronounced, in the time interval between 3:00-4:00 pm. This same pattern was observed in our study, both for Hg. janthinomys and for Sa. chloropterus, Sa. cyaneus, Sa. galucodaemon and Sa. belisarioi. In Suriname and Guyana, De Kruijf (1970) observed a unimodal peak for the activity of Hg. janthinomys, with most activity taking place by midday. In our Caxiuanã study, this species had a bimodal peak of activity.

Environmental characteristics such as temperature and RH vary greatly between the canopy and understorey levels of the tropical forest (Parker 1995). This variation can influence the distribution of plants and animals, including mosquitoes (Pittendrigh 1950). These parameters can vary according to the structure of the forest and the abundance and duration of rainfall (Madigosky & Vatnick 2000).

Puig (2000) states that the forest canopy acts as a buffer with regard to the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere above the forest. He also stresses that the daily thermal amplitude in the forest is much larger in the canopy then at ground level. This variation is greater on sunny days than on days with overcast weather; the RH at 1 m above the ground on dry days is similar to that of the canopy on humid days (Puig 2000).

In the Peruvian Amazon, Ramírez et al. (2007) found higher temperatures at the canopy when compared to the understorey. In our study, the highest temperatures were observed at 16 m in all months of collection, except in December, when the highest temperature was found at 30 m. Ramírez et al. (2007) did not find a correlation between the abundance of Hg. janthinomys and the variation in temperature and RH. Our study did observe a correlation between the variation in the number of Hg. janthinomys collected and temperature at different heights; however, this correlation was not observed for Hg. leucocelaenus or Sa. chloropterus. A correlation was also found between the RH and the number of Hg. janthinomys at different heights, but there was no such correlation for Sa. chloropterus and Hg. leucocelaenus .

Rainfall can influence mosquito populations by either decreasing or increasing them. Usually, in the wet tropics, epizootics and epidemics of mosquito-borne diseases are associated with the onset of the rainy season, when the population densities of vectors are higher. For example, in the case of yellow fever, it is important for an adequate assessment of the risk of transmission to analyse the linkage between the vector population density and the variation of climatic factors, especially rainfall (Dégallier 2006). De Kruijf et al. (1973) observed variable correlations between the intensity of rainfall and the number of mosquitoes, according to the different species. In Caxiuanã, we observed that the rainiest months influence yellow fever vector species since the population densities of these mosquitoes usually increased in the months during or following a rainy period.

In other vertical distribution studies conducted by Guimarães and Arlé (1984), a larger number of Sabethes sp. were observed in the month of January and, for Hg. leucocelaenus, population peaks were observed in November and June; 90% of the specimens of Hg. janthinomys were collected in December.

In the present study, Hg. janthinomys was more abundant in February at all heights, but Hg. leucocelaenus was more common in July and February at heights of 8 m, 16 m and 30 m. Hg. leucocelaenus was not collected at ground level during these months.

Rocha et al. (1997) also observed in Caxiuanã that the number of culicid mosquitoes was larger during the rainy season and that the population decreased at the start of the dry season, both at canopy and ground level. They also found that the number of Hg. janthinomys was greater at the canopy level both in June and in February. During these months, the species dominating at ground level was Hg. leucocelaenus. However, although specimens of Haemagogus were more frequent in rainy months, the statistical correlation was not significant. The authors also observed that the numbers of Sa. chloropterus and Sa. glaucodaemon were positively correlated with rainfall and negatively correlated with temperature.

In the current study, the rainiest month was February; the increase in rainfall had an effect on the number of mosquitoes collected in the following weeks. The largest number of Hg. janthinomys was observed in February and Hg. leucocelaenus and S. chloropterus were more frequent in both February and April. Although we empirically observed that the number of the most important potential yellow fever vector species -Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus and Sa. chloropterus - increased during and soon after the periods of more intense rainfall, this variation was not statistically significant.

It is important to stress that, besides the influence of the abiotic variables studied here, other physical factors such as light - which varies significantly between the closed canopy of tropical forests and the understorey - and the habits of the vertebrate hosts of mosquitoes (e.g., resting periods) may also have an effect on the stratification of the vector species as well as on their peak hours of blood-sucking activity.

Received 15 November 2008

Accepted 22 June 2009

Financial support: Interamerican Institute for Global Change Research (CRN 048)

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  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      24 Aug 2009
    • Date of issue
      July 2009

    History

    • Accepted
      22 June 2009
    • Received
      15 Nov 2008
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