Goethe's prismatic experiments

Abstracts

O ensaio pretende estimular a realização de experimentos prismáticos com recursos muito simples e, com isso, facilitar o acesso aos fundamentais estudos de Goethe sobre cor, a "Farbenlehre". O encarte anexo contém fotos de um processo prismático complementar, produzido por Imagens-Modelo em Claro-Escuro neutro. Contém ainda fotos de imagens prismáticas produzidas por Imagens-Modelo em cores.

espectro complementar da cor; experimentos prismáticos; estudos sobre cor; Goethe; Farbenlebre

CRIAÇÃO/COR

Goethe's prismatic experiments

Fred Jordan

ABSTRACT

The essay intends to stimulate the carrying out of prismatic experiments with very simple resources and, therewith, ease the access to Goethe's fundamental color studies, the "Farbenlehre". The ^{included folder} contains photographs of a complementary prismatic process produced by neutral bright-dark Model-Images. It also contains photographs of prismatic images produced by colored Model-Images.

Keywords: complementary color spectrum; prismatic experiments; color studies; Goethe; Farbenlehre.

For anyone seriously interested in color, the experiments proposed by Goethe are indispensable. Therefore, the first objective of this essay and of the ^{included folder}, is to induce you to carry out these experiments and live a personal experience of the prismatic process. The second, is to recommend a bibliography of Goethe's comprising and profound studies on color, the so little known and too often misunderstood " Farbenlehre".

The experiments which show the two complementary images of the spectrum, are the main entrance to not only Goethe's but also to any other color studies. You need no special equipment, just a maximum of tranquility and a minimum of intention. Just try to practice some good phenomenology.

By way of initiation, take a look (whithout a prism) at the above illustration. Is it a star, or rather, the image of a star?

This illustration could well represent Newton's famous experiment, with the small hole in the window shutter. The hole, through which the light entered the dark room, is well remembered. However, few keep in mind the participation of the dark shutter, which after all, defined the bright hole. A century after Newton, Goethe demonstrated that the spectrum has to do with the entirety formed by hole and shutter. It has to do, precisely, with the border between two values, Bright and Dark, since it is on this bordering area that the prismatic colors are formed.

Now look at the star image again, this time through the prism. You will notice that the movement of refraction does not project light, but rather the image of light. It does not project only the bright value, but the dark value as well. The prism projects the image as an entirety. And the image formed by a small bright dot on a dark field, produces the spectrum usually reproduced in books.

Goethe, however, demonstrated that it shows but one side, that is, only one of the complementary images of the spectrum. In order to know the other one, you have to reverse the Bright-Dark! Let light enter into the room. On a transparent window pane, afix a small piece of cardboard. Instead of a bright dot on a dark field, you have a dark dot on a bright field. Now observe that side of the spectrum which is rarely reproduced in books...

While you are at it, see what happens (through the prism, of course) if you take away the cardboard and fill up your whole field of vision with undifferentiated "brightness".

For many people it is hard, if not impossible, to accept Dark as an active force and not just as a decrease or absence of Light. Yet they do accept, for instance, Cold, as an active presence, and not as an "absence of Heat"...

"Without light there is no color" is a common statement. I would rather say: "Without image there is no color". Light and image are quite different concepts. Light, as an invisible energy, exists independently of image. Image, on the other hand, depends on the presence of light and of matter. We must keep in mind that, visually, the world exists, not due only to light, but due to the interaction of light and matter at any temperatures, densities, transparencies. It is this interaction which forms Bright-Dark: the visual image of our world.

And when Bright-Dark is observed through a semitransparent matter, the prismatic colors are revealed. Goethe calls this matter which mediates between observer and image (the prism for example) the Turbid medium — " das trübe Mittel".

To only read this is of little avail. All of it should be experienced frequently, with time, trying to internalize knowledge, perception, sensibility.

By the way, you can always attend The Cromatic Fantasia in Two Movements. Just look at the sky: interstellar space is Dark; the Sun is Bright. The atmosphere is the Turbid medium, that is, the Prism. One of the movements appears at night's end, opposite to the rising Sun. The turbid atmosphere between the observer and the dark space is slightly illuminated, acting as Bright in front of Dark. The turbidness becomes Violet and then brightens up to Blue.

The complementary movement appears in the afternoon. The turbid atmosphere between the observer and the Sun acts as Dark in front of Bright and becomes yellowish. With the setting Sun, the Yellow intensifies to Red.

Bright on Dark, Dark on Bright — you will again meet these two generating movements of the prismatic phenomenon in the illustrations of the ^{included folder}. They remind me of the final lines from Faust II: " Alies Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis," Phenomenons are parables.

Bibliography

Fred Jordan is a graphic designer and consultant for visual communication.

• BJERKE, André. - Nene Beiträge zu Goethes Farbenlehre: L Teil, Goethe contra Newton. Stuttgart: Freies Geistesleben, 1961.
• DER FARBENKREIS: Beiträge zu einer goetheanistischen Farbenlehre. - Stuttgart: Freies Geistesleben. - (Publicação anual, desde 1981, do Goethe-Farbenstudio am Goetheanum, Dornach, Suíça. Colab. Proskauer, Ott, Rebholz.)
• GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von, (1749-1832). - Farbenlehre. -Einleit. und Kommentare Rudolf Steiner; Hrsg. Gerhard Ott, Heinrich O. Proskauer. Stuttgart: Freies Geistesleben, 1984. (Contém os estudos sobre cor, completos, em 5 volumes, baseados na Ed. Kürschner, 1883-1897. Veja trad, inglesa e francesa).
• __________. Theory of Colours. - Transl. and notes Charles Lock Eastlake, publ. by John Murray, 1840; introd. Deane B. Judd, 1970. - Cambridge: M.I.T., 1970.
• __________. Traite des Couleurs. - Introd. et notes Rudolf Steiner; textes choisis et presentes Paul-Henri Bideau; trad. Henriette Bideau. 3e éd. revue. Paris: Triades, 1986.
• HEBING, Julius, (1891-1973). - Welt, Farbe und Mensch: Studien und Übungen zur Farbenlehre und Einführung in das Malen. - Beitrag Fritz Weitmann; Hrsg. Hildegard Berthold-Andrae. - Stuttgart: Freies Geistesleben, 1983.
• LAND, Edwin H. - Experiments in Color Vision. - New York: Scientific American, May 1959. - (Land inventou o processo Polaroid).
• LÜTKEHAÜS, Ludger (Organ.) - Arthur Schopenhauer: Der Briefwechsel mit Goethe und andere Dokumente zur Farbenlehre. -Zurich: Haffmans, 1992.
• MATIHAEI, Rupprecht. - Goethes Farbenlehre ausgewählt und erläutert. - Ravensburg: Otto Maier, 1987. - (Seleçăo de aprox. metade do texto original, comentada).
• NEWTON, Isaac, (1643-1727). - Opticks: or a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of Light. Forword Albert Einstein; introd. Edmund Whittaker; preface Bernard Cohen. - New York: Dover, 1952. - (Baseada na 4Ş ed. Innys, Londres, 1730).
• PROSKAUER, Heinrich O. - Zum Studium von Goethes Farbenlehre. - Basel: Zbinden, 1968.
• RUNGE, Philip Otto, (1777-1810). - Die Farbenkugel und andere Schriften zur Farbenlehre. - Stuttgart: Freies Geistesleben, 1963. - (O pintor Runge correspondeu-se com Goethe. Pósfacio de J. Hebing).
• STEINER, Rudolf, (1861-1925). - Das Wesen der Farben: 3 Varträge, Dornach 1921, 9 Vorträge als Ergänzangen 1914-1924. - Dornach: Rudolf-Steiner Verlag, 1980. (Steiner editou a obra científica de Goethe para a Ed. Kürschner, e parte dela para a Sophien-Ausgabe. Veja trad, francesa).
• __________. Nature des couleurs: 12 conférences 1914-1924. Trad. Henriette Bideau. Geneve: Ed. Anthroposophiques Remandes, 1978.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Dec 2005
• Date of issue
  Dec 1993