Carcass characteristics, meat quality and composition of lambs finished in cultivated pastures

Abstract

Thirty-two Santa Inês male lambs, not castrated, were distributed in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of different tropical forage cultivars (two Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus): Aruana and Massai, and two Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha) Marandu and Piatã) on carcass characteristics, quality, physical composition, and meat chemistry. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and the means compared using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was no effect of cultivars on body weight, slaughter weight, and biometric measurements of the carcass. The Aruana and Piatã cultivars provided higher weights of hot and cold carcasses when compared to the Massai and the Marandu had no significant differences compared to the others. The animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar showed higher shank yields. However, forage cultivars did not affect the ribeye area or subcutaneous fat thickness. There was also no effect of cultivar on pH, temperature, cooking losses, cooling losses, and meat shear strength. The cultivars did not change the quality and composition of the meat. However, the Aruana, Piatã, and Marandu cultivars were the ones that provided higher carcass weights and ham yields.

Keywords:
ribeye area; commercial cuts; tropical grasses; sheep; carcass yield

1 Introduction

The use of cultivated pastures is a strategy for feeding sheep, as it contributes to a reduction in seasonality and production costs (Emerenciano et al., 2017). In these cultivated systems, grasses of the genera Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha) and Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus) are predominantly used due to their adaptation to tropical and subtropical climates and high productivity (Gomes et al., 2011; Veras et al., 2020). This can be an alternative for the production of early carcasses with an adequate amount of muscle and good fat deposition. However, the wide variety of cultivars available can show considerable variations in productivity and nutritional value (Emerenciano et al., 2020; Fernandes et al., 2020), all of which can interfere with animal performance and, consequently, the quality of the carcass and meat.

The study of carcass characteristics considers objective and subjective parameters linked to the attributes inherent to the edible portion. Currently, the goal of beef sheep production is to obtain carcasses with a greater amount of muscle and fat levels that are not excessive yet sufficient to guarantee the juiciness and flavor of the meat (Urbano et al., 2017). The main characteristics studied in carcass evaluation are weight, yield, state of greasiness, and conformation (Oliveira et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2018), while the factors that determine carcass quality are genotype, sex, age, rearing system, and health (Ekiz et al., 2012; Hopkins & Mortimer, 2014; Silva et al., 2020). Another important point to be evaluated in the production of sheep meat is the quality of the meat, which includes the characteristics of color, tenderness, and proximate composition (Santos et al., 2020).

It is known that the different forage grasses show variations in the production and chemical composition of the forage (Veras et al., 2020; Emerenciano et al., 2020; Fernandes et al., 2020) and, therefore, we hypothesize that Santa Inês sheep under grazing in different forage cultivars would have altered carcass characteristics, quality and meat composition. The aim of this research is to evaluate the meat quality and carcass characteristics of lambs finished in different forage cultivars of tropical climate during the rainy season.

2 Material and methods

The experiment was conducted in accordance with the norms set forth by the Ethics Committee on Animals Use - CEUA/UFRN (approval no. 055/2016). The experiment was conducted in an area of the Research Group in Forage, located at the Academic Unit Specialized in Agricultural Sciences (UFRN), in Macaíba, RN, Brazil (5° 53' 35.12” S, 35° 21' 47.03”‎ W, with 160 m of altitude).

The experimental area of 2.88 ha was split into two blocks of 1.44 ha, with four modules of 0.36 ha for each cultivar, which were then subdivided into six paddocks of equal area (0.06 ha). The evaluation period was from April, the rainy season in the region with an mean monthly rainfall of 164 mm.

The treatments consisted of four tropical grasses: two cultivars of Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus): Aruana and Massai, and two of Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha): Marandu and Piatã. The pastures were managed under intermittent capacity with a height goal of 50 cm for pre-grazing. At the post grazing, the height goal was 25 cm so that approximately 50% of the available mass could be removed. To ensure the height goals, we used the variable stocking rate according to grass growth and the amount of available forage (Emerenciano et al., 2020).

For the evaluation of animal performance, 32 test sheep were used Santa Inês male lambs, not castrated, all from commercial farms located within the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The animals remained on the pasture during the day (from 8 a.m. until 5 p.m.) and were housed in barn with collective pens overnight. Access to water and mineral salt (with monensin) was ad libitum. The mineral supplement had the following composition per kg of the product): Na-147.0 g; Ca-120.0 g; P-87.0 g; S-18.0 g; Zn-3800.0 mg; Fe-18000.0 mg; Mn-1300.0 mg; monensin sodium-1300.0 mg; F-870.0 mg; Cu-590.0 mg; Mo-300.0 mg; I-80.0 mg; Co-40.0 mg; Cr-20.0 mg; Se-15.0 mg. The animals were identified using numbered plastic earrings and necklaces of different colors, one for each cultivar. The animals went through a 15-day adaptation period of grazing and management.

During the pre and post grazing, samples of the pasture were collected to characterize the structure and chemical composition of the cultivars (Table 1). The forage mass, stocking rate and duration of the grazing cycles were determined as described in Emerenciano et al. (2014). Samples of the forage grasses were ground, in triplicates, for further chemical analysis according to the AOAC methodology (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005), to determine the dry matter (DM, method 2001.12), ash (MM, method 942.05), crude protein (CP, method 984.13) and ether extract (EE, method 920.39). The levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, method 2002.04), acid detergent fiber (ADF, method 973.18) and lignin (method 973.18) were determined sequentially, using sulfite or thermostable amylase (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005). The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was determined as described by Tilley & Terry (1963). Calculations of total digestible nutrients were performed according to the equation proposed by Weiss (1999).

Table 1
Pasture characteristics, stocking rate, duration of grazing cycles and chemical composition of the entire plant during the experimental period.

Variable	Marandu	Piatã	Aruana	Massai
FM in Pre-grazing (kg ha-1 DM)	7075.5	5885.3	5574.3	9728.2
FM in post-grazing (kg ha-1 DM)	3371.7	2736.7	3114.0	4350.0
Stocking rate (AU ha-1)*	24.7	15.0	17.8	26.6
Duration of grazing cycles (days)	68.7	69.9	63.8	65.3
Dry mater (g kg-1 NM)	272.3	249.1	387.9	287.2
Ash (g kg-1 DM)	64.9	67.5	73.2	75.8
Crude protein (g kg-1 DM)	97.2	96.7	66.7	64.7
Ether extract (g kg-1 DM)	18.1	20.2	20.5	17.7
Neutral detergent fiber (g kg-1 DM)	684.1	670.9	763.1	715.1
Acid detergent fiber (g kg-1 DM)	318.2	335.5	399.2	420.7
Lignin (g kg-1 DM)	42.4	40.8	58.4	38.2
IVDMD (g kg-1 DM)	643.5	624.0	575.5	603.5
Total digestible nutrients (g kg-1 DM)	588.3	594.8	542.0	570.6

• FM: forage mass;
• ^*
  Animal unit (AU = 30 kg of body weight);
• NM: natural matter; DM: dry matter; IVDMD: in vitro dry matter digestibility.

The slaughter criterion was weight body weight of animais, so each cultivar had a different grazing period. The Aruana, Marandu, Massai, and Piatã cultivars were grazed for 129, 133, 142, and 143 days, respectively, until the lambs reached 32 kg of BW. Upon reaching slaughter weight, the animals’ body condition scores (BCS) were evaluated according to Russel et al. (1969). The following biometric measurements were also taken: body length, withers height, rump height, rump width, chest width, and thoracic perimeter. After solid and liquid fasting for 16 hours, the animals were weighed to obtain live weight at slaughter (LWS).

At the time of slaughter, the animals were stunned by trauma to the head in the atlanto-occipital region, followed by exsanguination through the carotid and jugular sections. After skinning and evisceration, the gastrointestinal (GTI) tract. was weighed, full and empty, to determine the weight of the empty body. Then the head (at the atlanto-occipital joint) and extremities (at the metacarpal and metatarsal joints) were removed. The carcasses were weighed to obtain the hot carcass weight (HCW) and hot carcass yield [HCY (%) = HCW/LWS × 100], then transferred to a cold room at 5 °C, where they were kept for 24 hours, and finally hung by the tendons on hooks appropriate for maintaining a distance of 17 cm between the metatarsal tarsal joints.

At the end of this period, the internal temperature, pH, and the following measurements were measured: internal length, chest depth, chest perimeter, croup perimeter, leg length, thigh perimeter, chest width, and croup width (Osório et al., 1999). After cooling, the kidneys, perirenal fat, and tail were removed to obtain the cold carcass weight (CCW). Subsequently, the cooling loss was calculated [CL (%) = HCW – CCW/HCW × 100] and the cold carcass yield was obtained [CCY (%) = HCW – CCW/LWS × 100].

Then the carcass was cut in half. The left half was weighed and subdivided into five anatomical regions, and each was weighed individually, according to a methodology adapted from Osório et al. (1999), according to commercial meat cuts: shoulder, neck, loin, leg, and rib. The legs were desiccated for the separation of muscles; bones; and subcutaneous, pelvic, and intermuscular fats, all of which were quantified according to the procedure established by Mccutcheon et al. (1993) to determine tissue composition.

In the left half carcasses, a cross section was made between the 12th and 13th ribs to measure the ribeye area in the muscle Longissimus dorsi, on which the outline of the muscle was drawn on a transparent plastic sheet. Two lines were then drawn on the image, where one measured the maximum distance of the muscle in the lateral mean direction (measure A) and the other was perpendicular to the previous one (measure B). The calculation of the ribeye area was determined using the formula: [(A/2 x B/2) x π], where π = 3.1416. Moreover, in the muscle Longissimus dorsi, with the aid of a digital caliper, the subcutaneous fat thickness was measured between the last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae.

The loin was dissected and separated from the Longissimus dorsi muscle for carrying out the physico-chemical analyses (color, cooking losses, shear force, and centesimal composition) at the Animal Products Evaluation Laboratory of the Animal Science Department, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Campus II of the Federal University of Paraíba.

To determine the color of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, the Minolta Chroma Meter (model CR-10, MINOLTA®, Japan) was used, using the CIELAB system, to determine the coordinate indexes: L* (luminosity), a* (red index), and b* (yellow) (Miltenburg et al., 1992). For color evaluation, three readings were obtained for each sample (medial, central, and lateral regions), and the mean of each coordinate was calculated later.

To determine cooking losses, 2.5 cm thick slices were removed from the Longissimus dorsi muscle, weighed, and roasted on a Fisher® brand (Star model) grill, preheated to 150 ºC, until the internal temperature (geometric center of the samples) reached 71 °C, which was measured using a digital thermometer (Delta OHM model HD 9218, Caselle di Selvazzano, Italy). Then the samples were cooled to room temperature and weighed again. Weight losses caused by cooking were calculated using the weight difference of the samples before and after cooking and expressed in percentages.

In the same samples used to determine cooking losses, shear force was determined. Three cylinders were removed from the central part of each sample in the direction of the fiber with the aid of a cylindrical mold of 1.27 cm in diameter. The shear was performed perpendicularly to the fibers using a TA-XT2 texturometer (Surrey, England) equipped with a Warner Bratzler blade operating at 20 cm/min, according to the methodology described by Duckett et al. (1998). The peak shear force was recorded, and the results were expressed in kgf/cm².

Samples of Longissimus dorsi from each of the 32 animals under study were used to determine the proximate composition of the meat. The muscles were crushed individually in an Arno® multiprocessor and placed in semi-rigid plastic containers stored in a freezer at –18 °C until use. Analyses of moisture, ash, and protein were performed according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2005). Total lipids were determined using extraction in a chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1), followed by evaporation in an oven (TECNAL® model TE397/4) operating at 105 °C ± 2 °C until reaching a constant weight, according to with the methodology described by Folch et al. (1957).

The experimental design was a randomized block, the data were analyzed for variance, and the mean were compared using the Tukey test at 5% significance. The model used was Yijk = μ + Fi + Bj + β(X−Xij) + eijk, in which Yijk = observed value of cultivar i in block j repetition k; μ = general mean effect; Fi = cultivar effect, I = Marandu, Aruana, Piatã e Massai; Bj = block effect; j, k = 1, 2; β (X–Xij) = effect of the covariate (final BW) and eijk = random error associated with observation Yijk.

3 Results

There was no effect of cultivars (P > 0.05) on body weight, LWS, body length, withers height, rump height, rump width, chest width, chest circumference, and BCS, with mean values and standard errors of 33.69 ± 0.49 kg, 31.68 ± 0.32 kg, 62.84 ± 1.07 cm, 69.79 ± 0.98 cm, 74.06 ± 0.98 cm, 23.03 ± 1.18 cm, 17.50 ± 0.38 cm, 92.12 ± 1.17 cm, and 2.48 ± 0.14, respectively. As a result, forage cultivars did not affect the lambs carcass biometric measurements (P > 0.05), with mean values and standard errors of 62.87 ± 1.13 cm, 28.19 ± 0.39 cm, 70.34 ± 0.84 cm, 54.59 ± 0.94 cm, 36.06 ± 0.72 cm, 34.50 ± 1.24 cm, 22.93 ± 0.75 cm, and 18.28 ± 0.81 cm for internal length, chest depth, chest perimeter, croup perimeter, leg length, thigh perimeter, chest width, and carcass croup width, respectively.

Differences were observed between cultivars for empty body weight, with the highest values observed in animals kept in the pastures of Piatã and Aruana cultivars, the lowest values were in animals kept in the pastures of the Massai cultivar, and intermediate values were observed in animals grazed to cultivate Marandu (Table 2). HCW and CCW were higher for animals fed with the Piatã cultivar, lower for those fed with the Massai cultivar, and intermediate for animals fed with Marandu and Aruana cultivars. However, there was no effect of cultivars on HCY, CCY, and gastrointestinal tract content (Table 2).

Table 2
Characteristics and mean carcass yields of Santa Inês lambs finished in cultivated pastures.

Variables	Marandu	Piatã	Aruana	Massai	SEM	P-value
Empty body weight (kg)	23.78ab	24.45a	24.35a	21.90b	0.549	0.037
Hot carcass weight (kg)	12.17ab	12.82a	12.55ab	11.40b	0.311	0.012
Cold carcass weight (kg)	11.69ab	12.21a	12.04ab	10.93b	0.286	0.024
Hot carcass yield (%)	38.43a	39.86a	38.91a	37.45a	0.773	0.201
Cold carcass yield (%)	36.89a	37.96a	37.12a	35.63a	0.768	0.222
GTI content (kg)	7.89a	7.72a	7.89a	8.51a	0.482	0.325

• GTI: gastrointestinal tract; SEM: standard error of the mean. Means followed by different letters on the lines differ statistically using the Tukey test at 5% probability.

Neck, loin, and rib weights did not differ between cultivars. However, shoulder and leg weights were higher in the animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar, lower for animals kept in the pasture of the Massai cultivar, and intermediate values were observed for animals that grazed in the pastures of Marandu and Piatã cultivars. There was no effect of cultivar on the yields of commercial cuts, with the exception of the ham yield, where the highest values were observed in the animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar, lower for the animals allocated in the pastures of the Piatã and Massai cultivars, and no significant difference for the animals kept in the pasture of the Marandu cultivar (Table 3).

Table 3
Weight and yield of commercial cuts of Santa Inês lambs finished in cultivated pastures.

Variables	Marandu	Piatã	Aruana	Massai	SEM	P-value
Shoulder (kg)	1.11ab	1.10ab	1.18a	1.01b	0.15	0.034
Neck (kg)	0.73a	0.70a	0.67a	0.64a	0.13	0.421
Loin (kg)	0.70a	0.77a	0.67a	0.69a	0.14	0.073
Leg (kg)	1.92ab	1.94ab	2.08a	1.77b	0.39	0.011
Rib (kg)	1.38a	1.55a	1.38a	1.37a	0.41	0.065
	Yields (% of half carcass weight)
Shoulder	18.92a	18.17a	19.76a	18.49a	0.416	0.063
Neck	12.34a	11.49a	11.21a	11.54a	0.562	0.536
Loin	12.01a	12.69a	11.00a	12.61a	0.450	0.052
Leg	32.90ab	32.07b	34.85a	32.31b	0.617	0.014
Rib	23.81a	25.56a	23.15a	25.03a	0.708	0.087

• SEM: standard error of the mean. Means followed by different letters on the lines differ statistically using the Tukey test at 5% probability.

The forage cultivars did not affect (P > 0.05) the ribeye area (13.22 ± 0.86 cm²) or subcutaneous fat thickness (0.98 ± 0.17 mm). There was also no effect (P > 0.05) of the different grasses on the lamb's leg tissue composition, with mean values and standard errors of 23.01 ± 0.76, 69.49 ± 0.75, and 4.63 ± 0.02% for bone, muscle, and fat percentage, respectively.

The effect of cultivars was not significant for pH, temperature, cooking losses, cooling losses, and shear force. The levels of luminosity (L), red (a), and yellow (b) of the meat also did not change according to the cultivars. Likewise, forage cultivars did not affect the moisture, protein, ash, or fat content of lamb meat (Table 4).

Table 4
Physico-chemical characteristics of meat from Santa Inês lambs finished in cultivated pastures.

Variables	Marandu	Piatã	Aruana	Massai	SEM	P-value
pH 45 min	6.25a	6.37ª	6.04ª	6.66ª	0.189	0.156
pH 24 h	5.92ª	5.93ª	5.75ª	5.91ª	0.073	0.283
Temperature 45 min (°C)	32.61ª	31.78ª	33.41ª	32.12ª	0.980	0.662
Temperature 24 h (°C)	8.30ª	10.07ª	5.22ª	8.46ª	1.260	0.075
L	36.91ª	38.05ª	38.05ª	36.98ª	0.735	0.470
a	13.81ª	13.28ª	13.28ª	13.47ª	0.529	0.899
b	9.67ª	9.20ª	9.20ª	9.54ª	0.517	0.931
Cooking losses (%)	33.51ª	33.63ª	33.41ª	31.42ª	0.198	0.614
Cooling losses (%)	4.01a	4.73a	4.59a	4.88a	0.351	0.360
Shear force (Kgf /cm2)	2.05ª	1.91ª	2.17ª	1.88ª	0.208	0.746
Moisture (%)	75.19ª	75.37ª	75.58ª	74.92ª	1.58	0.443
Ashes (%)	1.03ª	1.05ª	1.03ª	1.07ª	0.023	0.637
Protein (%)	24.42ª	23.06ª	24.37ª	23.79ª	0.784	0.374
Fat (%)	2.08ª	2.60ª	1.83ª	2.09ª	0.035	0.246

• L: luminosity content of the meat; a: meat red content; b: yellow content of the meat; SEM: standard error of the mean. Means followed by equal letters in the lines differ statistically using the Tukey test at 5% probability.

4 Discussion

The lack of effect of cultivars on body weight, LWS, and the biometric characteristics evaluated in vivo and in the carcass may be related to the weight criterion chosen for slaughter (Oliveira et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2018). However, it is noteworthy that the animals that grazed in the pastures of Piatã and Massai cultivars needed about two more weeks to reach the stipulated weight for slaughter. These differences are the result of the lower nutrient intake of animals kept in the pastures of Piatã and Massai cultivars (Emerenciano et al., 2020), which resulted in a reduction in weight gain (Emerenciano et al., 2014). The time that the animal takes to reach slaughter weight must be considered when choosing a forage cultivar that will compose the production system, because the faster the animal reaches the sacrifice weight, the shorter the return time of the invested capital will be.

Although the LWS did not vary according to the cultivars, the weight of the empty body varied, and the Massai cultivar provided lower weights. This can, in part, be explained by the content of the gastrointestinal tract, which, although not significant, was superior in the animals kept in the pasture of this cultivar. This fact shows the neutral detergent fiber's ability to promote greater rumen filling and to reduce the rate of forage disappearance in the rumen (Romera et al., 2010), considering that the Massai cultivar presented higher concentrations of this fraction (Table 1).

It is likely that the highest values for empty body weight observed in animals kept in the pastures of Marandu, Piatã, and Aruana cultivars contributed to the highest HCW and CCW of these animals. However, the increase in carcass weight (hot and cold) was not enough to have an effect on their performance, as the lighter carcasses were also of animals with a lighter empty body weight. The carcass yield values are below those reported by other studies for disheveled sheep of this species finished in tropical pastures (Fernandes et al., 2013; Trindade et al., 2018), which may be associated with the supplementation of about 1.5% of the live weight used by the authors.

Little variation was observed in the yields of commercial cuts, which, in part, is justified by the body weight of the slaughtered animals and the amount of body fat: in carcasses with similar weight and amount of fat, almost all regions of the body were found in similar proportions (Trindade et al., 2018; Santos et al., 2020). However, the animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar had higher yields of ham, which, among the commercial cuts of the carcass, is the most important (Silva et al., 2016; Santos et al., 2020). This result may be a consequence of higher nutrient intakes by animals that grazed to cultivate Aruana (Emerenciano et al., 2020), which provided greater muscle development in the ham region.

The ribeye area, a parameter that corresponds to carcass muscularity, remained constant among the cultivars and is consistent with the behavior of the animals' final weight. The mean value obtained of 13.2 cm² for the rib eye area is greater than 9.13 cm² reported by Murta et al. (2009) and the 8.43 cm² described by Urbano et al. (2015) in the Santa Inês sheep carcasses finished in confinement, which confirms the potential of using cultivated pastures for finishing sheep during the rainy season.

Fat deposits develop in a preferential order: first the deposition of visceral fat occurs, followed by intermuscular, subcutaneous, and finally intramuscular fat (Paulino et al., 2009). In this study, the effect of the cultivars was not significant for subcutaneous fat thickness. Furthermore, the animals deposited little fat (0.98 mm), a value that would not fit the carcasses in the “scarce fat” category (1–2 mm), according to the classification proposed by Silva Sobrinho (2001). Possibly, the deposition of lipids was at an early stage since this is a region of late deposit.

The non-alteration of the physico-chemical characteristics of the meat was a consequence of the little variation in the chemical composition of the cultivars. The pH values of the meat were within the range considered ideal for the correct establishment and resolution of rigor mortis and were close to those reported in other studies with beef sheep (Fernandes et al., 2013; Heimbach et al., 2020). Changes in pH was generally associated with some type of pre-slaughter stress (Li et al., 2014), with little influence from the diet to which the animal is subjected (Fernandes et al., 2013; Santos et al., 2020; Heimbach et al., 2020).

It is important to note that with the normal values of drop in the pH of the carcass, other quality indicators, such as water retention capacity, color, and texture, tend to be within the normal range because during the development of rigor mortis, the pH has a marked influence on contraction, proteolysis, and protein denaturation, resulting in changes in the structure and quality of the meat (Li et al., 2014). The values for shear force confirm that the establishment and resolution of rigor mortis occurred in an adequate way, since values below 4.6 kgf/cm² indicate that the meat has an acceptable tenderness (Miller et al., 2001). Thus, it can be inferred that the lamb meat produced in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha and Panicum maximum is soft since the mean shear force was 2.00 kgf/cm².

Although cooling losses have not changed due to forage, the values found were slightly higher than other studies with disheveled sheep (Urbano et al., 2015; Cardoso et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2017). The low layer of subcutaneous fat may be one of the causes of this finding, considering that the greater the thickness of subcutaneous fat, the lower the losses due to cooling (Cardoso et al., 2016).

5 Conclusions

The tropical grasses Marandu, Piatã, Aruana, and Massai can be used for finishing Santa Inês lambs in the rainy season, as they keep their physico-chemical characteristics and the centesimal composition of the meat was within acceptable standards. However, the Aruana, Piatã, and Marandu cultivars provided the highest carcass weights and ham yields.

Acknowledgements

To CNPq for the financial support for the development of the experiment, to CAPES and to CNPq for the granted scholarships, and to the Group of Studies on Forage (UFRN) for their assistance in implementing this work.

• Practical Application: This research contributes to investigate forage alternatives for sheep meat production in the semiarid region and evaluate the effects of these cultivars on carcass traits and meat composition.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 June 2021
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  28 Dec 2020
• Accepted
  25 Mar 2021