Determination of iron and aluminum based on the catalytic effect on the reaction of xylene cyanol FF with hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate

Abstracts

A simple, sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of trace iron and aluminum by catalytic spectrophotometry is presented. This method is based on the catalytic effects of iron and aluminum on the reaction of xylene cyanol FF with hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate. Both iron and aluminum did not show catalytic effects on the oxidation reaction of xylene cyanol FF in the presence of either hydrogen peroxide or potassium periodate. However, significant catalytic effects of iron and aluminum were obtained when the two oxidants were simultaneously used. Linear calibration graphs were obtained from 3.57 × 10-8 to 3.57 × 10-7 mol L-1 for Fe and from 1.48 × 10-7 to 1.48 × 10-6 mol L-1 for Al. The detection limits, based on the 3-fold standard deviation criterion, were 1.50 × 10-8 mol L-1 for Fe and 6.10 × 10-8 mol L-1 for Al. This method was applied to the simultaneous determination of trace iron and aluminum in tap water, lake water, river water and tea leaves without separation and preconcentration. Contents of Fe and Al in tap water, lake water and river water were 3.13 × 10-7, 3.21 × 10-7, 2.74 × 10-7 mol L-1 for Fe and 1.31 × 10-6, 9.83 ×10-7, 1.43× 10-6 mol L-1 for Al, respectively. Tea leaves contained 3.10 × 10² µg g-1 Fe and 7.37 × 10² µg g-1 Al. Further research is required for understanding the catalytic mechanism of iron and aluminum on this novel oxidation reaction.

iron; aluminum; xylene cyanol FF; catalytic spectrophotometry

Um método simples, sensível e seletivo para determinação simultânea de traços de ferro e alumínio por espectrofotometria catalítica foi desenvolvido. Esse método baseia-se nos efeitos catalíticos de ferro e alumínio sobre a reação de xileno cianol FF com peróxido de hidrogênio e periodato de potássio. Ferro e alumínio não apresentaram efeitos catalíticos sobre a reação de oxidação do xileno cianol FF em meio contendo apenas peróxido de hidrogênio ou apenas periodato de potássio. Entretanto, foram obtidos efeitos catalíticos significativos de ferro e alumínio quando ambos oxidantes foram usados simultaneamente. Gráficos de calibração linear foram obtidos no intervalo de 3,57 × 10-8 a 3,57 × 10-7 mol L-1 para Fe e de 1,48×10-7 a 1,48 ×10-6 mol L-1 para Al. Os limites de detecção, baseados no critério de 3 vezes o desvio padrão, foram 1,50 × 10-8 mol L-1 para Fe e 6,10 × 10-8 mol L-1 para Al. Este método foi aplicado para determinação simultânea de traços de ferro e alumínio em água de torneira, água de lago, de rio e folhas de chá sem etapas de separação e pré-concentração. Os teores de Fe e Al em águas de torneira, lago e rio foram 3,13 × 10-7, 3,21 × 10-7 e 2,74 × 10-7 mol L-1 para Fe e 1,31 × 10-6, 9,83 × 10-7 e 1,43 × 10-6 mol L-1 para Al, respectivamente. As quantidades de Fe e Al nas folhas de chá foram 3,10 × 10² µg g-1 Fe e 7,37 × 10² µg g-1 Al. Estudos complementares são necessários para o entendimento do mecanismo catalítico do ferro e alumínio nesta reação de oxidação inédita.

ARTICLE

Determination of iron and aluminum based on the catalytic effect on the reaction of xylene cyanol FF with hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate

Longfei Cai^*; Chunxiu Xu

Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041 P. R. China

ABSTRACT

A simple, sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of trace iron and aluminum by catalytic spectrophotometry is presented. This method is based on the catalytic effects of iron and aluminum on the reaction of xylene cyanol FF with hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate. Both iron and aluminum did not show catalytic effects on the oxidation reaction of xylene cyanol FF in the presence of either hydrogen peroxide or potassium periodate. However, significant catalytic effects of iron and aluminum were obtained when the two oxidants were simultaneously used. Linear calibration graphs were obtained from 3.57 × 10^-8 to 3.57 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 for Fe and from 1.48 × 10^-7 to 1.48 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 for Al. The detection limits, based on the 3-fold standard deviation criterion, were 1.50 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 for Fe and 6.10 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 for Al. This method was applied to the simultaneous determination of trace iron and aluminum in tap water, lake water, river water and tea leaves without separation and preconcentration. Contents of Fe and Al in tap water, lake water and river water were 3.13 × 10^-7, 3.21 × 10^-7, 2.74 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 for Fe and 1.31 × 10^-6, 9.83 ×10^-7, 1.43× 10^-6 mol L^-1 for Al, respectively. Tea leaves contained 3.10 × 10² µg g^-1 Fe and 7.37 × 10² µg g^-1 Al. Further research is required for understanding the catalytic mechanism of iron and aluminum on this novel oxidation reaction.

Keywords: iron, aluminum, xylene cyanol FF, catalytic spectrophotometry

RESUMO

Um método simples, sensível e seletivo para determinação simultânea de traços de ferro e alumínio por espectrofotometria catalítica foi desenvolvido. Esse método baseia-se nos efeitos catalíticos de ferro e alumínio sobre a reação de xileno cianol FF com peróxido de hidrogênio e periodato de potássio. Ferro e alumínio não apresentaram efeitos catalíticos sobre a reação de oxidação do xileno cianol FF em meio contendo apenas peróxido de hidrogênio ou apenas periodato de potássio. Entretanto, foram obtidos efeitos catalíticos significativos de ferro e alumínio quando ambos oxidantes foram usados simultaneamente. Gráficos de calibração linear foram obtidos no intervalo de 3,57 × 10^-8 a 3,57 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 para Fe e de 1,48×10^-7 a 1,48 ×10^-6 mol L^-1 para Al. Os limites de detecção, baseados no critério de 3 vezes o desvio padrão, foram 1,50 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 para Fe e 6,10 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 para Al. Este método foi aplicado para determinação simultânea de traços de ferro e alumínio em água de torneira, água de lago, de rio e folhas de chá sem etapas de separação e pré-concentração. Os teores de Fe e Al em águas de torneira, lago e rio foram 3,13 × 10^-7, 3,21 × 10^-7 e 2,74 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 para Fe e 1,31 × 10^-6, 9,83 × 10^-7 e 1,43 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 para Al, respectivamente. As quantidades de Fe e Al nas folhas de chá foram 3,10 × 10² µg g^-1 Fe e 7,37 × 10² µg g^-1 Al. Estudos complementares são necessários para o entendimento do mecanismo catalítico do ferro e alumínio nesta reação de oxidação inédita.

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the physiological and toxicological role of iron and aluminum in plants, animals and humans. The deficiency of iron is the main cause of anemia, and aluminum is correlated with Alzheimer's disease.¹ Consequently, determination of iron and aluminum in enviroµmental samples and foods is important.

Several techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),² atomic emission spectrometry (AES),^3-6 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)^7-11 and chromatography^12-14 have been reported for the determination of iron and aluminum. However, the relatively high instrumental costs and the needs for preconcentration, chromatographic separation, extraction or coprecipitation are the common limitations. In addition, the use of ICP-AES and AAS for the determination of aluminum in water samples may be restricted. Spectrophotometric methods have also been reported for the determination of iron or aluminum based on the complexation reactions between the chelating agents and iron or aluminum ions.^15-17 However, these spectrophotometric methods mentioned above are usually limited by the low sensitivity, posing difficulties for applications when the contents of iron and aluminum in samples are extremely low. Catalytic kinetics is becoming increasingly promising for the determination of trace or ultra-trace amounts of substances due to its high sensitivity, low costs and simplicity. Various kinetic methods have been reported for the determination of iron and aluminum.^18-22 To the best of our knowledge, however, few methods for simultaneous determination of aluminum and iron by catalytic kinetics have been reported. Additionally, the kinetic methods reported previously usually suffered from poor selectivity, which limited its application to real samples. In this work, a simple, selective and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of iron and aluminum by catalytic spectrophotometry is presented, based on the catalytic effects of iron and aluminum on the reaction of xylene cyanol FF by hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate.

Another novel and creative advance in this work is the use of two combined oxidants. The catalytic spectrophotometric methods for determination of species are usually based on the reactions of a dye by various oxidants.^20,23-27 However, in those catalytic spectrophotometric methods reported thus far, the oxidation reaction of dye was usually proceeded by one oxidant only. In this work, a catalytic spectrophotometric method based on the oxidation of xylene cyanol FF by double oxidants is presented. Xylene cyanol FF is an acid triphenylmethane dye used for histochemical staining of hemoglobin peroxidase and as a tracking dye for DNA sequencing in electrophoresis.^28,29 In addition, it had also been used for determination of nitrite by spectrophotometry.³⁰ In this work, both Fe and Al have no catalytic effect when oxidation reaction of Xylene cyanol FF is proceeded either by hydrogen peroxide or by potassium periodate. However, significant catalytic effects of both Fe and Al are obtained when hydrogen peroxide is added together with potassium periodate.

Therefore, an analytical method of catalytic spectrophotometry in the presence of two oxidants is presented in this work. This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of iron and aluminum in enviroµmental water and tea leaves without preconcentration and separation due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Although oxidation potential of two combined oxidation agents are usually higher than those of the individual oxidation agents, two combined oxidants so far have not been used to enhance the catalytic effect of catalysts on oxidation reaction of dyes. Hence, this work also presents a method to study more and better catalytic spectrophotometric methods by use of two or more oxidants.

Experimental

Reagents

All reagents used were of analytical grade. Redistilled water was used throughout.

A Fe³⁺ stock standard solution (1.79 × 10^-2 mol L^-1 contained 1.0 mol L^-1 sulfuric acid) was prepared by dissolving 0.8606 g NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (Huzhou Hushi Chemical Factory, Huzhou, China) in 50 mL of 2.0 mol L^-1 H₂SO₄ (Nanjing Chemicals Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China) and diluting to 100 mL with water. Iron(III) working standard solutions were obtained by proper dilution of the stock solution.

An Al³⁺ stock standard solution (3.70 × 10^-3 mol L^-1 contained 1.0 mol L^-1 sulfuric acid) was prepared by dissolving 0.1757 g KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (Xingtai Lide Chemicals Co., Ltd., Hebei, China) in 50 mL of 2.0 mol L^-1 H₂SO₄ and diluting to 100 mL with water. Aluminum(III) working standard solutions were obtained by proper dilution of the stock solution.

Nitric acid (Suzhou Jingrui Chemicals Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China) solution of 4 × 10^-2 mol L^-1 and 9.90 mol L^-1 solution of hydrogen peroxide (Tianjin Damao Chemical Factory, Tianjin, China) were also prepared.

Xylene cyanol FF (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) solution of 1.0 × 10^-3 mol L^-1 was prepared by dissolving 0.1346 g xylene cyanol FF and diluting to 250 mL with water.

A standard solution of potassium periodate (1.0 × 10^-2 mol L^-1) was prepared by dissolving 2.30 g KIO₄ (Guoyao Group Co., Shanghai, China) and then diluting to 1000 mL with water.

Apparatus

A 724 spectrophotometer (Shanghai Optical Instrument Factory, Shanghai, China), wavelength range 400-800 µm with a 10 mm cell was used for absorbance measurements. A Model 501 thermostatic water bath (Shanghai Experimental Instrument Factory, Shanghai, China) was used to control the reaction temperature.

Recommended procedure

Into two 25 mL stoppered colorimetric tubes, both 0.55 mL of xylene cyanol FF solution and 0.80 mL of nitric acid were added. Then a suitable amount of standard or sample solution was added into only one tube. Next, volumes of 0.30 mL of hydrogen peroxide and 0.30 mL of potassium periodate were added into both tubes. After the solutions in both tubes were diluted to 25 mL, the contents were heated for 5 or 6 min at 100ºC in a thermostated water bath. After the two tubes were cooled down to room temperature in running cold water, the absorbance (A) was measured at 610 µm with respect to water blank (A₀ for non-catalytic reaction and A for catalytic reaction). The difference value (ΔA) between A₀ and A was calculated.

Sample preparation

Tap water

Tap water was directly determined by following the recommended procedure.

Lake water and river water

Samples were collected and filtered through a 0.45 µm Millipore membrane filter. Then, several drops of concentrated nitric acid were added and heated for 5 min at 100ºC in a thermostated water bath to digest the organics in samples. Afterwards, the pH was adjusted to 6.5-7.0 with dilute ammonia (Guoyao Group Co., Shanghai, China) and analytes were determined by following the recommended procedure.

Tea leaves

Tea leaves were ground into fine pieces and were dried in a forced-draft oven for 2 h at 80ºC. A suitable amount ca. 1 g was accurately weighed into a small quartz crucible and pretreated as described in reference.³¹ Briefly, the sample was placed in a muffle furnace and heated to 500ºC for several hours to remove organic compounds. After being cooled to room temperature, a suitable amount of nitric acid solution was added to dissolve Fe and Al from the residue. The solution obtained was quantitatively transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with water. Iron and Al were then determined by following the recommended procedure.

Principle of determination

The kinetically catalytic reaction was given as the following:

After a given time interval, t, and provided that neither reagent was exhausted, the absorbance difference (ΔA) could be expressed as follows:

ΔA_t= k Δ[Xyl FF]_t = K_1t[Fe] + K_2t[Al]

At times t₁ and t₂, ΔA should be:

ΔA_t1= K₁₁[Fe] + K₂₁[Al] and ΔA_t2= K₁₂[Fe] + K₂₂[Al]

The conditional constants K₁₁, K_21, K₁₂ and K₂₂ could be determined in reaction systems catalyzed by Fe or Al only, with the aid of graphs of ΔA versus catalyst concentration at times t₁ and t₂. Therefore, the concentrations of catalysts in the samples could be calculated by solving the above equations.

Results and Discussion

Absorption spectra

Figure 1 shows that xylene cyanol FF could be oxidized by potassium periodate slightly (curves 1 and 2), but was oxidized relatively well by hydrogen peroxide (curve 5). Iron and Al did not show any catalytic effects when xylene cyanol FF was oxidized either by potassium periodate or by hydrogen peroxide (curves 2, 3 and 4 and curves 5, 6 and 7). Comparing with the use of one oxidant only, the use of two combined oxidants could enhance the oxidation of xylene cyanol FF (curve 8). The oxidation reaction of xylene cyanol FF by the two combined oxidants could be catalyzed by Al and Fe (curves 9 and 10). Higher catalytic effect was noted when the two catalysts were added together (curve 11). All solutions showed a maximum absorbance at 610 µm. Further measurements were therefore made at 610 nm.

Effect of temperature and reaction time

The experimental results showed that both rates of non-catalyzed and catalyzed reactions increased with temperature, ΔA increased with temperature and reached the highest value at 100ºC (Figure 2). The reaction was therefore carried out at 100ºC.

Figure 3 shows that ΔA increased with reaction time when the reaction time was lower than 7 min, and ΔA increased linearly with reaction time when the reaction time was lower than 6 min. Therefore ΔA was determined at 5 and 6 min, because the sensitivities were high enough at these times.

Optimization of the reagent concentrations

In the preliminary experiments, high ΔA values were obtained when xylene cyanol FF, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate were added in the following volume ranges: 0.55-0.65, 0.60-0.80, 0.30-0.50 and 0.10-0.30 mL, respectively. An orthogonal L₉(3)⁴ test was then designed to establish the optimum conditions based on these preliminary experiments. As shown in Table 1, the orthogonal experiment was carried out with 4 factors and 3 levels, namely volume of xylene FF (0.55, 0.60, and 0.65 mL), volume of nitric acid (0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 mL), volume of hydrogen peroxide (0.30, 0.40, and 0.50 mL) and volume of potassium periodate (0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mL). Although the maximum ΔA value was 0.601, the corresponding reaction conditions were not the optimum conditions. To obtain the optimum conditions, the values of k and R should be calculated. According to the R values in Table 1, the factors that influenced the ΔA value could be listed in a decreasing order as follows: H₂O₂ > KIO₄> HNO₃ > xyl FF.

The k values shown in Table 1 indicated that the optimum conditions were 0.55, 0.80, 0.30 and 0.30 mL for xylene cyanol FF, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and potassium periodate, respectively. ΔA was therefore determined under these optimum conditions for reaching the highest sensitivity.

Interference of foreign species

The effects of foreign species on the determination of 2.14 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 Fe and 1.19 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 Al were studied. Tolerable concentrations of foreign species are shown in Table 2. The tolerance level was defined as the concentration of foreign specie that caused a variation lower than 5% in ΔA value. Table 2 shows that only Th interfered significantly, indicating that the developed method has good selectivity for determining Fe and Al. Furthermore, the interference of Th will be negligible since concentrations of Th in common samples are much lower than those of Fe and Al. Hence, this method could be applied to the determination of Fe and Al without preconcentration and separation processes.

Calibrations

Iron and Al solutions of different concentrations were measured using the reaction system under the optimum conditions mentioned above and ΔA was measured at 5 and 6 min. Linear calibration graphs were obtained from 3.57 × 10^-8 to 3.57 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 for Fe and from 1.48 × 10^-7 to 1.48 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 for Al, and the calibration equations were derived as:

ΔA_{(5 min)} = 7.41 × 10⁵ C_Fe + 2.20 × 10⁵ C_Al - 0.010

ΔA_{(6 min)} = 1.20 × 10⁶ C_Fe + 3.00 × 10⁵ C_Al + 0.009

Five standard binary mixtures with different ratios of C_Fe/C_Al were employed to perform experiments on recovery. Each one was analyzed 6 times. Results are shown in Table 3. These results also showed that there were no interactions between Fe and Al.

The detection limits, based on the 3s^b criterion (s^b is the concentration corresponding to the standard deviation obtained from determining blank solution 11 times), were 1.50 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 for Fe and 6.10 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 for Al.

Interaction between the two catalysts

The experimental results showed that ΔA value caused by the mixed catalysts (Fe and Al) is nearly equal to the total value of ΔA caused by Fe and Al only, and relative error was lower than 5%. These results indicated that the interactions between Fe and Al were negligible within certain concentrations. Therefore, the developed method could be used for the simultaneous determination of Fe and Al.

Applications

Owing to its high sensitivity and selectivity, the method here develoepd was applied to the determination of Fe and Al in water samples and tea leaves without any prior separation or preconcentration processes. Results are shown in Table 4.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a catalytic spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of iron and aluminum is presented. This method is simple, sensitive and selective, and it was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Fe and Al in tap water, lake water, river water and tea leaves without prior separation and preconcentration. This method could also be applied to other samples due to its simplicity, sensitivity and selectivity.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the youth scientific fund of Hanshan Normal University (Grants 413611 and 413615).

Submitted: April 9, 2011

Published online: August 23, 2011

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Oct 2011
• Date of issue
  Oct 2011

History

• Accepted
  23 Aug 2011
• Received
  09 Apr 2011