Assessment of primary health care: health professionals’ perspective

Evaluación de la atención primária em la salud: vision de los profissionales de la salud

Abstracts

Objective

To assess primary health care attributes of access to a first contact, comprehensiveness, coordination, continuity, family guidance and community orientation.

Method

An evaluative, quantitative and cross-sectional study with 35 professional teams in the Family Health Program of the Alfenas region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was done with the Primary Care Assessment Tool - Brazil, professional version.

Results

Results revealed a low percentage of medical experts among the participants who evaluated the attributes with high scores, with the exception of access to a first contact. Data analysis revealed needs for improvement: hours of service; forms of communication between clients and healthcare services and between clients and professionals; the mechanism of counter-referral.

Conclusion

It was concluded that there is a mismatch between the provision of services and the needs of the population, which compromises the quality of primary health care.




Primary health care; Health services evaluation; Family Health Strategy; Health personnel

Objetivo

Evaluar la atención primaria de salud a través de las cualidades: Acesso de Primero Contacto, Intregidad, Coordinación, Longitudinalidad, Orientación Familiar, Orientación Comunitaria.

Método

Se trata de una evaluación cuantitativa y estudio transverso con 35 equipos de profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, de región de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para recopilar los datos, se utilizó el Instrumento de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria - Brasil , la versión Professional.

Resultados

Los datos revelaron un bajo porcentaje de especialistas médicos en Atencion Primaria de Salud. Los participantes evaluó las calidades con puntajes altos, con la excepción de Acceso Primero Contacto. El análisis de datos reveló una mejora necesidades: horarios de apertura de los servicios; las formas de comunicación entre el usuario y el servicio y entre el usuario y el profesional, la remissión y consulta.

Conclusión

Existe un desajuste entre la oferta de servicios y las necesidades de la población, lo que compromete la calidad de la Atención Primaria de Salud.


Atención Primaria de Salud; Evaluación de Servicios de Salud; Estrategia de Salud Familiar; Personal de salud

Objetivo

Avaliar a Atenção Primária à Saúde por meio dos atributos: Acesso de Primeiro Contato, Integralidade, Coordenação, Longitudinalidade, Orientação Familiar, Orientação Comunitária.

Método

Estudo avaliativo, quantitativo e transversal, realizado com 34 profissionais de equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família da microrregião de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado o Primary Care Assessment Tool – Brasil, versão profissionais.

Resultados

Os dados revelaram baixo percentual de profissionais médicos especialistas em Atenção Primária à Saúde. Os participantes avaliaram os atributos com altos escores, com exceção do Acesso de Primeiro Contato. A análise dos dados revelou necessidades de aperfeiçoamento: o horário de funcionamento dos serviços; as formas de comunicação entre usuário e serviço, e entre usuário e profissionais; o mecanismo de contrarreferência.

Conclusão

Existe um descompasso entre a oferta de serviços e as necessidades da população que compromete a qualidade da Atenção Primária a Saúde.


Atenção Primária à Saúde; Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde; Estratégia Saúde da Família; Pessoal de saúde

Introduction

In Brazil, the organization of primary care (PC) services was stimulated, beginning in the 1980s, by the movement for sanitary reform, under proposals for winning the right to health care, in an attempt to elevate social justice and citizenship. In the 90s, with the activation of the Unified Health System (SUS, as per its acronym in Portuguese), primary care was managed by the cities and developed by means of public policies and operational norms that ensured legal, administrative and financial support for the creation of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The main objective of the FHS is to institute care practice, centered on the family, which must be understood from its physical and social environment. Having a qualitative and technological conception as a base, influenced by authors such as Starfield(³), the FHS was consolidated as the great proposal for reorganizing PC in Brazil. It was incorporated on the National Policies of Primary Care editions.

Starfield pointed out the proper qualities PC, its essential attributes and derivatives. Essential attributes are: a) first contact access: healthcare services as a source of care for each new problem or new episode of one health problem, except for emergencies; b) longitudinal reach: the existence of continued sources of care and the expression of reliable mutual interpersonal relationships between the population and the service; c) comprehensiveness: comprehensive care, for both bio-psychosocial aspects and the health-illness process, adjusted to the context of PC; and d) coordination: availability of a network of information services regarding problems and previous services, and the acknowledgement of that information for the present service. Derived attributes are: a) familiar orientation: considering the familiar context and its care potential and threats to health in the evaluation of individual needs; b) communitarian orientation: acknowledging the health needs of the community by means of epidemiological data and its relationship with the community, the incentive to social control, as well as planning and joint evaluations of the services; and c) cultural competence and adjustment of the providers (health care teams and professionals) to the cultural characteristics special to the population to facilitate the relationships and communications with it. From these definitions, a form of evaluation of PC was established, verifying the presence and the reach of its attributes.

The rigorous identification of these attributes defines a service strongly based on primary health care. When composing the evaluation rates of PC, Starfield(³) developed an appropriate instrument for this measurement, supported by the estimated evaluation in health of Donabedian. This instrument, called the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool), was developed in U.S., and validated and translated to be applied in different countries, including Brazil. It comprises a complete process of utilization, capable of catching the perceptions of different social actors who interact in PC. The PCATool has three versions: for adult clients, for children’s responsible party (from 0 to 2 years) and for professionals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate, from the perspective of health professionals, whether the attributes of first contact access, comprehensiveness, coordination of healthcare services, longitudinal reach, familiar orientation, and communitarian orientation are practices incorporated in FHS teams.

Method

A quantitative approach evaluation study, with transversal delineation, that used the data base of the research Evaluation of the Attributes of Primary Care in the Health in Family Health Strategy in Cities of the South of Minas Gerais, approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo (EEUSP), statement 30699 of 06/01/2012 and financed by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), process number 473768/2011-9.

Data collection was carried out in small-sized cities of the micro region of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the months of June and July 2012. This micro region was chosen due to its broad coverage by the FHS and because it received from the state government of Minas Gerais many affirmative actions guided to professional qualification towards FHS work throughout the last decade. The inclusion criteria in this study were: being a doctor or nurse; at least one year of experience in the FHS team of an urban zone; implemented in cities with population coverage above 50% by the FHS; uninterruptedly functioning for at least five years; and who agreed to participate in the research by signing the Free and Informed Consent Form, in compliance with the current law.

Data were collected through interviews, carried out in the health units, with an average duration of 40 minutes. The data collection instrument was the Primary Care Assessment Tool -- PCATool Brazil, the professional version. It was composed of 77 items, divided into eight components regarding the attributes of PC: First Contact Access - Accessibility (A); Longitudinal Reach (B); Coordination - Integration of Care (C); Coordination - Information System (D); Comprehensiveness – Available Services (E); Comprehensiveness - Provided Services (F); Family Orientation (G); and Communitarian Orientation (H). The possible answers for each one of the items were: certainly yes (value=4); probably yes (value=3); probably not (value=2); certainly not (value=1) and I do not know/I do not remember (value=9). Scores for each of the attributes or its components were calculated using the simple arithmetic mean of the values of answers from the items that compose each attribute or its component.

The answers on the instrument were organized in a data base created with Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences -- SPSS software, version 14.0, using a trust interval of 95% and descriptive statistics. Items from each attribute of PC, considered in the PCATool instrument, had an internal consistency and reliability evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha.

Results

The participants in this research were 34 health professionals, from 11 of the 17 cities of the micro region of Alfenas. Data collected in this study showed that, among these participants, 44.12% were doctors and 55.88% were nurses, with ages between 20 and 39 years (64.7%); time since graduation more than five years (76.5%); time of work in health services of one to five years (55.9%); this being the only job for the majority (55.9%); performing a weekly work load of 40 hours (61.8%). The majority of the nurses (89.48%) and a small number of the doctors (13.33%) had some specialization in the FHS area (public health; primary care; family health; Family Health Program and family medicine).

Rates of PC attributes surveyed by employment of the PCATool comprised two categories defined by the boundary value 6.66. The results above this value were considered high scores and below, low scores, indicating a distance from the estimated quality of services. Table 1 shows the average values of scores attributed by the professional participants.

The majority of the attributes received a positive evaluation from health professionals. Analyzing particularly the items that composed the attributes First Contact Access -- Accessibility, Coordination - Integration of Care, and Comprehensiveness -- Available Services were chosen, since these received low scored evaluations or were close to the value of classification. Thus, the dimensions composing these attributes that were weak or strong could be evaluated, allowing better understanding of the results confirmed to the attribute itself (Table 2).

Table 2 demonstrates the low score of the attribute first contact access - accessibility resulted from the high percentages of negative evaluations for schedule provision of services to the public (A1, A2) and of communication means with the service and with some form of service care when the unit is not open (A4, A5, A6 and A7).

Table 1
Average values and standard deviation of PC attributes confirmed by health professionals in the micro region of Alfenas - Alfenas, MG, 2012

Attributes	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
First Contact Access – Accessibility	2.22	7.04	4.13	1.25
Longitudinal reach	5.13	9.74	7.86	1.17
Coordination – Integration of Care	4.44	10.00	6.91	1.49
Coordination – Information System	4.44	10.00	8.95	1.37
Comprehensiveness – Available Services	4.29	9.39	6.80	1.22
Comprehensiveness – Provided Services	4.89	10.00	8.01	1.24
Familiar orientation	4.44	10.00	8.82	1.39
Communitarian Orientation	3.89	10.00	7.68	1.44
Essential Score	5.84	8.40	7.12	0.77
General Score	5.95	8.73	7.40	0.77

Table 2
Percentile of answers to the attribute First Contact Access – – Accessibility, micro region of Alfenas – Alfenas, MG, 2012

Evaluation	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6	A7	A8	A9
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Certainly yes	2.9	2.9	61.8	64.7	29.4	8.8	5.9	67.6	5.9
Probably yes	0	11.8	38.2	26.5	2.9	2.9	0	29.4	20.6
Probably not / I do not know / I do not remember	8.8	2.9	0	2.9	8.8	17.6	11.8	0	47.1
Certainty not	88.2	82.4	0	5.9	58.8	70.6	82.4	2.9	26.5
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

• ^Notes:
  A1 – Is the health service open Saturday or Sunday? A2 – Is the health service open, for at least some days of the week until 8PM? A3 – When the health service is open and some patient becomes ill, does someone from the service see him/her on the same day? A4 – When the health service is open, can patients access fast counseling by the telephone whenever they judge necessary? A5 – When the health service is closed, is there a telephone number the patients can call when they become ill? A6 – When the health service is closed on Saturdays and Sundays and some patient becomes ill, does someone from the service see him/her on the same day? A7 – When the health service is closed at night and some patient becomes ill, does someone from the service see him/her at that same night? A8 – Is it easy for a patient to schedule a consultation for a health check (routine consultation, check-up) in the health service? A9 – In average, do patients have to wait 30 minutes or more to receive care service from the doctor or the nurse (not counting the triage and the reception)? (Cronbach’s Alpha – 0.501, N = 34)

Table 3
Percentile of answers to the attribute coordination - integration of care, micro region of Alfenas- Alfenas, MG, 2012

Evaluation	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
	%	%	%	%	%	%
Certainly yes	20.6	50	79.4	79.4	8.8	38.2
Probably yes	41.2	29.4	20.6	11.8	8.8	41.2
Probably, not / I do not know / I do not remember	29.4	20.6	0	2.9	41.2	14.7
Certainty not	8.8	0	0	5.9	41.2	5.9
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100

• ^Notes:
  C1 - Do you have knowledge of all the consultations that your patients have with specialists or specialized services? C2 - When your patients need referral, do you discuss with them the different services where they could have the service? C3 - Does someone from your health service unit help the patient to schedule a referral appointment? C4 - When your patients need referral, do you provide them with written information to take to the specialist or specialized service? C5 - Do you receive from the specialist or the specialized service any useful information on the patient? C6 - After the consultation with the specialist or the specialized service, do you speak with your patient about the results of this consultation? (Cronbach’s alpha - 0.546, N = 34)

Table 4
Percentile of answers to the attribute Comprehensiveness - Available Services, micro region of Alfenas- Alfenas, MG, 2012

Evaluation	E1	E2	E3	E4	E5	E6	E7	E8	E9	E10	E11
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Certainly yes	67.6	44.1	58.8	73.5	73.5	76.5	29.4	47.1	0	91.2	58.8
Probably yes	5.9	11.8	26.5	5.9	2.9	17.6	44.1	41.2	5.9	5.9	14.7
Probably not / I do not know / I do not remember	5.9	5.9	5.9	2.9	2.9	0	11.8	2.9	2.9	0	8.8
Certainty not	17.6	35.3	2.9	14.7	17.6	2.9	11.8	5.9	88.2	0	14.7
Total	97.1	97.1	94.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1
Evaluation	E12	E13	E14	E15	E16	E17	E18	E19	E20	E21	E22
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Certainly yes	44.1	17.6	2.9	91.2	61.8	79.4	0	67.6	67.6	94.1	64.7
Probably yes	20.6	5.9	5.9	0	11.8	8.8	8.8	20.6	23.5	2.9	14.7
Probably not / I do not know / I do not remember	8.8	8.8	2.9	2.9	11.8	0	2.9	2.9	5.9	0	5.9
Certainty not	23,5	64.7	85.3	2.9	11.8	8.8	85.3	5.9	0	0	11.8
Total	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1	97.1

• ^Notes:
  If a patient needs any of the following services, could he/she get them in your health service unit? E1 – Nutritional counseling. E2 – Immunizations. E3 – Verify if the families can participate in some social assistance programs or benefits. E4 – Evaluation of buccal health. E5 – Dental treatment. E6 – Family planning or contraceptive methods. E7 – Counseling or treatment for the harmful use of drugs (licit or illicit). E8 – Counseling for mental health problems. E9 – Suture of a wound that needs stitches. E10 – Counseling on and request of HIV test. E11 – Identification (some type of evaluation) of auditory problems (listening). E12 – Identification (some type of evaluation) of visual problems (seeing). E13 – Splint placement (e.g.: twisted ankle). E14 – Wart removal. E15 – Preventive examination for cervical cancer (Papanicolaou test). E16 – Counseling on how to quit smoking. E17 – Prenatal care. E18 – Ingrown nail removal. E19 – Guidance about health care in cases when the patient is incapacitated and cannot make decisions (e.g.: coma). E20 – Counseling about changes regarding aging (e.g.: reduced memory, risk of falls). E21 – Guidance on home care for someone in the family of the patient, as: dressings, exchange of tubes/probes, bed bath. E22 – Inclusion in the supplementary feeding program (e.g.: milk and food). (Cronbach’s alpha – 0.721, N=34)

In the version of the PCATool used for this study, the attribute Coordination was divided into Coordination - Integration of Care and Coordination - Information System, with the purpose of getting a better understanding of the results. Table 3 shows that the evaluations that contributed most for the mean score concerned the process of counter-referral to PC (C5), the poor knowledge about appointments in other care levels by PC professionals (C1), and the process of bad communication between professionals and clients before and after the referral to other services by the FHS.

The attribute Comprehensiveness also was divided into two components for better understanding of the results. The component Comprehensiveness - Available Services, despite being classified as scoring high, had its average next to the boundary-value of classification. The analysis of items in Table 4 demonstrates that these results were influenced by the high percentages of negative evaluations of the items regarding procedures classified as surgical and invasive (E9, E14, E18); orthopedic procedures (E13); immunizations (E2), identification of visual problems (E12), counseling/treatment for the use of licit and illicit drugs (E7); and counseling/treatment for ceasing to smoke (E16).

Discussion

The low percentage of doctors with specialization in the PC area was also found in other studies. This fact constituted a great challenge for PC qualification, since, without enabled professionals, changes in the care paradigm will rarely happen. It is inferred that low qualifications are related to professional turnover. The high turnover of professionals is associated with precarious work bonds, absence of appropriate qualifications, commute time and lack of materials for the accomplishment of tasks.

When comparing the evaluations of professionals with specialization with the ones without specialization, significant differences are met for the second group, which evaluated better the attributes first contact access, coordination - integration of care and essential score. This result opposes the literature that present the most qualified professionals to evaluate PC better .

On the attribute first contact access - accessibility, the low evaluations for the items about the working schedule and the communication with the unit and its professionals demonstrate reality, therefore, in the micro region of Alfenas, the units of FHS work in a commercial schedule on working days during the week and many health units had no telephone. Such fact reflects the non-availability of the team for caring for the client on schedules such as night shifts and weekends, mainly related to acute events, as shown in other evaluations. In order for the FHS to provide accessibility for first contact, schedules of the health units must be extended and technologies such as telephone and email, among others, must be used to extend means of communication.

In the evaluation from professionals, the attribute Coordination - Integration of Care received a high average score. This result speaks in favor of the efforts for the consolidation of health services in the regional guided format, initiated in 2003, by the implementation of the Managing Plan of Region-guided format. Since then, the Plan has been organizing investments, contracts and agreement; aiming at implementing and keeping services that cover care gaps with care planning and scales; and providing for the health needs of the population in the small cities of the region. Moreover, the negative evaluation of the item concerning counter-referral to higher complexity services in PC stands out.

The bad quality of counter-referral to PC also was a question raised in other research, in which the professional participants report never or almost never receiving information about the services provided at the secondary level, or in about half of the appointments. Some cities in the State of the Paraná have solved this problem through implementation of an integrated electronic medical file system that enables accessing results of examinations and clinical reports created by other care levels. Such informational apparatus is not available in the region of the present study.

Also, it is important to point out that the FHS has the purpose of functioning as an entrance door and as filter of the flow within the health system. The PC professional must play the role of the coordinator of care to the clients, leading them through the care network in the search for the best possible care quality. For this, establishing and strengthening the flow of information within the services network is needed. Moreover, this coordination is essential for the attainment of other aspects. Without it, the longitudinal reach loses much of its potential, comprehensiveness is difficult and the function of the first contact .

Negative evaluations of the attribute Comprehensiveness - Available Services suggest that health professionals are not developing their action based on analysis of the health situation and the local reality. They are restricted to fulfilling what is determined by the governmental programs, not comprehensively.

Amongst the other items with negative evaluations, the one regarding the treatment of licit and illicit drugs use stands out in PC. The demand for treatment for drug users is not an exclusive responsibility of the healthcare system. Actions of the Comprehensive Care Policies for Alcohol and Drug Users foresees the participation of other public areas, such as education, security, social work and justice. But this policy has in the FHS teams one of the main performers of health care, in the aspects of health promotion and protection and prevention of complications, due to its organizational form and the proximity to the population. Studies show that, in the opinion of health professionals, care service for drug users is not incorporated in the FHS and, when existing, it is centered on the treatment of acute intoxication symptoms.

Conclusion

Health professionals in the micro region of Alfenas provide, in general, good evaluations of the attributes of primary care considered in this study. Results suggest that the majority of attributes was incorporated in professional practice. Despite this information, the attributes First Contact Access - Accessibility, Coordination - Integration of Care and Comprehensiveness - Available Services still present problems to be solved. Difficulties to overcome these problems include precarious qualifications of a majority of medical professionals and in the interference of organizational arrangements, at the municipal and micro regional levels.

The combination of restricted schedules and the archaic forms of communication, with little use of communication technologies such as the Internet and the telephone, do not favor the access of the client to healthcare services. Also, regarding integration and coordination of the care, the region needs mechanisms that will ensure counter-referral of secondary and tertiary services to the guarantee of quality of the PC. If clients can access the FHS but cannot obtain continuation of services for the therapeutic project at higher complexity levels, the ability to solve health problems is compromised and discredited, breaking the caretaker-client bond. The FHS, and also PC, are neither able to provide for the health needs of the population described here, nor constitute a point of favorable convergence for the inter-sectorial format of public policies that interfere in social determinant grievances and are not specific illnesses.

The importance of this study, beyond the considerations presented, lies in the choice of small- and medium-sized cities for evaluation of the FHS. Cities with these characteristics are supported by the regional format; however, they still have difficulties holding professionals and offering clients a network of health services, with various complexity levels, in which the FHS occupies the central point. These questions became evident in the evaluation of the considered attributes and must be taken into consideration as the possibilities and limits of a decentralized, municipal and regional health system are discussed.

• Financial

  Financed by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), process no. 473768/2011-9.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2014

History

• Received
  21 Mar 2014
• Accepted
  06 July 2014