A contribuição chomskiana para a compreensão da aprendizagem de L2

Kato, Mary A.

doi:10.1590/S0103-18132005000200002

Resumos

Este trabalho procura mostrar as contribuições de Chomsky para a área da psicolingüística, mais diretamente para explicar a aquisição de L1, e indiretamente para levantar questões de pesquisa em L2. Pode-se dizer que Chomsky contribuiu, primeiramente, ao argumentar contra outras abordagens, mas, sobretudo, por a) propor uma teoria sobre as línguas que dá conta de seus princípios universais e de seus parâmetros de variação e b) demonstrar que a teoria é diretamente relevante para as questões de aprendizagem e mais interessante do que a visão behaviorista e a construtivista piagetiana. O presente trabalho apresenta, a seguir, as teorias sobre L2 que surgiram a partir do modelo chomskiano.

Chomsky; aprendizagem; L2

This paper tries to show Chomsky's contributions to the area of psycholinguistics, more directly to explain first language acquisition, and less directly to raise questions regarding research in L2. Chomsky can be said to have contributed first by arguing against the current views on language learning, but also and mainly a) for his proposal of a theory of natural languages that accounts both for their invariant principles, but also for their crosslinguistic variation, and b) for showing that such theory is directly relevant to explain language acquisition problems, and more interesting than the behaviorist or constructionist views. The last part presents the theories about L2 acquisition derived from Chomsky's theories on language.

Chomsky; learning; second language

ARTIGOS

A contribuição chomskiana para a compreensão da aprendizagem de L2

Mary A. Kato

(Unicamp)

RESUMO

Este trabalho procura mostrar as contribuições de Chomsky para a área da psicolingüística, mais diretamente para explicar a aquisição de L1, e indiretamente para levantar questões de pesquisa em L2. Pode-se dizer que Chomsky contribuiu, primeiramente, ao argumentar contra outras abordagens, mas, sobretudo, por a) propor uma teoria sobre as línguas que dá conta de seus princípios universais e de seus parâmetros de variação e b) demonstrar que a teoria é diretamente relevante para as questões de aprendizagem e mais interessante do que a visão behaviorista e a construtivista piagetiana. O presente trabalho apresenta, a seguir, as teorias sobre L2 que surgiram a partir do modelo chomskiano.

Palavras chave: Chomsky, aprendizagem, L2.

ABSTRACT

This paper tries to show Chomsky's contributions to the area of psycholinguistics, more directly to explain first language acquisition, and less directly to raise questions regarding research in L2. Chomsky can be said to have contributed first by arguing against the current views on language learning, but also and mainly a) for his proposal of a theory of natural languages that accounts both for their invariant principles, but also for their crosslinguistic variation, and b) for showing that such theory is directly relevant to explain language acquisition problems, and more interesting than the behaviorist or constructionist views. The last part presents the theories about L2 acquisition derived from Chomsky's theories on language.

Key-words: Chomsky, learning, second language.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Referencias bibliográficas

Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of language.AnnArbor: Karoma Publishers.

Bever, T. G. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: J.R.Hayes (org) Cognition and the developmente of language. New York: John wiley & sons.

Bloom, P. (1990). Subjectless sentences in child language , LI 21(4): 491-504.

Brown, R. (1973). A First language: the early stages.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Dulay, H.C., Burt, M. K. & Krashen, S. (1982). Language two. New Your: Oxford University press.

Celani, M. A. A. & Pascoal, M. S. Z.de. (1992). Linguística Aplicada: da Aplicação da Lingüística para uma Lingüística Transdisciplinar. São Paulo: EDUC.

Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language,35:1: 26-58.

_______. (1981). Lectures on Governmente and Binding.Dordrecht:Foris.

_______. (1986a) Knowledge of language. New York: Praeger.

_______. (1987) On the nature, use and aquisition of language:Kyoto Lectures I, ms.

_______. (1988) Language and problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge,Mass: The MIT Press.

_______. (1995) The Minimalist Program Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.

Corder, P. (1967). The significance of learner's errors'. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-170.

Epstein, S. D. & G. (1996). Second language acquisition: theoretical and experimental issues in cntemporary reseearch. behavioral and Brain Sciences , 19(4): 677-758.

Felix S. (1987). Cognition and Language Growth. Dordrecht: Foris.

Guilfoyle, E & Noonan, M. (1992). Functional categories and language acquisition. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics,37 : 241-272.

Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). learning how to mean: explorations in the development of language. Londres: Edward Arnold.

Hyams, N. (1986). Language Acqusition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Kato, M. A. (1986). no Mundo da Escrita. São Paulo: Editora Ática. (2003). Child L2 acquisition: an insider account. In: Natascha Müller. (ed) (In)vulnerable domains in Multilingualism, John Benjamins. 271-293.

Klima, E., Bellugi, U. et al. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.

Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practices of Second language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lebeaux, D. (1988). Language Acquisition and Form of Grammar. MIT: PH.D.Dissertation.

Lopes, R. V. (2001). Aquisição da linguagem: novas perspectivas a partir do programa Minimalista. DELTA,17,2:245-281.

Meisel, J. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and german: contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 3: 227-263.

Newmeyer,F. J. (1983). Grammaical Theory:its limits and possibilities.Chicago: The University of Chicago press.

Piatelli-Palmarini, M. (1980). (org). From Language and learning: the Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Pinker, S. (1994). The language Instinct. new Yourk: William Morrow and Co, Inc.

Raposo, E. (1998). Dfinite/zero Alternations in Portuguese "Romance Lingusitics: Theoretical Perspectives,", ed. by A.Schwegler, B Tranel & M. Uribe-Etxebarria, 197-212. John Benjamins. Amsterdam & Philadelphia.

Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.

Slobin, D. (1980). Psicolingüística. São Paulo: Ed. Nacional.

Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Schwartz,B. D. & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research 12, 40-77.

Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage International Review of Applied Linguistics,10:209-231.

Vainikka & Young-Sholten. (1996). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research 12: 7-39.

Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of language.AnnArbor: Karoma Publishers.
Bever, T. G. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: J.R.Hayes (org) Cognition and the developmente of language. New York: John wiley & sons.
Bloom, P. (1990). Subjectless sentences in child language , LI 21(4): 491-504.
Brown, R. (1973). A First language: the early stages.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Dulay, H.C., Burt, M. K. & Krashen, S. (1982). Language two. New Your: Oxford University press.
Celani, M. A. A. & Pascoal, M. S. Z.de. (1992). Linguística Aplicada: da Aplicação da Lingüística para uma Lingüística Transdisciplinar São Paulo: EDUC.
Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior Language,35:1: 26-58.
_______. (1981). Lectures on Governmente and BindingDordrecht:Foris.
_______. (1986a) Knowledge of language New York: Praeger.
_______. (1988) Language and problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge,Mass: The MIT Press.
_______. (1995) The Minimalist Program Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
Corder, P. (1967). The significance of learner's errors'. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-170.
Epstein, S. D. & G. (1996). Second language acquisition: theoretical and experimental issues in cntemporary reseearch. behavioral and Brain Sciences , 19(4): 677-758.
Felix S. (1987). Cognition and Language Growth. Dordrecht: Foris.
Guilfoyle, E & Noonan, M. (1992). Functional categories and language acquisition. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics,37 : 241-272.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). learning how to mean: explorations in the development of language. Londres: Edward Arnold.
Hyams, N. (1986). Language Acqusition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Kato, M. A. (1986). no Mundo da Escrita. São Paulo: Editora Ática. (2003). Child L2 acquisition: an insider account. In: Natascha Müller. (ed) (In)vulnerable domains in Multilingualism, John Benjamins. 271-293.
Klima, E., Bellugi, U. et al. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practices of Second language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
Lebeaux, D. (1988). Language Acquisition and Form of Grammar. MIT: PH.D.Dissertation.
Lopes, R. V. (2001). Aquisição da linguagem: novas perspectivas a partir do programa Minimalista. DELTA,17,2:245-281.
Meisel, J. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and german: contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 3: 227-263.
Newmeyer,F. J. (1983). Grammaical Theory:its limits and possibilities.Chicago: The University of Chicago press.
Piatelli-Palmarini, M. (1980). (org). From Language and learning: the Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Pinker, S. (1994). The language Instinct. new Yourk: William Morrow and Co, Inc.
Raposo, E. (1998). Dfinite/zero Alternations in Portuguese "Romance Lingusitics: Theoretical Perspectives,", ed. by A.Schwegler, B Tranel & M. Uribe-Etxebarria, 197-212. John Benjamins. Amsterdam & Philadelphia.
Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.
Slobin, D. (1980). Psicolingüística São Paulo: Ed. Nacional.
Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Schwartz,B. D. & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research 12, 40-77.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage International Review of Applied Linguistics,10:209-231.
Vainikka & Young-Sholten. (1996). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research 12: 7-39.

aprendizagem

1 Estou usando o termo como equivalente a "learning", neutro em relação à dicotomia entre

aquisição e

aprendizagem em português.

2

No exterior, tendência semelhante se verificou, como pode ser visto em Newmeyer,1983; 5.3.

3

Cf. Lopes (2001) para uma visão atualizada das idéias de Chomsky sobre o assunto.

4

Cf. Chomsky, 1959.

5

Cf. Piatelli-Palmarini, 1980.

6

Para Inhelder (apud Chomsky, 1980), também da escola de Geneva, algumas, mas nem todas as propriedades da língua derivam de construções sensório-motoras, e Chomsky parece simpatizar bem mais com as idéias desse autor.

7

Para Chomsky, embora a língua-I seja um objeto interno ao indivíduo, uma comunidade que fala a mesma língua partilha o mesmo conhecimento lingüístico, isto é, apresenta línguas-I muito próximas.

8

Essa ordem é, contudo, possível, como pergunta-eco, mas não como pergunta autêntica.

9

O Português Brasileiro vem perdendo essas propriedades. Logo, os exemplos são do Português Europeu (EP).

input

10 Mesmo Meisel (1997), um gerativista convicto faz essa distição. Para ele, aprendizagem requer exposição mais freqüente ao , por um período maior de tempo, com exemplos salientes e não ambíguos.

11

Para informações sobre a fase mais recente minimalista, consulte-se Lopes (2001).

12

Tal tipo de frase é só admissível no inglês como pergunta-eco, mas, nesse caso, o elemento-wh está quase sempre no final da sentença.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
21 Out 2013
Data do Fascículo
Dez 2005

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of language.AnnArbor: Karoma Publishers.

[2] Bever, T. G. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: J.R.Hayes (org) Cognition and the developmente of language. New York: John wiley & sons.

[3] Bloom, P. (1990). Subjectless sentences in child language , LI 21(4): 491-504.

[4] Brown, R. (1973). A First language: the early stages.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

[5] Dulay, H.C., Burt, M. K. & Krashen, S. (1982). Language two. New Your: Oxford University press.

[6] Celani, M. A. A. & Pascoal, M. S. Z.de. (1992). Linguística Aplicada: da Aplicação da Lingüística para uma Lingüística Transdisciplinar São Paulo: EDUC.

[7] Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior Language,35:1: 26-58.

[8] _______. (1981). Lectures on Governmente and BindingDordrecht:Foris.

[9] _______. (1986a) Knowledge of language New York: Praeger.

[11] _______. (1988) Language and problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge,Mass: The MIT Press.

[12] _______. (1995) The Minimalist Program Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.

[13] Corder, P. (1967). The significance of learner's errors'. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-170.

[14] Epstein, S. D. & G. (1996). Second language acquisition: theoretical and experimental issues in cntemporary reseearch. behavioral and Brain Sciences , 19(4): 677-758.

[15] Felix S. (1987). Cognition and Language Growth. Dordrecht: Foris.

[16] Guilfoyle, E & Noonan, M. (1992). Functional categories and language acquisition. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics,37 : 241-272.

[17] Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). learning how to mean: explorations in the development of language. Londres: Edward Arnold.

[18] Hyams, N. (1986). Language Acqusition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.

[19] Kato, M. A. (1986). no Mundo da Escrita. São Paulo: Editora Ática. (2003). Child L2 acquisition: an insider account. In: Natascha Müller. (ed) (In)vulnerable domains in Multilingualism, John Benjamins. 271-293.

[20] Klima, E., Bellugi, U. et al. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.

[21] Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practices of Second language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

[22] Lebeaux, D. (1988). Language Acquisition and Form of Grammar. MIT: PH.D.Dissertation.

[23] Lopes, R. V. (2001). Aquisição da linguagem: novas perspectivas a partir do programa Minimalista. DELTA,17,2:245-281.

[24] Meisel, J. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and german: contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 3: 227-263.

[25] Newmeyer,F. J. (1983). Grammaical Theory:its limits and possibilities.Chicago: The University of Chicago press.

[26] Piatelli-Palmarini, M. (1980). (org). From Language and learning: the Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

[27] Pinker, S. (1994). The language Instinct. new Yourk: William Morrow and Co, Inc.

[28] Raposo, E. (1998). Dfinite/zero Alternations in Portuguese "Romance Lingusitics: Theoretical Perspectives,", ed. by A.Schwegler, B Tranel & M. Uribe-Etxebarria, 197-212. John Benjamins. Amsterdam & Philadelphia.

[29] Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.

[30] Slobin, D. (1980). Psicolingüística São Paulo: Ed. Nacional.

[31] Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

[32] Schwartz,B. D. & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research 12, 40-77.

[33] Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage International Review of Applied Linguistics,10:209-231.

[34] Vainikka & Young-Sholten. (1996). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research 12: 7-39.